Les stéatopathies métaboliques (NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases) sont des pathologies étroitement associées au diabète de type 2 et à l'obésité. Elles couvrent un spectre de maladies hépatiques s'étendant de la stéatose à la cirrhose. Une des étapes charnières dans l'évolution des NAFLD est l'activation des cellules hépatiques stellaires (CHS) qui sont à l'origine de la fibrogenèse hépatique. Dans ce contexte, nous avons identifié le facteur de transcription PRDM16 comme acteur clé de la fibrogenèse. En effet, nos résultats montrent que PRDM16 est induit dans le foie au cours de la fibrose hépatique chez l'Homme et dans différents modèles murins. Cette augmentation de l'expression de PRDM16 est spécifique aux CHS. Des expériences d'invalidation de Prdm16 dans les CHS démontrent que PRDM16 est nécessaire à l'expression basale et stimulé par TGF-b1 de Col-1a1 et Col-3a1. Cette action de PRDM16 s'explique en partie par sa capacité d'interaction avec SMAD3. Enfin, nous avons également démontré que PRDM16 joue un rôle dans l'activation des CHS car l'invalidation de Prdm16 entraîne la diminution de l'expression d'aSma et l'augmentation de l'expression de Srebp-1c. Cependant les mécanismes par lesquels PRDM16 contrôle l'activation des CHS reste à identifier et feront l'objet des prochaines études. / NAFLD (nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases) are closely linked to type 2 diabetes and obesity and are becoming the first cause in liver chronic diseases around the world. One of the key step in NAFLD progression is the fibrogenesis characterized by hepatic stellate cells (HSC) activation. In this context, we identified PRDM16 as a key factor in this activation. Our first prospective study revealed a correlation between fibrosis score and Prdm16 expression in human biopsies and in murine model of fibrosis. Prdm16 expression is also positively correlated in HSC with the activation state. Our results on Prdm16 invalidation in HSC highlight a role for PRDM16 in the increase expression of Col-11 and Col-31 during HSC activation in part by the binding of PRDM16 to SMAD3. Prdm16 invalidation in HSC also leads to a decrease Sma expression and an increase Srebp-1c expression, showing that PRDM16 control HSC activation through other mechanisms which will be the subject of our next studies.

L'incidence des pathologies métaboliques n'a de cesse d'augmenter au cours des dernières décennies atteignant des proportions épidémiques. Les facteurs génétiques, l'alimentation et/ou la sédentarité n'expliquent qu'en partie ce phénomène. Les contaminants environnementaux sont également suspectés être impliqués dans l'étiologie de ces perturbations. Plusieurs études rapportent l'implication des récepteurs nucléaires comme médiateur de ces désordres métaboliques. Dans le cadre de ces travaux nous nous sommes intéressés aux rôles du récepteur nucléaire CAR dans la régulation de l'homéostasie énergétique et comme médiateur des perturbations métaboliques induites suite à une exposition à un mélange de pesticides. CAR est un récepteur nucléaire clé du système de détoxification de composés, qu'ils soient de nature exogène ou endogène. Son rôle sur le métabolisme énergétique a été étudié principalement chez les souris mâles, or certaines fonctions métaboliques et de détoxification sont fortement dépendantes du sexe. Le premier objectif de ces travaux a consisté à évaluer les conséquences sur l'homéostasie énergétique de la délétion du récepteur nucléaire CAR (CAR-/-) chez des souris mâles et femelles au cours du vieillissement. Les résultats montrent que l'absence de CAR est délétère chez les mâles qui développent une obésité, un diabète et une stéatose hépatique. Les souris femelles CAR-/- sont protégées de ces troubles et présentent une amélioration de leur tolérance au glucose. Cependant la suppression de leurs hormones sexuelles grâce à la réalisation d'ovariectomies enlève totalement cette protection, suggérant un rôle majeur de ces hormones dans cette protection. Les analyses du transcriptome, lipidome et métabolome hépatique sont en accord avec ces données phénotypiques. Le deuxième objectif de ces travaux a consisté à évaluer les conséquences métaboliques d'une exposition chronique in vivo à un mélange de pesticides présent dans l'alimentation à des doses supposées non toxiques. Après un an d'exposition à ce mélange, les souris mâles développent un surpoids avec une augmentation de leurs masses adipeuses. Ce surpoids s'accompagne d'une intolérance au glucose et d'une stéatose hépatique. Les souris femelles présentent, en revanche une hyperglycémie à jeun, du stress oxydatif au niveau hépatique et une perturbation de métabolites urinaires liées au microbiote intestinal. Ces résultats montrent pour la première fois un effet obésogène et diabétogène dépendant du sexe d'une exposition à un mélange de pesticides. Nous avons également mis en évidence un rôle du récepteur nucléaire CAR dans le dimorphisme sexuel observé suite à cette exposition. L'ensemble de ces travaux apporte des liens de causalité en faveur d'une relation contaminants environnementaux et santé dépendant du sexe et un rôle du récepteur nucléaire CAR dans les effets observés. Cela soulève la question de la prise en considération du sexe et de l'effet mélange dans l'évaluation des risques pour la santé liée à l'exposition à des contaminants environnementaux. / The incidence of metabolic diseases has steadily increased in recent decades reaching epidemic proportions. It is conventionally accepted that their main cause is related to a diet rich in fats and sugar and/or a sedentary lifestyle that can be aggravated by certain genetic polymorphisms. Chemical contaminants in our environment are also suspected to contribute to the development of these metabolic disorders by disrupting the energy balance of organisms. Several studies report the role of nuclear receptors as mediators of these metabolic effects induced by environmental contaminants. As part of this PhD work, we investigated the role of the CAR nuclear receptor in the regulation of energy homeostasis and as a mediator of the metabolic effects induced by exposure to a mixture of pesticides. CAR is a key nuclear receptor for the detoxification system of compounds, whether exogenous or endogenous. Its role in energy metabolism has been studied mainly in male mice, but metabolic and detoxification functions are highly dependent on sex. The first objective of this work was to evaluate the consequences on the energy homeostasis of the deletion of the CAR nuclear receptor in male and female mice. These animals were followed over a period of more than one year and their phenotype was compared to that of non-invalidated mice for this receptor. The results show that the absence of CAR is very deleterious in males that develop obesity, diabetes and hepatic steatosis. CAR-/- females mice are protected from these disorders and even have better glucose tolerance. This protection is lifted by ovariectomy of these females suggesting a role of female sex hormones in their protection. Transcriptomic, metabolomic and lipidomic analysis are in agreement with this phenotypic change. The second objective of this work was to evaluate the in vivo metabolic consequences of chronic exposure to a mixture of pesticides present in the diet at presumed non-toxic doses. After one year of exposure to this mixture, male mice developed an overweight with an increase in their fat masses. This overweight was accompanied by glucose intolerance and hepatic steatosis. On the other hand, female mice showed fasting hyperglycemia, hepatic oxidative stress and a disturbance of urinary microbiota related to the intestinal microbiota. These results show for the first time an obesogenic and diabetogenic sex-dependent effect of exposure to a mixture of pesticides. We have also demonstrated a role of the CAR nuclear receptor in the sexual dimorphism observed following this exposure. All of this work provides causal links in favor of a relationship between environmental contaminants and sex-dependent health and a role of the nuclear receptor CAR in the effects observed. This raises the issue of gender and mixture in the risk assessment linked to exposure to environmental contaminants.

L’obésité et les maladies métaboliques associées, telles que les stéatopathies hépatiques (ou NAFLD, pour non-alcoholic fatty liver disease), sont en constante augmentation dans la population mondiale. La stéatose hépatique, correspondant au premier stade de la NAFLD et caractérisée par une simple accumulation de lipides dans le foie est considérée comme bénigne. Cependant, cette pathologie est susceptible d'évoluer en stéatohépatite (ou NASH, pour non-alcoholic steatohepatitis), bien plus grave puisqu’elle est additionnée d’une nécrose et d’une inflammation. L’origine de cette évolution est multifactorielle : l’alcool ou les médicaments peuvent en être à l’origine, mais de plus en plus d’études font part du rôle probable que pourraient avoir les contaminants de l’environnement. Ainsi dans cette étude, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’impact de la co-exposition à l’éthanol et au benzo[a]pyrène (B[a]P), un xénobiotique de la famille des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques, sur la progression de la NAFLD vers la NASH. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé la lignée cellulaire hépatique humaine HepaRG. Nous avons établi, sur cette lignée, un modèle de NAFLD en incubant les cellules avec un mélange d’acides gras pendant 14 jours, nous permettant de réaliser des investigations chroniques sur les effets du B[a]P et de l’éthanol. Au terme de ces traitements, nous avons constaté que l’alcool potentialisait la cytotoxicité du B[a]P uniquement sur les cellules HepaRG stéatosées. Cette cytotoxicité était également accompagnée d’une production de cytokines pro-inflammatoires, témoignant d’un état pouvant être apparenté à une NASH. Nous avons également mis en évidence une modification du profil de métabolisation du B[a]P, accompagnée d’une sur production de ROS, un dysfonctionnement global de la chaîne respiratoire mitochondriale et une induction de la voie apoptotique. Enfin, ces observations étaient absentes ou minorées lorsque l’exposition était individuelle et lorsque les cellules n’étaient pas stéatosées. Ainsi, ces résultats suggèrent l’importance de la prise en compte d’une exposition multifactorielle à des xénobiotiques dans la progression de la NAFLD, mais également du fait que la présence de NAFLD pourrait à elle seule aggraver la toxicité de xénobiotiques. / Obesity and associated metabolic diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) are steadily increasing in the global population. Fatty liver (also called steatosis) which is the first stage of NAFLD described by a retention of lipids in the liver is considered to be benign. However, this pathology is likely to evolve into non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), much more severe since it is supplemented with necrosis and inflammation. This evolution is multifactorial in origin: alcohol or drugs may be involved, but more and more studies have mentioned the likely role of environmental contaminants. Thus, in this study we were interested in the impact of an alcohol/benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P, a xenobiotic of the family of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) co-exposure on the progression of NAFLD towards NASH. To this end, we used the human hepatic cell line called HepaRG. In this cell line, we established an in vitro model of NAFLD by incubating the cells with a mixture of fatty acids for 14 days, whereby we would carry out some chronic investigations about the effects of B[a]P and ethanol. At the end of these treatments, we found that alcohol potentiated B[a]P cytotoxicity on steatotic HepaRG cells. This cytotoxicity was also combined with pro-inflammatory cytokine production, suggesting the presence of a NASH condition. We also demonstrated a change in the metabolic profile of B[a]P, in addition to a ROS production, a global dysfunction of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and an induction of apoptosis. Finally, these observations were absent or decreased when the exposure was individual and when the cells were not steatotic. Thus, these results suggest the importance to consider multifactorial exposure to xenobiotics in the progression of NAFLD as well as the fact that the presence of NAFLD alone could exacerbate xenobiotic toxicity.

La prévalence de l'obésité et du diabète de type II est en constante augmentation dans les pays industrialisés. La manifestation hépatique de ces pathologies est la NAFLD (" Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease "). Celle-ci représente aujourd'hui un réel problème de santé publique et résulte d'atteintes métaboliques et hépatiques. La NAFLD démarre par l'accumulation excessive de lipides dans les hépatocytes nommée " stéatose hépatique ". Ces lipides s'accumulent sous différentes formes comme les triglycérides, les esters de cholestérol, les diglycérides et les céramides. La lipotoxicité induite par l'accumulation de ces espèces lipidiques est à l'origine d'un dysfonctionnement au niveau cellulaire et d'une insulino-résistance. Dans ce contexte, les objectifs de ce travail de thèse ont été d'étudier in vivo le rôle des céramides dans l'apparition et les complications de la NAFLD. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé différentes approches : pharmacologiques, génétiques et nutritionnelles. Par une approche pharmacologique, nous avons montré que la fumonisine B1, un contaminant alimentaire ciblant la synthèse des céramides, est à l'origine d'une toxicité hépatique dépendante d'un facteur de transcription essentiel du métabolisme lipidique, LXR (" Liver X Receptor "). Puis, nous avons combiné différentes approches nutritionnelles et génétiques permettant d'induire ou de protéger de la stéatose hépatique. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé des souris invalidées de façon totale ou hépatocyte-spécifique pour PPARa (" Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor alpha "), un facteur de transcription essentiel au catabolisme des lipides. Cela nous a permis de confirmer le rôle essentiel de PPARa hépatocytaire dans la réponse au jeûne et l'implication systémique de PPARa dans la régulation du métabolisme des céramides au cours de l'obésité induite par un régime HFD (" High Fat Diet "). Enfin, nous avons utilisé des souris invalidées au niveau hépatocytaire pour la sous-unité catalytique de la PI3 Kinase alpha, p110a. Cela nous a permis de confirmer le rôle majeur de la voie de signalisation à l'insuline dépendante de p110a dans l'apparition de l'insulino-résistance dissociée de la stéatose hépatique induite par un régime HFD. De façon intéressante, grâce à ce modèle, nous avons démontré que la lipolyse adipocytaire (et non l'inhibition de la voie insulinémique) représente le signal dominant de l'activité hépatique de PPARa durant le jeûne. L'ensemble de ces travaux mettent en avant le rôle des céramides dans la lipotoxicité associée à la stéatose hépatique. / Prevalence of obesity and type II diabetes is constantly increasing in industrialized countries. NAFLD (" Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ") is the hepatic manifestation of these pathologies. NAFLD represents a significant public health problem and is defined as a nexus of metabolic and hepatic diseases. NAFLD begins with fatty accumulation in the liver named "hepatic steatosis". Lipids can accumulate in different forms like triglycerides, cholesterol esters, diglycerides and ceramides. Lipotoxicity induced by the accumulation of these lipid species leads to cellular dysfunction and insulin resistance. In this context, we studied the role of ceramides in apparition and evolution of NAFLD in vivo. For this purpose, we used pharmacological, genetic and nutritional approaches. By pharmacological approach, we showed that fumonisin b1, a mycotoxin targeting ceramide synthesis, leads to hepatic toxicity, which is dependent from LXR ("Liver X Receptor"), a major transcriptional regulator of lipid metabolism. Then, we combined genetic and nutritional approaches in order to induce or protect from hepatic steatosis. For this, we used mice with hepatic or total deletion for PPARa (" Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor alpha "), a transcriptional factor essential in fatty acid catabolism. First, this model allow us to confirm the role of hepatocyte PPARa in response to fasting and second, to demonstrate the systemic involvement of PPARa in regulating ceramide metabolism during obesity induced by an HFD ("High Fat Diet"). Last, we used p110a liver-specific knockout mice, the catalytic subunit of PI3Kinase alpha. With this model, we confirmed the critical role of p110a-dependent insulin signaling in insulin resistance dissociated from hepatic steatosis induced by a HFD. Interestingly, we demonstrated with this model that free fatty acid released from adipocyte lipolysis (rather than inhibition by p110a-dependent insulin signaling) determines PPARa activity in the liver. Finally, this work highlights the key role of ceramides in lipotoxicity associated with hepatic steatosis.

No description available.

Orientador: Fernando Moreto / Resumo: Introdução: Nos últimos anos a população mundial tem vivenciado mudanças nos hábitos alimentares, tais alterações caracterizam a transição nutricional. Ressalta-se o maior consumo de alimentos de alta densidade energética, produtos industrializados, acrescidos de açúcar e ricos em gordura e uma redução no consumo de vegetais e frutas. Este padrão alimentar é conhecido como dieta ocidental, que associada a inatividade física, reflete em alterações na composição corporal e, consequentemente, obesidade. O sobrepeso e a obesidade atualmente são um preocupante problema de saúde pública devido à elevada prevalência bem como associação com outras patologias como a doença gordurosa não alcoólica do fígado (NAFLD, do inglês nonalcoholic fatty liver disease). A fisiopatologia da NAFLD está amplamente relacionada aos processos oxidativo e inflamatório. Por isso, o licopeno, um carotenoide reconhecido pela sua ação antioxidante e anti-inflamatória, tem sido investigado como um potencial protetor hepático na NAFLD. Objetivo: Investigar o efeito da suplementação com licopeno sobre os processos fisiopatológicos da NAFLD induzida por dieta hipercalórica rica em carboidrato simples. Materiais e Métodos: Esse estudo foi aprovado pela Comissão Ética no Uso de Animais da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (1266/2018). Foram utilizados 24 ratos Wistar aleatoriamente distribuídos em 2 grupos com diferentes dietas para indução de obesidade: dieta controle (n=12) e hipercalórica (n=12). Após 20 seman... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Introduction: In recent years the world population has experienced changes in eating habits, which characterize the nutritional transition. Higher consumption of high energy density foods, industrialized products, high sugar and high fat products, and a reduction in the consumption of vegetables and fruits are also noteworthy. This dietary pattern is known as western diet, which associated with physical inactivity, reflects on changes in body composition and consequently obesity. Overweight and obesity are currently a worrying public health problem due to the high prevalence as well as association with other pathologies such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The pathophysiology of NAFLD is largely related to oxidative and inflammatory processes. Therefore, lycopene, a carotenoid recognized for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action, has been investigated as a potential liver protector in NAFLD. Aim: To investigate the effect of lycopene supplementation on the pathophysiological processes of NAFLD induced by a simple carbohydrate-rich hypercaloric diet. Materials and Methods: This study was approved by the Animal Ethical Committee of Botucatu Medical School (1266/2018). 24 Wistar rats were randomly distributed in 2 groups with different diets for obesity induction: control diet (n=12) and hypercaloric (n=12). After 20 weeks, the animals were redistributed in 4 groups for the study of lycopene supplementation: control group (Co, n=6), control group supplemente... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) afflicts approximately a quarter of the world’s general population and more than half of the world’s obese population. The disease is characterized by a spectrum of liver pathologies, ranging from simple steatosis or the accumulation of fat within hepatic tissue to steatohepatitis comprised of inflammation and fibrosis, also known as NASH. Simple steatosis is relatively asymptomatic and is considered benign, but NASH poses great risk for advanced forms of liver disease, such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer. Obstructive sleep apnea(OSA) is a respiratory disorder involving the recurrent collapse of the upper airway during sleep. Consequently, the patient experiences constant arousals due to constant blockage followed reopening of the airway. Aside from poor quality and disruption of sleep, chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) is also present during OSA. The presence of CIH leaves many vital organs deprived of adequate oxygen to carry out normal physiological function. In response to this hypoxic state, the body upregulates many transcription factors, many of which control inflammatory processes. In recent studies, chronic and recurrent hypoxia generated from OSA has been implicated in the onset and progression of NAFLD. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is believed to be associated with metabolic imbalances, mainly obesity and insulin resistance, both of which also overlap with OSA. These conditions are the main factors in predisposing a patient suffering from OSA to the effects of CIH. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that CIH may accelerate the development of NAFLD through 1) Lipolysis of hepatic adipose tissue and increased hepatic free fatty acids; 2) Upregulation of lipid biosynthetic through CIH; 3) Upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha by CIH inducing liver inflammation and fibrosis. The primary focus of this thesis will attempt to determine a possible link between OSA and NAFLD. Through citation of prior scientific studies, it will formulate the theory of OSA as a predisposing factor in the heightened risk of NAFLD pathogenesis and development to more severe, terminal stages. Primarily, the review of literature will highlight the metabolic imbalances of obesity and insulin resistance and how each is related to OSA and NAFLD. Ultimately, deposition of fat and inflammation triggered through various chemical factors connected to OSA will depict both the generation and progression of NAFLD.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a worldwide health problem which includes steatosis (triglyceride accumulation alone), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH, with liver inflammation), fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver fibrosis, which is a reversible response, is the final phase of most chronic liver disease and is characterized by accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) from activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Glucocorticoids (GCs) regulate many aspects of metabolism involved in NAFLD. Also, GCs limit HSC activation in vitro. Tissue GC levels are regulated by 11β- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (11β-HSD1) which converts inactive 11- dehydrocorticosterone (DHC) into active corticosterone. Previous studies demonstrate that 11β-HSD1 deficiency improves fatty liver in obesity models, but the role of 11β-HSD1 in mechanisms involved in the progression and/or resolution of hepatic injury is largely unknown. I hypothesized that 11β-HSD1 modulates fibrotic and inflammatory responses during hepatic injury and/or the resolution phase. First I sought to address if the levels of 11β-HSD1 during different models of liver injury are dysregulated. In mice, 11β-HSD1 was down-regulated in choline deficient diet (CDD) induced steatosis, methionine and choline deficient diet (MCDD) induced NASH, carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) induced liver fibrosis and thioacetamide (TAA) induced liver fibrosis. In CCL4 injured livers, the down regulation of 11β- HSD1 was observed around the scar area. To test if 11β-HSD1 plays a key role in modulating liver inflammation and fibrosis responses in NAFLD and liver fibrosis I used initially11β-HSD1 knockout (KO) mice. 11β-HSD1 KO showed higher HSC activation only in the High fat feeding model but not in CDD and MCDD models. In the CCL4 injury model, despite reduced hepatocellular injury, 11β-HSD1 KO mice showed enhanced collagen deposition during peak injury and increased fibrotic gene expression during the early resolution phase although unaltered inflammatory markers during both peak injury and resolution. To further dissect cell-specificity on the effect of 11β-HSD1, I repeated the CCL4-injury model using the hepatocyte-specific 11β-HSD1 KO (Alb-HSD1). Alb-HSD1 mice did not show increased susceptibility to fibrosis compared to control littermates suggesting that the 11β- HSD1 possibly modulates fibrotic response by affecting HSC function. To mechanistically address how GCs inhibit HSC activation in vitro I studied the effects of 11β-HSD1 on HSC in vitro. 11β-HSD1 expression was down-regulated during ‘spontaneous’ HSC activation, and 11β-HSD1 deficiency enhanced susceptibility to activation. The GC (11-DHC)’s inhibitory effect on HSC activation was reversed by 11β-HSD1 inhibition. Finally, to address the clinical relevance of 11β-HSD1 in hepatic injury and/or resolution a selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, UE2316, was used. UE2316 induced a pro-fibrotic phenotype in ob/ob mice and CCL4-treated C57BL/6 mice, but had no effect when administered only during injury resolution. In conclusion, 11β-HSD1 deficiency causes increased activation of HSCs following diet and chemical injury and promotes liver fibrosis. Effects of 11β-HSD1 inhibitors, which are a potential treatment for metabolic syndrome, are perhaps offset by adverse outcomes in liver.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) now affects around one in four adults in the human population and parallels the global increase in obesity. Within the spectrum of NAFLD, simple steatosis is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes while progression to steatohepatitis (NASH) is associated with an increased risk of liver cirrhosis and all-cause mortality. The molecular pathology of NAFLD is incompletely understood, however observational studies in human cohorts suggest the regulation of DNA methylation may play a role. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is a cytosine modification generated from 5- methylcytosine (5mC) by the Ten eleven translocase isoenzymes (Tets) as part of a demethylation process. The aim of this project was to examine the role of Tet enzyme activity on the pathogenesis and progression of NAFLD. Detailed characterisation of two established murine dietary interventions allowed the selection of a NAFLD mouse model which broadly recapitulated the metabolic, histological and transcriptional features of human disease. Using DNA immunoprecipitation coupled with whole genome next generation sequencing and RNA micro expression arrays I examined the effect of high fat diet feeding (HFD) on hepatic DNA 5hmC levels within annotated gene regions. Whilst the global 5hmC profile was not altered by HFD, there was profound genic enrichment of 5hmC in upregulated mediators of cholesterol synthesis and transport (Lss, Sc4mol, Fdps, Hsd17b7, Cyp17a1, Mvd, Cyp1a2, Dhcr7 and Apoa4) with no enrichment in genes with other pathological functions (drug detoxification, inflammation, cell cycle regulation). Induced peaks of 5hmC enrichment were subsequently abolished following rescue of the NAFLD phenotype by conversion to control diet. Cross species validation was performed in vitro utilising embryonic stem cell derived hepatocytes challenged with a cocktail of high energy substrates. My in vivo findings were broadly replicated with specific 5hmC enrichment in genes synthesising lipotoxic molecules (PLIN2, CIDEC, APOA4, ACADVL, HMGCS2, APOA5, CYP2J2, IGFBP1, PPAP2C, ACSL1, APOC3, ANGPTL4, NRG1) with no enrichment in upregulated genes of alternative function. To determine whether or not the 5hmC enrichment seen is of functional relevance, I studied Tet1-/- C57BL/6J mice. Tet1-/- mice are grossly normal in appearance, however loss of Tet1 conferred a striking resistance to diet induced obesity with reduced body fat mass, improved insulin-sensitivity and near complete absence of NAFLD compared to wild type littermates. Furthermore, the HFD fed Tet1-/- liver transcriptome showed a ‘protective’ profile, with suppression of genes for lipid synthesis, inflammation and fibrosis. Thus, in multiple cross-species models of NAFLD, over nutrition induces genic hydroxymethylation specifically within activated genes driving the synthesis and transport of lipid molecules. Such changes are reversible with resolution of the NAFLD phenotype strengthening functional association. Tet1 deficiency conveys an obesity and NAFLD resistant phenotype. I therefore introduce Tet1 mediated hydroxymethylation as a novel mechanism for NAFLD pathogenesis.

Environmental contamination is a public health concern. In particular persistent organic pollutants like Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) have been associated with multiple chronic inflammatory diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD prevalence has steadily increased and is expected to continue to rise with an estimated 25% of the world’s population and 80-100 million people affected in the United States alone. Importantly, the liver is the primary site for endobiotic and xenobiotic metabolism, hence its proper function is critical for the body’s response to innate and extrinsic molecules. One way to combat the deleterious effects of PCB toxicity and fatty liver disease is by increasing consumption of beverages and foods that contain beneficial bioactive nutrients, like dietary polyphenols. However, the biological properties of these dietary compounds are subject to their bioavailability which is directly dependent on the activity of the liver. The first aim of this dissertation was to test the hypothesis that in the presence of a compromised liver, PCB-126 toxicity is altered. Indeed, hepatic and systemic PCB-126 toxicity was exacerbated in this severe liver injury mouse model with an observed increase in hepatic inflammation, systemic inflammation, and early markers of endothelial cell dysfunction. Interestingly, we also observed an increase in the novel gut-liver axis derived cardiovascular disease (CVD) marker trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). Taken altogether, aim 1 proved that a compromised liver can alter PCB toxicity, with implications of the gut microbiota in disease pathology. In aim 2 we investigated whether GTE can protect against MCD-induced hepatic toxicity and development of NAFLD. Results indicated that MCD mice exhibited severe liver injury and gut dysbiosis and unexpectedly, GTE had no protective effects. Interestingly MCD mice displayed differential epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) metabolism at the hepatic and gut microbiota level, which may alter polyphenol bioavailability and therapeutic potential. Overall, the results provide insight into how a dysfunctional liver and gut dysbiosis can alter polyphenol metabolism, possibly reducing its therapeutic efficiency. In aim 3 we sought to determine potential protective effects of a prebiotic in this mouse model. MCD-fed mice were exposed to PCB-126 with or without inulin supplementation. Although findings from this study are preliminary, our evidence indicates that inulin restores body weight and body composition in this MCD+PCB mouse model and alters the expression of Cyp1a1 in PCB exposed mice, suggesting that inulin’s protective effects may be a result of its ability to interact with the AhR pathway. However further analysis will need to be done to examine the effects of inulin on hepatic, systemic, and gut microbiota endpoints. Overall the data contained in this dissertation suggests that in the presence of a compromised liver both pollutant toxicity and nutrient metabolism are altered, with implications of the gut-microbiota in disease risk. These findings suggest that individuals with end stage liver injury may be more susceptible to pollutant-induced toxicity and nutritional intervention may be unsuccessful at mitigating disease risk.