Submitted by Kátia Oliveira (katiadionisio@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-10-11T14:01:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese (Oliveira, KD).pdf: 7712617 bytes, checksum: c39a9ee83f33d05d99d354f6a524019f (MD5) / Rejected by Ronildo Prado (producaointelectual.bco@ufscar.br), reason: Faltou inserir a carta de aprovação on 2017-10-11T18:32:06Z (GMT) / Submitted by Kátia Oliveira (katiadionisio@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-10-11T18:41:31Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese (Oliveira, KD).pdf: 7712617 bytes, checksum: c39a9ee83f33d05d99d354f6a524019f (MD5) Carta comprovante.pdf: 149973 bytes, checksum: 67927f9413f2368fa8bac2ceb19f248d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (bco.producao.intelectual@gmail.com) on 2018-01-18T18:52:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese (Oliveira, KD).pdf: 7712617 bytes, checksum: c39a9ee83f33d05d99d354f6a524019f (MD5) Carta comprovante.pdf: 149973 bytes, checksum: 67927f9413f2368fa8bac2ceb19f248d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (bco.producao.intelectual@gmail.com) on 2018-01-18T18:52:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese (Oliveira, KD).pdf: 7712617 bytes, checksum: c39a9ee83f33d05d99d354f6a524019f (MD5) Carta comprovante.pdf: 149973 bytes, checksum: 67927f9413f2368fa8bac2ceb19f248d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-18T19:04:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese (Oliveira, KD).pdf: 7712617 bytes, checksum: c39a9ee83f33d05d99d354f6a524019f (MD5) Carta comprovante.pdf: 149973 bytes, checksum: 67927f9413f2368fa8bac2ceb19f248d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-14 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / This work aimed to apply the Design Of Experiment (DOE) methodology as an auxiliary tool to evaluate the conditions of synthesis of the aluminum-rich zeolite Beta. Bimetallic catalysts with 50% platinum and 50% nickel (50Pt50Ni) supported on zeolites with various Si/Al ratios were synthesized, characterized and evaluated in the isomerization of n-hexane. In the first part of this work, five variables related to the synthesis of zeolite Beta were evaluated by a series of statistical designs, in which the response variables were the relative intensities of the X-ray patterns and the yield of phase BEA. The results of the t-test showed that the ratio TEAOH/SiO2 is not significant for the formation and crystallization of zeolite Beta. However, the interaction of this variable with the Si/Al ratio was statistically significant. In order to obtain the aluminum-rich zeolite Beta, the samples were synthesized with partial substitution of cations TEA+ by cations Na+. The XRD patterns of these samples showed that BEA phase was formed using a Si/Al ratio of 5,0 and 7.5. These low values of Si/Al ratio were confirmed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Information about the main properties of the 50Pt50Ni catalysts such as activity, conversion and selectivity to di-branched isomers in the isomerization of n-hexane were obtained by performing catalytic tests. Concerning these properties, the catalysts supported on the synthesized zeolite Beta (Si/Al = 7.5) showed better catalytic performance compared with catalysts supported on commercial zeolite Beta (Si/Al = 9.0). Additionally to these tests, a study on the kinetics of reduction of ions Pt2+ and Ni2+ on these catalysts was conducted using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The combination of XAS analysis and catalytic tests showed the importance of maintaining a bimetallic platinum and nickel system in order to obtain satisfactory performance of catalysts applied to the isomerization of n-hexane. The XAS results suggested that Pt2+ ions are reduced in lower temperatures compared to Ni2+ ions, and that the addition of platinum to the nickel-based samples promoted the reduction of Ni2+ ions. The catalytic results suggested that equilibrium between acid and metal sites exists during the isomerization of n-hexane. The understanding of this equilibrium is of major importance to increase the yield and selectivity to di-branched isomers. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo a utilização da metodologia de planejamento experimental como uma ferramenta auxiliar para avaliar as condições de síntese da zeólita Beta rica em alumínio. Catalisadores bimetálicos com 50% de platina e 50% de níquel (50Pt50Ni) com teor de metal total de 130 μmol gcat-1 e suportados em zeólitas com diferentes razões Si/Al foram sintetizados, caracterizados e avaliados na reação de isomerização do n-hexano. Na primeira parte do trabalho, cinco variáveis da síntese da zeólita Beta foram avaliadas por uma série de planejamentos estatísticos, nos quais as variáveis respostas analisadas foram a intensidade de difração relativa dos difratogramas de raios X e o rendimento à fase BEA obtida. Os resultados obtidos a partir do teste t demonstraram que a razão TEAOH/SiO2 não foi significativa para o processo de cristalização e formação da zeólita Beta. No entanto, a interação desta variável com a razão Si/Al apresentou significância estatística. Para a obtenção da zeólita Beta rica em alumínio, amostras foram sintetizadas com a substituição parcial dos cátions TEA+ por cátions Na+. Nos difratogramas de raios X destas amostras foi possível identificar a fase BEA para valores de Si/Al de 5,0 e 7,5. Estes baixos valores de Si/Al nas amostras sintetizadas foram confirmados pelas técnicas de espectroscopia por emissão de plasma indutivo (ICP) e análise dispersiva de raios X (EDS). Informações a respeito das principais propriedades dos catalisadores bimetálicos 50Pt50Ni tais como atividade, conversão e seletividade a isômeros birramificados na isomerização do n-hexano, foram obtidas através da realização de testes catalíticos. Com relação a estas propriedades, os catalisadores suportados na zeólita Beta sintetizada (Si/Al = 7,5) apresentaram melhores desempenhos catalíticos quando comparados aos catalisadores suportados na zeólita Beta comercial (Si/Al = 9,0). Paralelamente, um estudo sobre a cinética de redução dos cátions metálicos Pt2+ e Ni2+ destes catalisadores foi realizado através da técnica de espectroscopia de absorção de raios X (XAS). As análises de XAS aliadas aos resultados dos testes catalíticos sugeriram a importância de se manter um sistema bimetálico de platina e níquel de maneira a se obter um desempenho satisfatório dos catalisadores aplicados à isomerização do n-hexano. Os resultados de XAS sugeriram que temperaturas menores são necessárias para reduzir os cátions metálicos Pt2+ quando comparados aos cátions Ni2+, e que a adição de cátions Pt2+ contribui consideravelmente para a redução dos cátions Ni2+, diminuindo a temperatura de redução deste último. Os resultados apresentados neste trabalho sugeriram a existência de um equilíbrio entre a proporção de sítios ácidos e metálicos durante a isomerização do n-hexano e que o entendimento deste equilíbrio é de fundamental importância para se tentar aumentar o rendimento e a seletividade a isômeros birramificados. / CNPq: 141042/2008-7

O n-hexano é um solvente usado industrialmente, e pode causar neuropatia periférica. O indicador biológico da exposição ocupacional ao n-hexano é a 2,5-hexanodiona (2,5HD). O objetivo deste estudo foi validar um método para determinação da 2,5HD urinária por cromatografia em fase gasosa, com detetor de ionização de chama. A validação do método levou em consideração dois tipos de tratamento da amostra, com hidrólise ácida e sem hidrólise ácida. Foi utilizada coluna HP1 (15m x 530&#181;m e espessura do filme 1,5&#181;m), gás de arraste He:4,2mL/min. e ciclohexanona como padrão interno. O método apresentou limites de detecção e quantificação, respectivamente 0,05 e 0,1 mg/L, linearidade de 0,1-20mg/mL, r = 0,999, recuperação entre 98-102%, com precisão e exatidão. Para verificar a aplicação do método foram analisadas 87 amostras de trabalhadores de indústrias de calçados (52 do grupo exposto e 35 do grupo controle). As amostras com hidrólise apresentaram níveis de 2,5HD cerca de dez vezes maiores quando comparados com as amostras sem hidrólise, esta diferença foi estatisticamente significante (p<0,0001), mas os níveis de 2,5HD não ultrapassaram o índice Biológico Máximo Permitido (IBMP) de 5mg/g de creatinina, em nenhuma das amostras analisadas. Os resultados indicam que o método validado mostrou aplicação prática para monitorização biológica, e as amostras que passaram pelo tratamento de hidrólise ácida apresentaram maiores níveis de detecção. / N-hexane is a solvent used in industries, and can cause peripheral neuropathy. The bioindicator in the biological monitoring of workers exposed to n-hexane is the 2,5-hexanedione (2,5HD). This study was developed in order to validate a method for 2,5HD analysis in urine by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector considering two types of sample preparing with and without acid hydrolysis. The chosen technique was performed with HP1 column measured 15m by 530&#181;m inner bore. Helio was used as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 4,2mL/min. The detection and quantification limits were respectively 0,05 and 0,1 mg/L. A linear relationship (r = 0,999) was observed in the range from 0,1-20mg/mL. The average recovery was 98-102%, with precision and accuracy. To apply this method, 87 samples from shoe factory workers were analyzed (52 exposed group and 35 control group). The samples with acid hydrolysis show levels ten times higher than samples without acid hydrolysis. This difference was statistically significant (p<0,0001), but this levels weren\'t higher than the Biological Exposure Index (BEI) were recommended value is 5mg/g creatinine, in any of the analyzed samples. These results reveal that the validated method has application for biological monitoring, and the samples with acid hydrolysis showed rates higher than the samples without hydrolysis.

La contribution de l’inhalation et de la voie percutanée à l’exposition totale à des composés organiques volatils (COV) présents dans l’eau potable est une problématique qui suscite un intérêt grandissant en santé publique et au niveau réglementaire. Jusqu’à tout récemment, seule l’ingestion était considérée dans l’évaluation du risque des contaminants de l’eau. L’objectif de ce projet était de caractériser l’impact de l’exposition multivoie sur la pharmacocinétique et la dose interne de trois COV : le toluène (TOL), le n-hexane (HEX) et le cyclohexane (CYCLO). À cette fin, un modèle expérimental animal a été utilisé et un modèle toxicocinétique à base physiologique (TCBP) a été adapté pour le TOL. Des rats Sprague-Dawley ont été exposés par voies uniques (inhalation, orale et percutanée) ou simultanées (multivoie) aux solvants. Pour le TOL, les trois voies ont été expérimentées, alors que la voie percutanée n’a pas été retenue pour le HEX et le CYCLO. Des prélèvements sanguins ont permis de caractériser les cinétiques sanguines. Les niveaux sanguins, obtenus lors des expositions multivoies, étaient généralement plus élevés que la somme des niveaux associés aux expositions par voies uniques, fait illustré par le rapport des surfaces sous la courbe expérimentale versus les prédictions (TOL : 1,30 et 2,19 ; HEX : 1,55 ; CYCLO : 0,98 et 0,99). Le modèle TCBP prédit bien la cinétique du TOL lors d’expositions par voies uniques et par multivoies. Les données expérimentales obtenues suggèrent que la dose interne résultant d’une exposition multivoie ne peut pas toujours être prédite par la somme des doses internes obtenues lors d’expositions par voies uniques. Ce phénomène serait explicable par la saturation du métabolisme. La modélisation TCBP est un outil efficace pour l’estimation du risque relatif à l’exposition multivoie aux COV présents dans l’eau potable. / The contribution of dermal and inhalation routes of exposure to volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) in drinking water is increasingly drawing attention. Until recently, ingestion was the only route considered in risk assessment of drinking water contaminants. The general objective of this study was to characterize multi-route exposures on the pharmacokinetics and internal dose of three VOCs: toluene (TOL), n-hexane (HEX) and cyclohexane (CYCLO). Towards this goal, an experimental animal model was developed and a physiologically-based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model was adapted in order to take account route-specific absorption parameters of TOL. Sprague-Dawley rats were given a single dose of VOCs by oral ingestion, inhalation or dermal route. Additional groups of rat were exposed by the three routes simultaneously. In the case of HEX and CYCLO, dermal route was not considered. Blood samples were collected in order to compare kinetics following simple and multiroute exposures. Blood levels obtained following multiroute exposures were generally higher than predictions (i.e., the sum of the blood levels obtained for single route exposures) (as revealed by area under curve ratio: TOL :1,30 et 2,19; HEX : 1,55; CYCLO : 0,98 et 0,99). The PBTK model described adequately the kinetics of TOL in rats following single and multiroute exposures. The results suggest that internal dose arising from multiple routes is not necessarely comparable to the sum of the blood levels obtained for single route exposures. This phenomenon would be attributable to degree of saturation during aggregate exposures. Furthermore, the present study demonstrated that PBTK model can be used to predict/interpret blood levels associated with multiroute exposures to VOCs in drinking water, using toluene as a model substance.

La contribution de l’inhalation et de la voie percutanée à l’exposition totale à des composés organiques volatils (COV) présents dans l’eau potable est une problématique qui suscite un intérêt grandissant en santé publique et au niveau réglementaire. Jusqu’à tout récemment, seule l’ingestion était considérée dans l’évaluation du risque des contaminants de l’eau. L’objectif de ce projet était de caractériser l’impact de l’exposition multivoie sur la pharmacocinétique et la dose interne de trois COV : le toluène (TOL), le n-hexane (HEX) et le cyclohexane (CYCLO). À cette fin, un modèle expérimental animal a été utilisé et un modèle toxicocinétique à base physiologique (TCBP) a été adapté pour le TOL. Des rats Sprague-Dawley ont été exposés par voies uniques (inhalation, orale et percutanée) ou simultanées (multivoie) aux solvants. Pour le TOL, les trois voies ont été expérimentées, alors que la voie percutanée n’a pas été retenue pour le HEX et le CYCLO. Des prélèvements sanguins ont permis de caractériser les cinétiques sanguines. Les niveaux sanguins, obtenus lors des expositions multivoies, étaient généralement plus élevés que la somme des niveaux associés aux expositions par voies uniques, fait illustré par le rapport des surfaces sous la courbe expérimentale versus les prédictions (TOL : 1,30 et 2,19 ; HEX : 1,55 ; CYCLO : 0,98 et 0,99). Le modèle TCBP prédit bien la cinétique du TOL lors d’expositions par voies uniques et par multivoies. Les données expérimentales obtenues suggèrent que la dose interne résultant d’une exposition multivoie ne peut pas toujours être prédite par la somme des doses internes obtenues lors d’expositions par voies uniques. Ce phénomène serait explicable par la saturation du métabolisme. La modélisation TCBP est un outil efficace pour l’estimation du risque relatif à l’exposition multivoie aux COV présents dans l’eau potable. / The contribution of dermal and inhalation routes of exposure to volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) in drinking water is increasingly drawing attention. Until recently, ingestion was the only route considered in risk assessment of drinking water contaminants. The general objective of this study was to characterize multi-route exposures on the pharmacokinetics and internal dose of three VOCs: toluene (TOL), n-hexane (HEX) and cyclohexane (CYCLO). Towards this goal, an experimental animal model was developed and a physiologically-based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model was adapted in order to take account route-specific absorption parameters of TOL. Sprague-Dawley rats were given a single dose of VOCs by oral ingestion, inhalation or dermal route. Additional groups of rat were exposed by the three routes simultaneously. In the case of HEX and CYCLO, dermal route was not considered. Blood samples were collected in order to compare kinetics following simple and multiroute exposures. Blood levels obtained following multiroute exposures were generally higher than predictions (i.e., the sum of the blood levels obtained for single route exposures) (as revealed by area under curve ratio: TOL :1,30 et 2,19; HEX : 1,55; CYCLO : 0,98 et 0,99). The PBTK model described adequately the kinetics of TOL in rats following single and multiroute exposures. The results suggest that internal dose arising from multiple routes is not necessarely comparable to the sum of the blood levels obtained for single route exposures. This phenomenon would be attributable to degree of saturation during aggregate exposures. Furthermore, the present study demonstrated that PBTK model can be used to predict/interpret blood levels associated with multiroute exposures to VOCs in drinking water, using toluene as a model substance.