Plusieurs méthodes de capture antigénique ont été décrites dans l’intestin grêle, surtout en cas d’infection: échantillonnage direct par les cellules dendritiques (DC), capture par les macrophages qui délivrent ensuite l’antigène aux DC du stroma, passage des antigènes à travers les cellules caliciformes. Des travaux antérieurs in vitro dans le laboratoire ont montré l’importance de la myosine IIA dans la coordination de la migration des DC avec la capture et de l’apprêtement antigénique. L’objectif de ma thèse était de combiner plusieurs méthodes d’imagerie telle que la microscopie intravitale, la microscopie confocale ex vivo et l’immunofluorescence sur tissus à la cytométrie en flux pour déterminer l’impact de la myosine IIA sur la capture antigénique in vivo. Cette étude montre que les DC patrouillent en permanence dans l’épithélium de l’intestin grêle, y compris hors conditions infectieuses. Elles sont recrutées dans la lamina propria (LP) et pénètrent dans l’épithélium par transmigration à travers la membrane basale qui sépare ces deux compartiments. La myosine IIA est indispensable à la transmigration de CD103+CD11b+DC. Ces événements de transmigration surviennent plus fréquemment dans les parties proximales de l’intestin grêle, duodénum and jéjunum, que dans l’iléon. Chez les souris adultes, ces DC ne sont pas recrutées sous l’influence du microbiote mais sont sensibles au rétinal, un métabolite de la vitamine A qu’elles transforment en une molécule active l’acide trans-rétinoïque (AtRA). D’après notre analyse transcriptomique, les DC intra-épithéliales constituent une population homogène dont le profil est distinct de celui de leurs homologues de la LP. Elles sont enrichies en ARN des voies liées à l’apprêtement antigénique, l’autophagie et les lysosomes. Ces résultats suggèrent qu’elles ont une fonction différente des CD103+CD11b+DC de la LP: elles n’agissent pas sur la prolifération ni la différenciation des lymphocytes T mais contrôlent spécifiquement l’effectif des lymphocytes intra-épithéliaux CD8+αβ. Ces découvertes reflètent l’importance de l’épithélium comme première ligne de défense contre les pathogènes. Elles soulèvent également de nouvelles questions concernant la régulation de la réponse immune dans l’épithélium et les interactions mutuelles entre la lumière intestinale, l’épithélium et le stroma des villosités. / Several routes for antigen capture have been described in the small intestine, mainly upon pathogenic infection: direct sampling by Dendritic Cells (DCs), sampling by macrophages that deliver antigens to DCs in the stroma, antigenic passage through goblet cells. Previous in vitro work in the lab showed that myosin IIA is essential to coordinate antigen uptake and processing with DC migration. The objective of my thesis was to combine several imaging methods including intravital microscopy, ex vivo confocal microscopy and immunofluorescence on gut tissue to flow cytometry in order to unravel the impact of myosin IIA on DC physiology in vivo. My work shows that CD103+CD11b+ DCs, which are unique to the gut, constantly patrol the epithelium of the small intestine at steady state: they are recruited from the lamina propria (LP) and penetrate into the epithelium by transmigrating through the basal membrane that separates these two compartments. DC transmigration requires myosin IIA in vivo. Remarkably, we found that DC transmigration into the epithelium occurs mainly in the upper parts of the small intestine, the duodenum and the jejunum, but is not observed in the ileum. DC transmigration does not require the gut microbiota but relies on retinal, a vitamin A metabolite of that they convert into its active form all-trans retinoic acid (AtRA). Strikingly, single cell RNA-seq showed that intra-epithelial CD103+CD11b+ DCs constitute a homogenous cell population with a distinct transcriptomic signature from their LP counterpart. They are enriched with RNA related to antigen presentation, autophagy and lysosome pathways. Our results further suggest that these cells have a different function from LP CD103+CD11b+ DCs, as they do not significantly impact proliferation or differentiation of T helper lymphocytes but control the CD8+αβ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) pool. These findings highlight the importance of the epithelial tissue as a first line of defense against pathogens in the upper parts of the small intestine. They also raise new questions about the regulation of the immune response in the epithelium and the mutual influences between lumen, epithelium and intestinal lamina propria.

Breast cancer metastasis is one of the reasons why this type of cancer is destructive even after treatment as it tends to move from one organ to another increasing the risk factor for an individual. In the metastatic cascade, the tumour undergoes many different types of stress, including extracellular (ECM) stiffness. Key proteins that have been linked to the change in stiffness of the ECM are YAP and β-catenin. Both functions similarly in the manner that they need to translocate to the nucleus and bind to their respective transcription factors in order to activate their downstream genes. In parallel this seems to be on a stiffness dependent manner. Therefore, the hypothesis is that β-catenin is able to compensate for YAP function when YAP is downregulated in a stiffness dependent manner. In this work, results show a significant increase of YAP and β-catenin translocation to the nucleus of MDA-MB-231 cells when they are subject to the stiffer substrate in comparison to the softer substrate indicating increase gene expression of their respective pathways. The effect of the stiffness was then analyzed by doing single knockdown experiments with siRNA. To investigate the response of β-catenin, knocking down YAP was done, and it was shown that β-catenin translocation significantly increased on the softer matrix, while stiffer matrix showed no significant difference. Downstream gene expression also confirmed this idea with CTGF being downregulated with β-catenin knockdown and AXIN2 being downregulated with YAP knockdown. In the cell behavioural aspect, only when the double knockdown of YAP and β-catenin was done, the migration and proliferation rate had significant lowered. This echoes the idea further of the compensating effects of β-catenin to YAP. In addition, the exploration of the cytoskeleton network was investigated, as this is a key component in protein pathways, by treating the cells using LatA and Blebbistatin, affecting F-actin and myosin-II respectively. Knowing the critical role of cytoskeletal proteins in mechanotransduction, the hypothesis is that actin filaments and myosin-II mediate the YAP & β-catenin nuclear translocation activation. Findings show the direct relationship between F-actin and YAP as actin polymerization state significantly decreased when YAP was knockdown in a similar manner to when LatA was added. When myosin-II was added, both YAP and β-catenin nuclear translocation were affected, indicating its potential role in mechanotransduction. Furthermore, it was found that cell confluency and PIEZO1 activation had significant effects in YAP & β-catenin translocation. By seeding the cells with different densities, the β-catenin signalling could be visualized with IF staining, with the conclusion that at high confluency, the β-catenin translocation was alleviated. For the PIEZO1 studies, results indicate that PIEZO1 is an upstream regulator of YAP by doing single knockdown experiments and subsequently analysing YAP signalling. The findings underscore the potential significance of β-catenin as a modulator of mechanotransduction in the absence of YAP, showcasing the complexity of the protein signalling network orchestrating cellular response due to mechanical cues. Unravelling these protein interplay could offer novel insights into therapeutic targets for breast cancer mechanotransduction. Ultimately, this research adds to the understanding of the intricate protein signalling that governs mechanotransduction in breast cancer cells. The discovery of stiffness dependent YAP & β-catenin signalling, the interplay between YAP and β-catenin pathway mechanotransduction implicated by cell density, the regulation of YAP- β-catenin interplay in mechanotransduction by PIEZO1, the importance of F-actin & myosin-II in YAP & β-catenin translocation, and the YAP & β-catenin effects on cell behaviour, all help lay the groundwork for devising targeted interventions to impede cancer progression. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc) / Breast cancer is the most prominent type of cancer that exists in women and like other cancers, it can spread to other organs such as the bone, liver, and brain even though the microenvironments are different. With different proteins like yes-associated protein (YAP) regulating this microenvironmental change in the primary and secondary sites, it can flourish and become more aggressive which leads to death for the host. The interactions of these proteins and their pathways which affects the aggressiveness of the cancers are still not well understood. This project investigates the interaction between YAP and β-catenin in response to surface stiffness to understand the mechanical regulation of breast cancer metastasis. Alongside the protein signalling, cytoskeletal components, downstream gene expression, cell confluency, and membrane proteins are explored. Our results show that an increase in stiffness allow for higher nuclear translocation for YAP and β-catenin, enhancing downstream gene expression relating to migration and proliferation. Furthermore, in lower stiffness the crosstalk between YAP and β-catenin results in an inverse relationship. These findings suggest β-catenin compensates YAP function when YAP is inhibited. In terms of the cytoskeletal protein, an integral part of the cell, the intervention saw a significant alteration in the YAP & β-catenin signalling. Additionally, cell confluency played a large role in β-catenin nuclear translocation implicating the role of cell-to-cell contact in mechanotransduction. To see if mechanosensitive membrane proteins fit into the pathway, PIEZO1 studies were done and results show that it is an upstream effector of YAP, and consequently an indirect connection with β-catenin. All in all, this thesis provides insightful information in the role of stiffness matrix, cell confluency, membrane proteins and how that regulate YAP & β-catenin. This research provides the mechanism for the synergistic therapies targeting multiple proteins to prevent cancer growth and metastasis.

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<p dir="ltr">The actin cytoskeleton is a dynamic structure that regulates various important cellular processes, such as cell protrusion, migration, transport, and cell shape changes. Cells employ different actin architectures best suited for each of these functions. We have employed an agent-based model to illuminate how the actin cytoskeleton plays such functions in animal and plant cells, via dynamic interactions between molecular players.</p><p dir="ltr">Lamellipodia found in animal cells are two-dimensional actin protrusion formed on the leading edge of cells, playing an important role in sensing surrounding mechanical environments via focal adhesions. Various molecular players, architecture, and dynamics of the lamellipodia have been investigated extensively during recent decades. Nevertheless, it still remains elusive how each component in the lamellipodia mechanically interacts with each other to attain a stable, dynamic steady state characterized by a retrograde flow emerging in the branched actin network. Using the agent-based model, we investigated how the balance between different subcellular processes is achieved for the dynamic steady state. We simulated a branched network found in the lamellipodia, consisting of actin filament (F-actin), myosin motor, Arp2/3 complex, and actin crosslinking protein. We found the importance of a balance between F-actin assembly at the leading edge of cells and F-actin disassembly at the rear end of the lamellipodia. We also found that F-actin severing is crucial to allow for the proper disassembly of an actin bundle formed via network contraction induced by motor activity. In addition, it was found that various dynamic steady states can exist.</p><p dir="ltr">The actin cytoskeleton in plant cells plays a crucial role in intracellular transport and cytoplasmic streaming, and its structure is very different from the actin cytoskeleton in animal cells. The plant actin cytoskeleton is known to show distinct dynamic behaviors with homeostasis. We used the agent-based model to simulate the plant actin cytoskeleton with the consideration of the key governing mechanisms, including F-actin polymerization/depolymerization, different types of F-actin nucleation events, severing, and capping. We succeeded in reproducing experimental observations in terms of F-actin density, length, nucleation frequency, and rates of severing, polymerization, and depolymerization. We found that the removal of nucleators results in lower F-actin density in the network, which supports recent experimental findings.</p>

Le complexe actomyosine, formé de l’association de la myosine II avec les filaments d’actine, stabilise le cytosquelette d’actine et génère la contraction cellulaire nécessaire à plusieurs processus comme la motilité et l’apoptose dans les cellules non-musculaires. La myosine II est un hexamère formé d’une paire de chaînes lourdes (MHCs) et de deux paires de chaînes légères MLC20 et MLC17. La régulation de l’activité de la myosine II, c'est-à-dire son interaction avec les filaments d’actine, est directement liée à l’état de phosphorylation des MLC20, mais il reste beaucoup à découvrir sur l’implication des MHCs. Il existe trois isoformes de MHCs de myosine II, MHCIIA, MHCIIB et MHCIIC qui possèdent des fonctions à la fois communes et distinctes. Notre but est de mettre en évidence les différences de fonction entre les isoformes de myosine II, au niveau structurale, dans la stabilisation du cytosquelette d’actine, et au niveau de leur activité contractile, dans la génération des forces de tension. Nous nous sommes intéressés au rôle des isoformes des MHCs dans l’activité du complexe actomyosine qui est sollicité durant le processus de contraction cellulaire de l’apoptose. Dans quatre lignées cellulaires différentes, le traitement conjoint au TNFα et à la cycloheximide causait la contraction et le rétrécissement des cellules suivi de leur détachement du support de culture. Par Western blot, nous avons confirmé que la phosphorylation des MLC20 est augmentée suite au clivage de ROCK1 par la caspase-3, permettant ainsi l’interaction entre la myosine II et les filaments d’actine et par conséquent, la contraction des cellules apoptotiques. Cette contraction est bloquée par l’inhibition des caspases et de ROCK1. MHCIIA est dégradée suite à l’activation de la caspase-3 alors que MHCIIB n’est pas affectée. En utilisant une lignée cellulaire déficiente en MHCIIB, ou MHCIIB (-/-), nous avons observé que la contraction et le détachement cellulaires durant l’induction de l’apoptose se produisaient moins rapidement que dans la lignée de type sauvage (Wt) ce qui suggère que l’isoforme B est impliquée dans la contraction des cellules apoptotiques. Parallèlement, la kinase atypique PKCζ, qui phosphoryle MHCIIB et non MHCIIA, est activée durant l’apoptose. PKCζ joue un rôle important puisque son inhibition bloque la contraction des cellules apoptotiques. Par la suite, nous nous sommes intéressés à la modulation de la morphologie cellulaire par la myosine II. Les fibroblastes MHCIIB (-/-), présentent un large lamellipode dont la formation semble dû uniquement à l’absence de l’isoforme MHCIIB, alors que les fibroblastes Wt ont une morphologie cellulaire étoilée. La formation du lamellipode dans les fibroblastes MHCIIB (-/-) est caractérisée par l’association de la cortactine avec la membrane plasmique. L’observation en microscopie confocale nous indique que MHCIIA interagit avec la cortactine dans les fibroblastes Wt mais très peu dans les fibroblastes MHCIIB (-/-). Le bFGF active la voie des MAP kinases dans les fibroblastes Wt et MHCIIB (-/-) et induit des extensions cellulaires aberrantes dans les fibroblastes MHCIIB (-/-). Nos résultats montrent que l’implication de l’isoforme B de la myosine II dans la modulation de la morphologie cellulaire. L’ensemble de nos résultats participe à distinguer la fonction structurale et contractile de chacune des isoformes de myosine II dans la physiologie cellulaire. / We are interested in studying the modulation of the actomyosin complex which is involved in different cellular processes such as cell locomotion and apoptosis. The actomyosin complex is formed by the association of actin filaments and myosin II. The non-muscle myosin II is a hexamer formed by one pair of heavy chains (MHCs) and two pairs of light chain (MLC20 and MLC17). The actomyosin activity is dependent on MLC20 and MHCs phosphorylation. There are three isoforms of MHCs (MHCIIA, MHCIIB and MHCIIC) which have common but also distinctive roles in several cellular processes. Our aim is to clarify the structural and contractile functions of each isoforme of myosin II in different cellular processes, in particular, cell contraction and cell morphology. First, we studied the implication of myosin II isoforms in cell shrinkage and detachment during apoptosis which are both dependent on actomyosin contractility. We treated four different cell lines with TNFα in combination with cycloheximide (CHX) to trigger apoptosis. We confirmed that TNFα induced caspase-3 activation, ROCK1 cleavage and increased MLC20 phosphorylation. We showed that TNFα/CHX induced the caspase-dependent MHCIIA degradation, whereas MHCIIB levels and association with the actin cytoskeleton remained virtually unchanged. Cell shrinkage and detachment were blocked by caspase and ROCK1 inhibitors. Using the MHCIIB (-/-) cell line, we observed that the absence of MHCIIB did not affect cell death rate. However, MHCIIB (-/-) fibroblasts showed more resistance to TNFα-induced actin disassembly, cell shrinkage and detachment than wild type (Wt) fibroblasts, indicating the participation of MHCIIB in these events. PKCζ, which only phosphorylates MHCIIB, was cleaved during apoptosis, co-immunoprecipitated preferentially with MHCIIB and, interestedly, PKCζ inhibition blocked TNFα-induced shrinkage and detachment. Our results demonstrate that MHCIIB, together with MLC phosphorylation and actin, constitute the actomyosin cytoskeleton that mediates contractility during apoptosis. Second, we studied the involvement of myosin II isoforms in cell shape modulation. Fibroblasts MHCIIB (-/-) spontaneously formed lamellipodia whereas Wt fibroblasts presented a stellate shape. Cortactin was associated with the leading edge of lamellipodia in MHCIIB (-/-) fibroblasts, but it localised diffusely in the cytoplasm or at the end of fine cellular projections in Wt fibroblasts. The levels of cortactin and cortactin phosphorylated in Tyr421 associated with membrane in MHCIIB (-/-) fibroblasts were higher than in Wt fibroblasts. Confocal microscopy showed cortactin/MHCIIA colocalization in wild type but not in MHCIIB (-/-) fibroblasts. bFGF activates Erk1/2 in wild type and MHCIIB (-/-) fibroblasts and induces the formation of aberrant membrane projections in MHCIIB (-/-) fibroblasts. In conclusion, our results contribute to characterize the structural and contractile role of each myosin II isoforms in the physiology of the cell.

No description available.

No description available.

Cette thèse interdisciplinaire a été dédiée à la caractérisation des propriétés mécaniques de myoblastes (murins et humains) et de myotubes (murins) à l'aide de la microscopie à force atomique (AFM). En modifiant ou en inhibant la dynamique du cytosquelette (CSK) d’actine de ces cellules, nous avons pu montrer que ces propriétés mécaniques variaient. L’enregistrement de courbes de force indentation nous a permis de montrer que la présence de cellules adhérentes introduisait sur les leviers d’AFM un amortissement visqueux supplémentaire à celui d’une paroi solide, et que cet amortissement visqueux dépendait de sa vitesse d’approche et que celui-ci restait non négligeable pour les plus faibles vitesses (1μm/s). Nous avons observé que les propriétés mécaniques des précurseurs de muscles devenaient non linéaires (comportement plastiques) pour des grandes déformations (>1μm) et qu’elles dépendaient de l’état, du type de cellule et de leur environnement. En combinant des expériences d’AFM, des modèles visco-élastiques et des méthodes d'analyse multi-échelle basées sur la transformation en ondelettes, nous avons illustré la variabilité des réponses mécaniques de ces cellules (de visco-élastiques à visco-plastiques). À l'aide de courbes de force-indentation, de l’imagerie morpho-structurale (DIC, microscopie à fluorescence) et de traitements pharmacologiques, nous avons éclairé le rôle essentiel des processus actifs (dépendants de l’ATP) dans la mécanique de myoblastes, en discutant tout particulièrement ceux des moteurs moléculaires (myosine II) couplés aux filaments d’actine. En particulier, nous avons montré que les fibres de stress du cytosquelette d’actine situées autour du noyau pouvaient présenter des évènements de remodelage soudains (ruptures) et que ces ruptures étaient une mesure indirecte de l’aptitude de ces cellules à tendre leur CSK. Nous avons enfin montré qu’il était possible de généraliser cette approche à des cas cliniques humains, en l’occurrence des myoblastes primaires de porteurs sains et de patients atteints de dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne, ouvrant la voie à des études plus larges sur d’autres types cellulaires et pathologies. / This interdisciplinary thesis was dedicated to the atomic force microscopy (AFM) characterization of the mechanical properties of myoblasts (murine and human) and myotubes (murine). We reported that the mechanical properties of these cells were modified when their actin cytoskeleton (CSK) dynamics was inhibited or altered. Recording single AFM force indentation curves, we showed that adherent layers of myoblasts and myotubes introduced on the AFM cantilever an extra hydrodynamic drag as compared to a solid wall. This phenomenon was dependent on the cantilever scan speed and not negligible even at low scan velocities (1μm/s). We observed that the mechanical properties of the muscle precursor cells became non-linear (plastic behaviour) for large local deformations (>1μm) and that they varied depending on the state, type and environment of the cells. Combining AFM experiments, viscoelastic modeling and multi-scale analyzing methods based on the wavelet transform, we illustrated the variability of the mechanical responses of these cells (from viscoelastic to viscoplastic). Through AFM force indentation curves analysis, morpho-structural imaging (DIC, fluorescence microscopy) and pharmacological treatments, we enlightened the important role of active (ATP-dependent) processes in myoblast mechanics, focusing especially on those related to the molecular motors (myosin II) coupled to the actin filaments. In particular, we showed that the perinuclear actin stress fibers could exhibit some abrupt remodelling events (ruptures), which are characteristic of the ability of these cells to tense their CSK. Finally, we showed that this approach can be generalized to some human clinical cases, namely primary human myoblasts from healthy donors and patients affected by Duchenne muscular dystrophy, paving the way for broader studies on different cell types and diseases.

Au cours de gastrulation chez la Drosophile, deux vagues successives de constriction ont lieux au niveau des cellules ventrales menant à l'invagination du mésoderme. La première vague de constriction est stochastique et entraine la constriction de 40% des cellules mesodermales réparties aléatoirement et est contrôlée par le facteur de transcription Snail. La seconde vague de constriction arrive immédiatement après et implique également la constriction des 60% manquant de cellules mésodermales. Cette seconde vague est contrôlée par le facteur de transcription Twist et requière la présence de la protéine sécrétée Fog. L'invagination complète du mésoderme riquière la redistribution de la protéine moteur Myosine II au niveau de l'apex des cellules en cours de constriction. Il a été montré que la mutation de Snail mène à une perte des deux phases de constriction, mais qu'une indentation sur les cellules du mésoderme permet de rétablir la seconde phase de constriction Twist dépendante. Nous avons cherché à étudier les interaction entre les deux phases de constriction, la protéine sécrétée Fog et le moteur moléculaire Myosine II à l'aide d'une simulation numérique. Nous avons également chercher à étudier la corélation entre l'invagination globale du mésoderme et la phosphorylation de la Bêta-Cathenine qui est impliquée dans l'activation de Twist. Nous avons étudier l'invagination de l'endoderme postérieur qui présente de nombreuses similitude avec l'invagination de l'endoderme et leurs interactions. Enfin également à l'aide d'une simulation numérique, nous avons testé l'hypothèse de l'apparition d'une invagination dans un organisme primitif mécano-sensible ( la gastræ d'HAECKEL ) au contact avec le plancher océanique. / During Drosophila gastrulation, two waves of constriction occur in the apical ventral cells, leading to mesoderm invagination. The first constriction wave is a stochastic process mediated by the constriction of 40% of randomly positioned mesodermal cells and is controlled by the transcription factor Snail.The second constriction wave immediately follows and involves the other 60% of the mesodermal cells. The second wave is controlled by the transcription factor Twist and requires the secreted protein Fog. It is known that Snail mutation lead to the loss of the two constriction phases but a mechanical poking on the mesoderm cells can rescue de second phase of Twist dependent constriction. The interactions between the two constriction phases, la secreted protein Fog and the molecular motor Myosin II with a numerical simulation. The posterior endoderm invagination that presents similarities with mesoderm invagination have been study, as well as the interaction between them. Finally with an other numerical simulation, the hypothesis of an induced invagination on a primitive mechanosensible organism ( the HAECKEL grastrae ) on the contact with the oceanic floor has been tested.

Les cellules dendritiques (DCs) patrouillent les tissus périphériques à la recherche de dangers potentiels en se déplaçant à travers les tissus et en incorporant de grande quantité de matériel extracellulaire. Cet événement précoce de la réponse immunitaire adaptative est susceptible de déterminer l'amplitude et la qualité de l'activation des lymphocytes T et B. De ce fait, les DCs pourraient avoir besoin d'orchestrer leur motilité et leur fonction de capture des antigènes afin d'initier un réponse immunitaire efficace et adaptée. Afin d'étudier les mécanismes responsables de l'optimisation de l'échantillonnage des tissus par les DCs, nous avons suivi leur migration et leur capacité à capturer des antigènes dans des chambres micro-fluidiques contenant des canaux étroits qui permettent de reproduire l'espace confiné des tissus périphériques. De manière surprenante, nous avons découvert que la migration des DCs et leur aptitude à accumuler des antigènes sont des fonctions antagonistes et dépendent de l'activité du moteur moléculaire Myosine II. Nous avons observé que les DCs se déplacent en alternant des phases rapides au cours desquelles la Myosine II est distribuée de manière asymétrique à l'arrière des cellules, et des phases plus lentes pendant lesquelles la Myosine II est enrichie à l'avant. Les enrichissements transitoires de Myosine II à l'avant des DCs dépendent de l'association de la Myosine II avec la chaîne invariante associée au CMH-II (Ii). Ces évenements favorisent l'absorption d'antigènes et leur transport dans les compartiments endolysosomaux. Des expériences menées avec une pince optique nous ont permis de montrer que l'activité de la Myosine II à l'avant des cellules génère des forces mécaniques qui induisent le transport des vésicules vers l'intérieur de la cellule, probablement en modulant le flux rétrograde d'actine. Ainsi, au cours de cette thèse, nous avons montré que la Myosine II était nécessaire à la fois pour la migration cellulaire et la capture d'antigènes, établissant un mécanisme moléculaire qui permet de coordonner ces deux processus dans le temps et l'espace. Nous proposons que l'alternance de phases de haute mobilité et de phases d'arrêt associées à la capture d'antigènes confère aux DCs une stratégie de recherche intermittente qui leur permettrait d'optimiser la surveillance des tissus périphériques. / Dendritic cells (DCs) patrol peripheral tissues in search for potential dangers by actively crawling and internalizing extracellular materiel. This initial event of an adaptive immune response is likely to determine the magnitude and quality of T cell and B cell immunity. Therefore, DCs might need to tightly orchestrate their migration and their antigen uptake function in order to mount an efficient and adapted immune response. To investigate the mechanisms responsible for the optimization of tissues sampling by DCs, we monitored their migration and their ability to capture antigens in micro-fluidic chambers containing narrow channels that mimic the confined space of peripheral tissues. Surprisingly, we found that cell migration and antigen accumulation in endolysosomes are antagonistic, both relying on the activity of the motor protein Myosin II. We observed that DCs alternate between phases of fast motility during which Myosin II is asymmetrically distributed at the cell rear, and phases of slow motility during which Myosin is enriched at the cell front. Transient Myosin II enrichments at the leading edge depends on its association with the MHC-II associated Invariant Chain (Ii). These events promote antigen uptake and arrival in endolysosomal compartments. Using optical tweezers, we further showed that Myosin II activity at the leading edge generates mechanical forces that drive vesicles transport toward the cell body probably through the modulation of F-actin retrograde flow. Thus, during my PhD, we have shown that Myosin II is required for both migration and antigen capture, providing a molecular mechanism to couple these two processes and allow their coordination in time and space. We propose that alternation between phases of fast motility and phases of low motility associated with efficient antigen capture imposes an intermittent search behavior on DCs, which might be optimal for environment patrolling.