Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit bestand darin, in Modellversuchen in Wasserkultur und im Festsubstrat sowohl elementspezifische (Mg-, Fe-, Mn- oder Zn-Mangel) als auch komplexe N hrstoffmangelsituationen (gleichzeitiger Mangel an Fe, Mn und Zn) zu simulieren und die Wirkung pr ventiver resp. kurativer Blattapplikationen auf Wachstum und Ertrag von Buschbohnenpflanzen zu untersuchen. Zusammengefaát wurden folgende Ergebnisse erzielt. Bei unzureichendem Mg- und Fe-Angebot sowie bei gleichzeitigem Mangel an Fe, Mn und Zn wurden das Wachstum und die Ertragsbildung hochsignifikant vermindert. Die Auswirkungen des Mg-Mangels auf Wachstum und Ertrag wurden durch die pr ventive Blattapplikation erfolgreich ausgeglichen. Die verwendeten Mikron hrstoff-Formulierungen waren bei Fe-Mangel bzw. bei multipler Mikron hrstoff-Unterversorgung, im Gegensatz zu Mn- bzw. Zn-Mangel, weniger wirksam. Aufgrund des N hrstoffmangels w hrend der generativen Phase wurden die gebildeten Bl ten und H lsen abgeworfen. Den Mangelpflanzen erm glichte die Blattapplikation erst die H lsenbildung. Ausschlaggebend f r die H he des H lsenertrages war die Anzahl der gebildeten H lsen, da das H lsengewicht nicht wesentlich beeinfluát wurde. Aufgrund des verminderten N hrstoffangebotes im N hrmedium nahm die Konzentration der betroffenen N hrstoffe im Blatt bis in den kritischen Grenzwertbereich ab. Mit Ausnahme der Fe-Mangelvarianten wirkte die Blattd ngung dieser Abnahme der N hrstoffkonzentration erfolgreich entgegen. Hinsichtlich Wachstum Ertragsbildung und N hrstoffaufnahme wurden, sowohl bei den Mg- als auch bei den Mikron hrstoff-Blattd ngern keine von der Zusammensetzung abh ngigen Wirksamkeitsunterschiede festgestellt. Bez glich der untersuchten Parameter des Wachstums und der Ertragsbildung erwies sich die pr ventive Mg-Blattapplikation der kurativen gegen ber als hochsignifikant berlegen. Derart deutliche Wirksamkeitsunterschiede in Abh ngigkeit vom Applikationszeitpunkt blieben bei den Mikron hrstoff-Blattd ngern aus. Ein Mg- und Mikron hrstoffangebot von 10% im Jugendstadium konnte ein ungest rtes vegetatives Wachstum der Pflanzen gew hrleisten. Eine Mg- bzw. Mikron hrstoff-Unterversorgung der Pflanzen w hrend der generativen Phase bewirkte einen R ckgang des Samenertrages von ber 60% bis 80%. Mit Hilfe der Blattapplikationen w hrend der generativen Phase wurde der Abwurf der reproduktiven Organe hochsignifikant vermindert. Dadurch konnten ber 90% des Samenertrages der Kontrolle erreicht werden. Ungeachtet einer erfolgreichen Impfung mit Rhizobium blieben die Pflanzen ohne N-Startd ngung im Vergleich zu einer Startd ngung mit einer quivalentmenge von 40 kg N/ha bei Wachstum und Ertragsbildung hochsignifikant zur ck. Gemessen am Samenertrag konnten die Auswirkungen des N-Mangels im Jugendstadium durch eine Nachd ngung zu Bl hbeginn nicht mehr ausgeglichen werden. Durch die Kombination Nachd ngung zu Bl hbeginn und Blattapplikation w hrend der Kornf llungsphase wurde die Abscission von reproduktiven Organen signifikant vermindert und die h chste Ertragswirksamkeit erzielt. Unabh ngig von den Behandlungen lag der Rohproteingehalt der Samen bei 20%. Auch die anderen N hrstoffe der Samen lagen im normalen Konzentrationsbereich f r Buschbohne. / The aim of this study was to simulate as well specific (Mg-, Fe-, Mn- and Zn-deficiency) as complex nutrient deficiency situations in model systems using either nutrient solution or solid substrates and to investigate the effect of preventive or curative applications of foliar fertilizers on growth and yield of bean plants. Results may be summarized as follows: Insufficient supply of magnesium and iron or simultaneous deficiency in Fe, Mn and Zn resulted in highly significant reduction of growth and yield of bean plants. Effect of magnesium deficiency on growth and yield could be successfully compensated by preventive foliar fertilization. The applied micronutrient compounds were less successful in the case of iron deficiency or multiple micronutrient deficiency situations as compared to manganese or zinc deficiency. Nutrient deficiency during the generative phase resulted in dropping of flowers and pods. In deficient plants foliar fertilizer application was a precondition for pod formation. Since pod weight was not substantially affected by plant nutrition pod number was the decisive factor for pod yield. As a result of reduced nutrient supply in the substrates leaf concentration of investigated nutrients declined below critical deficiency levels. With exception of the Fe-deficiency variants application of foliar fertilizers successfully compensated for the decrease in leaf nutrient concentrations. The composition of Mg and micronutrient foliar fertilizers did not affect significantly plant growth, yield and nutrient uptake. For the investigated parameters of growth and yield formation preventive foliar application of magnesium fertilizers was significantly more effective as compared to curative application. Such distinctive differences in fertilizer effects with time of application could not be found in micronutrient fertilizers. Mg and micronutrient supply of as low as 10% of optimal supply during juvenile growth phase could guarantee undisturbed vegetative growth. Drastic decrease of magnesium or micronutrient supply during the reproductive phase resulted in a reduction of pod yield up to 60 - 80%. Foliar fertilizer application during the reproductive development significantly reduced dropping of reproductive organs and thus seed yields of more than 90% of control were achieved. Nevertheless after a successful inoculation with Rhizobium plants without a nitrogen start dressing had significantly lower growth and yields than those with a starter fertilization of 40 kg N/ha. With regard to seed yield the effects of nitrogen deficiency during the juvenile phase could not be compensated by late fertilization at the flowering stage. The combination of a late fertilization at the flowering stage and leaf application during pod filling resulted in decreased pod abscission and therefore in highest yields. Independently of treatments the raw protein content of the bean seeds approximated to 20%. Also other nutrients in the seeds were in the adequate range for Phaseolus bean.

Em ultimas décadas, a conversão de alcanos leves em suas correspondentes olefinas tem sido objeto de intensas pesquisas, impulsionadas inclusive pelo aumento crescente da demanda do propileno como um importante produto petroquímico. A desidrogenação oxidativa (ODH) do propano representa uma via alternativa promissor para a produção de propeno, ao apresentar-se como uma reação exotérmica e não limitada termodinamicamente. Diferentes óxidos suportados ou mistos têm sido desenvolvidos com a finalidade de aumentar a atividade e seletividade em relação as olefinas. Metais alcalinos são importantes agentes promotores que proporcionam uma melhor seletividade as olefinas devido a redução da acidez e aumento da basicidade da superfície do catalisador. A proposta deste presente trabalho foi desenvolver metodologias de síntese de catalisadores de oxido de vanádio suportado em aluminas de diferentes fases cristalinas e dopados com sódio ou potássio a fim de avalia-los em testes catalíticos de desidrogenação oxidativa do propano. Para tanto, foram utilizadas as seguintes técnicas de caracterização: volumetria N2, difratometria de raios X (DRX) e redução a temperatura programada (RTP). As características acidas e/ou básicas dos suportes e catalisadores foram avaliadas pelas reações de decomposição de isopropanol. / In recent decades, the conversion of light alkanes to their corresponding olefins has been the subject of intense research, mainly driven by the increasing demand of propylene as an important petrochemical product. Oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) propane is a promising alternative way to propylene production, which it is presented as an exothermic reaction and not limited thermodynamically. Different supported or mixed oxides have been developed in order to increase the activity and selectivity to olefins. Alkali metals are important promoters, which provide improved selectivity to olefins due to reduction of acidity and increasing basicity of the catalyst surface. The purpose of the present study was to develop synthesis methods of vanadium oxide catalysts supported on alumina of the different crystalline phases and doped with sodium or potassium in order to evaluate them in catalytic tests of propane oxidative dehydrogenation. For in such a way, the following characterization techniques were used: N2 volumetry, X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and temperature programmed reduction (TPR). The properties acid and/or basic of supports and catalysts were evaluated by the isopropanol decomposition reaction.

Em ultimas décadas, a conversão de alcanos leves em suas correspondentes olefinas tem sido objeto de intensas pesquisas, impulsionadas inclusive pelo aumento crescente da demanda do propileno como um importante produto petroquímico. A desidrogenação oxidativa (ODH) do propano representa uma via alternativa promissor para a produção de propeno, ao apresentar-se como uma reação exotérmica e não limitada termodinamicamente. Diferentes óxidos suportados ou mistos têm sido desenvolvidos com a finalidade de aumentar a atividade e seletividade em relação as olefinas. Metais alcalinos são importantes agentes promotores que proporcionam uma melhor seletividade as olefinas devido a redução da acidez e aumento da basicidade da superfície do catalisador. A proposta deste presente trabalho foi desenvolver metodologias de síntese de catalisadores de oxido de vanádio suportado em aluminas de diferentes fases cristalinas e dopados com sódio ou potássio a fim de avalia-los em testes catalíticos de desidrogenação oxidativa do propano. Para tanto, foram utilizadas as seguintes técnicas de caracterização: volumetria N2, difratometria de raios X (DRX) e redução a temperatura programada (RTP). As características acidas e/ou básicas dos suportes e catalisadores foram avaliadas pelas reações de decomposição de isopropanol. / In recent decades, the conversion of light alkanes to their corresponding olefins has been the subject of intense research, mainly driven by the increasing demand of propylene as an important petrochemical product. Oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) propane is a promising alternative way to propylene production, which it is presented as an exothermic reaction and not limited thermodynamically. Different supported or mixed oxides have been developed in order to increase the activity and selectivity to olefins. Alkali metals are important promoters, which provide improved selectivity to olefins due to reduction of acidity and increasing basicity of the catalyst surface. The purpose of the present study was to develop synthesis methods of vanadium oxide catalysts supported on alumina of the different crystalline phases and doped with sodium or potassium in order to evaluate them in catalytic tests of propane oxidative dehydrogenation. For in such a way, the following characterization techniques were used: N2 volumetry, X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and temperature programmed reduction (TPR). The properties acid and/or basic of supports and catalysts were evaluated by the isopropanol decomposition reaction.

Ce travail porte sur le diagnostic des températures de vibration et de rotation des molécules dans les plasmas thermiques.<br /><br />Ce mémoire comporte deux grandes parties : l'une concerne le calcul de spectres moléculaires et la deuxième partie est consacrée à la comparaison des spectres dans quatre cas expérimentaux différents.<br /><br />Un code de calcul a été réalisé pour simuler des spectres d'espèces diatomiques. Ce code a été essentiellement appliqué aux radicaux C2, CN, à la molécule N2 et à l'ion N2+ avec comme paramètres variables les températures de vibration et de rotation. Cette partie commence par une description de la molécule diatomique et de ses propriétés. <br />Ensuite la méthode pour calculer les spectres est explicitée : <br />détermination des longueurs d'onde,<br />de leur intensité,<br />application d'une fonction d'appareil,<br />obtention du spectre final. <br />L'influence des températures de rotation et de vibration sur les intensités des raies est prise en compte ainsi que celle de la fonction d'appareil. Ces spectres sont calculés, pour une expérience donnée, de manière à déterminer ces deux paramètres par comparaison avec les spectres obtenus par la mesure.<br /><br />Cette méthode a été utilisée sur quatre plasmas différents : <br />une flamme oxy-acétylénique,<br />un arc stabilisé dans une chambre de Maecker,<br />une torche à plasma ICP,<br />une décharge entre deux électrodes liquides. <br />Les températures de rotation et de vibration ont été déterminées par la comparaison de spectres. Ainsi des profils de températures ont pu être réalisés.<br /><br />En annexe, les valeurs numériques nécessaires aux calculs de spectres sont répertoriées pour le système de Swan de C2, le système violet de CN, le second système positif de N2 et le premier système négatif de N2+.

No description available.

No description available.

La thèse porte sur les propriétés thermodynamiques, de transport, de diffusion de rayonnement, et diélectriques des mélanges CO2-N2 contaminés par du cuivre, pour des températures de 300 - 30,000 K et des pressions 0.1 - 16 bar. Les motivations de ce travail ainsi qu'un état de l'art sur le remplacement du SF6 et l'influence des vapeurs métalliques dans de tels dispositifs sont présentés dans le chapitre 1. Le chapitre 2 étudie les compositions à l'équilibre calculées à partir de la méthode de minimisation de l'énergie libre de Gibbs, en considérant la présence de phases condensées dans le plasma. A partir de ces compositions, nous présentons les propriétés thermodynamiques comme la densité de masse, l'enthalpie et la chaleur spécifiques à pressions constante. Les corrections de Virial et Debye-Hückel sont prises en compte pour tenir compte de l'effet des ions et des hautes pressions. Dans le chapitre 3, les coefficients de transport (conductivité électrique, viscosité, et conductivité thermique) et les coefficients de diffusion combinés (coefficients de diffusion ordinaires combinés, ceux liés au champ électrique, aux gradients de pression et de température) sont calculés selon la théorie de Chapman-Enskog. Les intégrales de collision nécessaires au calcul de ces coefficients sont obtenues pour les interactions neutre-neutre et neutre-ion à partir d'un potentiel de Lennard-Jones modifié. Dans le chapitre 4, les coefficients d'émission nette (CEN) sont calculés en considérant le rayonnement des raies atomiques, du continuum atomique, des raies moléculaires et du continuum moléculaire. Les élargissements en pression des raies (élargissements de Van der Waals et de résonance), les élargissements Stark, et l'élargissement sont pris en compte dans la détermination d'un facteur de fuite qui permet de simplifier le calcul du coefficient d'émission des raies. Le rayonnement du continuum atomique tient compte de l'attachement radiatif, de la recombinaison radiative et du Bremsstrahlung. Dans le chapitre 5, les propriétés diélectriques de claquage (incluant la fonction de distribution d'énergie des EEDF), le coefficient réduit d'ionisation réduit, le coefficient réduit d'attachement électronique, le coefficient effectif réduit d'ionisation, et le champ critique réduit) du gaz chaud ont été calculés sur la base de l'approximation à deux termes de l'équation de Boltzmann. Les interactions, incluant les collisions élastiques, excitation, ionisation et attachement entre électrons et espèces neutres sont pris en compte dans la résolution de l'équation de Boltzmann. Les sections efficaces d'ionisation de Cu2 et CuO non disponibles dans la littérature ont été calcules selon la méthode DM. La conclusion des travaux et leurs perspectives sont présentés dans le chapitre. / Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a greenhouse gas designated by the Kyoto Protocol because of its extremely high global warming potential (GWP). CO2, N2, and their mixtures have the potential to replace SF6 in certain applications, such as circuit breakers. In these electric apparatus, copper vapour resulting from the heating of electrodes can modify the characteristics of arc plasmas, which must be taken into account when setting up physical models. This dissertation, therefore, investigates the thermodynamic, transport, diffusion, radiation, and dielectric breakdown properties of CO2-N2 mixtures contaminated by copper at temperatures of 300 - 30,000 K and pressures of 0.1 - 16 bar. The equilibrium compositions are calculated using the minimization of Gibbs free energy with consideration of condensed species. Copper vapour is found to condense at temperatures below 3000 K. Based on the compositions, the thermodynamic properties, including mass density, specific enthalpy, and specific heat at constant enthalpy, are determined according to their definitions. The Debye-Hückel corrections are also considered in the calculation of compositions and thermodynamic properties. The transport coefficients (including electrical conductivity, viscosity, thermal conductivity) and combined diffusion coefficients (including the combined ordinary diffusion coefficient, combined electric field diffusion coefficient, combined temperature diffusion coefficient and combined pressure diffusion coefficient) are calculated based on the Chapman-Enskog theory. The newly developed Lennard-Jones like phenomenological model potential is adopted to describe the neutral-neutral and neutral-ion interactions in determining collision integrals. The net emission coefficients (NEC) of gas mixtures are calculated with considering atomic lines and continuum and molecular bands and continuum. The pressure broadening (Van der Waals broadening and the resonance broadening), Stark broadening, and Doppler broadening are taken into account in the determination of escape factors. The continuum radiation of atoms is described by radiative attachment, radiative recombination, and Bremsstrahlung. The dielectric breakdown properties (including EEDF, reduced ionization coefficient, reduced electron attachment coefficient, reduced effective ionization coefficient, and reduced critical electric field strength) of hot gas mixtures are calculated based on the two-term approximation of the Boltzmann equation. The interactions, including elastic, excitation, ionization and attachment collisions, between electrons and neutral species are taken into account in solving the Boltzmann equation. The ionization cross sections of Cu2 and CuO which are unavailable in literatures are calculated using the DM method. Compared with SF6-Cu mixtures, CO2-N2-Cu mixtures present much different thermophysical, radiation, and dielectric breakdown properties. As an arc quenching gas, CO2-N2-Cu mixtures have lower ??Cp and thermal conductivity at low temperatures but present higher ??Cp, thermal conductivity, and NEC in the medium temperature range. As an insulating medium, the hot CO2-N2-Cu mixtures have much poorer dielectric strength below 2000 K, whereas above 2000 K, they present better dielectric breakdown performance than SF6-Cu mixtures.

Submitted by MICHELLE TRAETE SABUNDJIAN null (michelletraete@aluno.feis.unesp.br) on 2016-04-18T19:57:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Michelle Traete Sabundjian.pdf: 7814537 bytes, checksum: 8ac173e36ebdd5ac1eddb3ff97807b70 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-20T11:46:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 sabundjian_mt_dr_ilha.pdf: 7814537 bytes, checksum: 8ac173e36ebdd5ac1eddb3ff97807b70 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-20T11:46:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sabundjian_mt_dr_ilha.pdf: 7814537 bytes, checksum: 8ac173e36ebdd5ac1eddb3ff97807b70 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Fundação Agrisus / O avanço de estudos das interações entre bactérias capazes de fixar o nitrogênio atmosférico em culturas agrícolas pode ajudar a definir estratégias para aumentar a eficiência do uso e diminuir a dependência do nitrogênio mineral. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inoculação de Azospirillum brasilense sobre o desenvolvimento e a produtividade do milho solteiro ou consorciado com Urochloa ruziziensis e o efeito residual deste consórcio, associados ao manejo de nitrogênio no feijoeiro de inverno. Para as gramíneas de verão, o delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso com 4 repetições e 8 tratamentos assim constituídos: (T1 - milho, T2 - milho + Azospirillum brasilense, T3 – Urochloa ruziziensis, T4 – Urochoa ruziziensis + Azospirillum brasilense, T5 - milho + Urochloa ruziziensis, T6 - milho - Azospirillum brasilense + Urochloa ruziziensis, T7 - milho + Urochloa ruziziensis - Azospirillum brasilense, T8 - milho – Azospirillum brasilense + Urochloa ruziziensis – Azospirillum brasilense). Para o feijão cultivado em sucessão, o delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 8x4 com os tratamentos constituídos por 8 coberturas vegetais, citadas anteriormente, e combinação de 4 doses de nitrogênio em cobertura (0, 40, 80 e 120 kg ha-1 de N), com quatro repetições. Durante a condução do experimento, foram realizadas as seguintes avaliações: coberturas vegetais, características agronômicas, componentes de produção e produtividade das culturas do milho e feijão, além dos atributos físicos do solo. Pode-se concluir que, comparado aos demais tratamentos, a inoculação de Azospirillum brasilense proporcionou ao milho solteiro aumento da massa seca de plantas e massa de grãos por espiga, além de maior incremento de produtividade. O consórcio com Urochloa afetou a produtividade de grãos do milho, porém observou-se um aumento na produção e a qualidade da cobertura vegetal. A produtividade do feijoeiro foi influenciada pela cultura antecessora, apresentando melhores resultados quando o milho foi inoculado com Azospirillum brasilense. A aplicação de 60 kg ha-1 de N em cobertura apresentou os melhores resultados na produtividade do feijoeiro no primeiro ano, sendo que, no segundo ano, mesmo os tratamentos sem aplicação apresentaram resultados satisfatórios, o que pode ser atribuído à ciclagem de nutrientes oriundos das coberturas vegetais. Já os tratamentos em que a Urochloa ruziziensis estava presente demonstraram melhorias nos atributos do solo ao longo de 3 anos de cultivo. / The advanced studies on the interaction between atmospheric nitrogen-fixing bacteria and crops may contribute for the development of strategies to increase the mineral nitrogen-use-efficiency and decrease its dependency. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense on development and yielding of single maize or maize intercropped with Urochloa ruziziensis as well as the residual effect of this intercropping system associated with the nitrogen management in winter bean. For summer grasses, the experimental design included a randomized block with four replications and eight treatments, as follows: (T1 - maize, T2 - maize + Azospirillum brasilense, T3 - Urochloa ruziziensis, T4 - Urochoa ruziziensis + Azospirillum brasilense, T5 - maize + Urochloa ruziziensis, T6 - maize - Azospirillum brasilense + Urochloa ruziziensis, T7 - maize + Urochloa ruziziensis - Azospirillum brasilense, T8 - maize - Azospirillum brasilense + Urochloa ruziziensis - Azospirillum brasilense). For the beans succession planting, the experimental design included randomized blocks in an 8x4 factorial scheme with treatments consisting of the eight cover crops mentioned previously and the combination of four nitrogen doses (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha-1 N), with four replications. During the experiment, the following assessments were performed: cover crops, agronomic characteristics, yield components and crop productivity of maize and beans in addition to the physical properties of the soil. The inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense provided the single maize with increased dry weight of plants and grain mass per spike; moreover, higher rates of productivity growth were observed when compared to the other treatments. The intercropping with Urochloa affected the maize grain productivity; however, there was an increase in yield and quality of cover crops. The bean yield was influenced by the previous crop, with better results when maize was inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense. The application of 60 kg ha-1 N in coverage provided better bean yield results in the first year. In the second year, the treatments without application demonstrated satisfactory results, which can be due to the nutrient cycling from the cover crops. Improvement of soil properties over the 3 years of cultivation was observed in the treatments including Urochloa ruziziensis. / Agrisus: 1140/13

Ce travail s'intéresse à la compréhension du comportement des flammes non-prémélangées issues d'un jet de méthane assisté par un coflow d'air dilué avec du CO2, ou d'autres gaz chimiquement inertes pour discriminer les différents phénomènes impliqués dans la dilution. Les phénomènes transitionnels, décrochage et extinction, quantifiés par des limites de stabilité, sont analysés à l'aide de grandeurs physiques représentatives. Le domaine de stabilité de flamme est limité par des surfaces 3D dans le domaine physique ( Qdiluant/Qair (taux de dilution), Uair (vitesse d'air), UCH4 (vitesse de méthane)), révélant un effet compétitif entre l'aérodynamique et la dilution. Des cartographies génériques de décrochage et d'extinction communes à tous ces diluants sont proposées. Des grandeurs liées à la stabilisation sont toutes soumises à des lois d'évolution auto-simlilaires. Il en ressort que la vitesse de propagation de flamme est l'élément clé du mécanisme de stabilisation lors de la dilution. / This work focuses on the understanding of the behaviours of non-premixed methane flame inside an air coflow diluted by carbon dyoxide (CO2) or by other chemically inert diluents in order to discriminate different phenomena involved in dilution. Transitional phenomena (liftoff and extinction) quantified trough the stability limits, are analyzed trough representative physical quantities. The flame stability domain is limited by 3D-surfaces (liftoff and extinction) in the physical domain (Qdiluant/Qair (dilution level), Uair (air velocity), UCH4 (methane velocity)) revealing a competitive effect between aerodynamics and dilution. Generic diagrams of flame liftoff and extinction are proposed for all the diluents. Physical quantities related to flame stabilization process are all submitted to, regardless of diluent, self-similar laws. This is explained by flame burning velocity which is considered as the key element in the flame stabilization mechanism with air-side dilution.

A large amount of low-rise unreinforced masonry structures (URM) can be found in Groningen, the Netherlands. More and more induced earthquakes with short duration have been detected in this region due to gas exploitation. Local unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings were initially not designed for withstanding seismic actions, so that unexpected damage may occur due to their vulnerability, raising insecurity among residents. Existing low-rise masonry buildings in Groningen can be divided into different categories based on their characteristics. Two types of residential masonry buildings that fulfil the prerequisites for performing non-linear seismic assessment are chosen to be studied in this thesis project, including the terraced house and the detached house. The seismic assessment of structures requires the use of both a discretization method and a seismic assessment method. The discretization method is used to translate the mechanical model into a finite element model used for the numerical analysis. Several methods have previously shown to be applicable for seismic assessment, but this work investigates the implications of using a continuum model (CM) and an equivalent frame model (EFM) approach to discretization in the general-purpose finite element package described in n DIANA-FEA-BV (2017). The continuum model approach adopted was in a previous work by Schreppers et al. (2017) validated against experimental results and is as such deemed representative of the physical behaviour of the mechanical models investigated. An equivalent frame model approach to be used with DIANA is proposed in the work by Nobel (2017). The continuum model approach uses continuum elements with a constitutive model developed for the seismic assessment of masonry structures. This constitutive model captures both shear and flexural failure mechanisms. The equivalent frame model approach uses a combination of numerically integrated beam elements and nodal interfaces, each with a distinct constitutive model, thus decoupling the description of the flexural and shear behaviour. This approach aims to capture the macro-behaviour at the structural level. The applicability of the proposed equivalent frame model approach is evaluated by how well it replicates the validated continuum model approach results. The two discretization methods described are evaluated using two types of seismic assessment methods. The first seismic assessment method used consists of first performing a quasi-static non-linear pushover analysis (NLPO) on the model. This results in the pushover curve, which describes the global behaviour of the model under an equivalent lateral load based on the fundamental mode shape of the structure. The pushover curve is then used with the N2-method described in EN1998-1 (2004) to assess at which peak ground acceleration (PGA) that the model reaches the near-collapse (NC) limit state. The second seismic assessment method consists of performing dynamic non-linear time-history analyses (NLTH). This method uses recorded accelerograms to impose the inertial forces. The PGA for the accelerogram where the near-collapse limit state is reached is compared to the PGA from the use of the N2-method. The applicability of the pushover analysis in conjunction with the N2-method is evaluated by how well it replicates the PGA found from the time-history analyses and by how well it replicates local failure mechanisms.  Therefore, the main objectives of this project can be described by the following two questions: i. To what extent can the equivalent frame method be applicable as a proper discretization method for pushover analyses and time-history analyses of low-rise unreinforced masonry residential buildings in the Groningen region? ii. To what extent can the non-linear pushover method be adopted to assess the seismic behaviour of low-rise unreinforced masonry residential buildings in the Groningen region? The applicability of the equivalent frame model showed to vary. For describing local failure mechanisms its applicability is poor. Further work on connecting the edge piers to transverse walls is needed. For seismic assessment using the N2-method the applicability of the equivalent frame model approach is sensible. The conservative displacement capacity counteracts the fact that it is worse at describing local unloading, which produced a larger initial equivalent stiffness of the bi-linear curves in comparison to the continuum model. For seismic assessment using the time-history signals, its applicability is possible. While it could show different behaviour in terms of displacement and damping forces, it still showed a similar PGA at the near-collapse limit state for the cases at hand. The seismic assessment of the terraced and detached houses by the N2-method is similar to the seismic prediction by applying time-history analyses. However, there are still some variations in the initial stiffness, force capacity and displacement capacity between these two assessment methods due to the assumptions and limitations in this study. Overall, considering the pros and cons of the quasi-static pushover method, it is deemed applicable during the seismic assessment of the unreinforced masonry structures in the Groningen area. / En stor mängd låga oarmerade murverksbyggnader finns i Groningen, Nederländerna. Allt fler jordbävningar med kort varaktighet har uppmätts i regionen pågrund utav gasproduktion. I området förekommer oarmerade murverksbyggnader som initialt inte var dimensionerade för jordbävningslaster, vilket har resulterat i oönskade skador samt osäkerhet för invånarna. Förekommande låga murverksbyggnader i Groningen kan fördelas i olika grupper beroende på deras egenskaper. Två typer av murverksbyggnader utformade som bostäder uppföljer kraven för att utföra olinjär jordbävningsanalys och har i detta projekt studerats. Typerna som studerats är radhus samt fristående hus. Jordbävningsnalys av byggnader kräver användningen av en diskretiseringsmetod samt en utvärderingsmetod. Diskretiseringsmetoden används för att översätta den mekaniska modellen till en finita elementmodell för numerisk analys. Flera metoder har tidigare visat sig vara applicerbara för utvärdering under jordbävningslaster, men det här projektet studerar konsekvensen från användningen av en kontinuumelement modell (CM) samt en ekvivalent rammodel (EFM) för diskretisering i det generella finita elementpaketet beskrivet i DIANA-FEA-BV (2017). Metoden som använts för att skapa kontinuumelement modeller vart i ett tidigare projekt av Schreppers et al. (2017) validerat mot experimentella resultat och anses därför  representera det fysiska beteendet hos de mekaniska modellerna. Ett förslag för hur ekvivalenta rammodeller ska uppföras i DIANA ges i arbetet av Nobel (2017). Metoden för en kontinuumelement modell använder en konstitutiv lag som utvecklats för utvärderingen av murverksbyggnader under jordbävningslaster. Denna konstitutiva modell fångar skjuv- samt böjbrottmekanismer. Metoden för en ekvivalent rammodell använder numeriskt integrerade balkelement samt nodelement, där båda elementtyper använder en distinkt konstitutiv modell vilket gör att skjuv- samt böjbeteende hanteras individuellt. Den här metoden har som mål att fånga makro-beteendet av elementen. Applicerbarheten av den föreslagna metoden för ekvivalenta rammodeller är utvärderat via hur väl den replikerar resultaten från en kontinuumelement modell. De två diskretiseringsmetoderna jämförs via två metoder för utvärdering under jordbävningslaster. Den första utvärderingsmetoden består av att först utföra en kvasi-statisk olinjär stjälpningsanalys (NLPO) på modellen. Detta leder till stjälpningskurvan, vilket beskriver den globala responsen av modellen under en ekvivalent horisontal last som baserats på första fundamentala moden av bärverket. Stjälpningkurvan används sedan med N2-metoden som beskrivs i EN1998-1 (2004) för att utvärdera vid vilken maximal markacceleration (PGA) som modellen når nära-kollapsgränstilsståndet (NC). Den andra utvärderingsmetoden består av att utföra dynamiska samt olinjära tids-historikanalyser (NLTH). För att göra detta så används accelerogram för att applicera den dynamiska lasten. Den maximala markaccelerationen för signalen där tids-historikanalysen når nära-kollapsgränstilsståndet är jämfört mot den maximala markaccelerationen som fås när N2-metoden används. Applicerbarheten för stjälpningsanalysen tillsammans med N2-metoden utvärderas via hur väl den replikerar resultatet av den maximala markaccelerationen som erhållsfrån tids-historikanalyserna, samt via hur väl metoden replikerar lokala brottmoder. Baserat på detta så kan målen med detta project sammanfattas via dessa två frågeställningar: i. Till vilken grad kan den föreslagna metoden för ekvivalenta rammodeller användas för utvärdering under jordbävningslaster när stälpningsanalyser, samt tids-historikanalyser, utförs på låga och oarmerade murverksbyggnader utformade som bostadsrätter i Groningen? ii. Till vilken grad kan olinjär stjälpningsanalys användas för utvärdering under jordbävningslaster på låga och oarmerade murverksbyggnader utformade som bostadsrätter i Groningen? Applicerbarheten av metoden för ekvivalenta rammodeller visade sig variera. För att beskriva lokala brottmoder så är applicerbarheten låg. Fortsatt arbete som undersöker hur pelarelementen ska kopplas mot de tvärgående väggarna bör utföras. För utvärdering via användandet av N2-metoden så visade det sig att applicerbarheten är rimlig. Den konservativa deformationskapaciteten motverkar det faktum att metoden för ekvivalenta rammodeller är sämre på att påvisa lokal avlastning, vilket i sin tur resulterade i en större ekvivalent initial styvhet för de bi-linjära kurvorna i jämförelse mot metoden för kontinuumelement modeller. För utvärdering när tids-historikanalyser användes så visade applicerbarheten vara rimlig. Samtidigt som det kunde uppstå skillnader i beteende när det kom till deformation samt dämpning, så visade det sig att metoderna fortfarande uppvisade en liknande maximal markacceleration vid nära-kollapsgränstilsståndet för bärverken i fråga. Utvärderingen under jordbävningslast för modellerna när N2-metoden användes visade liknande resultat som när tids-historikanalyserna utfördes. Det förekom dock skillnader i den initiala styvheten, i skjuvkraftskapaciteten och i deformationskapciteten mellan utvärderingsmetoderna från gjorda antaganden samt begränsningar hos arbetet. Som en slutsats när för- samt nackdelar värderas så visade det sig att stjälpningsmetoden är en rimlig utvärderinsgmetod för oarmerade murverksbyggnader i Groningen.