The Interactions and magnetization reversal of Ni nanowire arrays and synthetic anit-ferromagnetic coupled thin film trilayers have been investigated through first order reversal curve (FORC) method. By using a quantitative analysis of the local interaction field profile distributions obtained from FORC, it has proven to be a powerful characterization tool that can reveal subtle features of magnetic interactions.

The emergence of semiconducting nanowires as the new building blocks for photovoltaic (PV) devices has drawn considerable attention because of the great potential of achieving high efficiency and low cost. In special, nanowires with a coaxial structure, namely, core-shell structures have demonstrated significant advantages over other device configurations in terms of radial charge collection and cost reduction. In this dissertation, several core-shell nanowire structures, including ZnO/ZnSe, ZnO/ZnS, and CdSe/ZnTe, have been synthesized and the photovoltaic devices processed from a ZnO/ZnS core-shell nanowire array and a single CdSe/ZnTe core-shell nanowire have been demonstrated. By combining the chemical vapor deposition and pulsed laser deposition (PLD) techniques, type-II heterojunction ZnO/ZnSe and ZnO/ZnS core-shell nanowire array were synthesized on indium-tin-oxide substrates. Their structures and optical properties have been investigated in detail, which revealed that, despite highly mismatched interfaces between the core and shell, both systems exhibited an epitaxial growth relationship. The quenching in photoluminescence but enhancement in photocurrent with faster response upon coating the core with the shell provides the evidence that the charge separation and collection in the type II core-shell nanowire is greatly improved. This demonstration brings much greater flexibility in designing next generation PV devices in terms of material selection and device operation mechanisms for achieving their maximum energy conversion efficiencies at a low cost and in an environmentally friendly manner. In order to achieve a high quality interface in the core-shell nanowire, CdSe and ZnTe, which have close lattice parameters and thermal expansion coefficients, were chosen to fabricate nanowire solar cells. ZnTe and CdSe nanowires were first synthesized by thermal evaporation and the shells were subsequently deposited by PLD. ZnTe/CdSe nanowires represented an inhomogeneous coating while the CdSe/ZnTe core-shell exhibited a conformal coating with obvious ZnTe eptilayer. The final PV device based on an individual CdSe/ZnTe nanowire demonstrated an efficiency of ~1.7%. In addition, a controllable synthesis of CdSe nanowire array on muscovite mica substrate was presented, providing the possibility to harvest hybrid energies in an all-inorganic nanowire array.

L'objectif de ce travail de recherche est la réalisation de dispositifs à base de nanofils de silicium, réalisés par la méthode des espaceurs. La synthèse des nanofils est effectuée à partir d'une couche de silicium polycristallin, déposée par la technique LPCVD (Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition). Ces nanofils sont ensuite intégrés dans les dispositifs électroniques tels que des résistances ou des transistors réalisés suivant deux configurations différentes « bottom-gate » et « step-gate ». Les caractéristiques électriques de ces deux types de transistors ont mis en évidence des propriétés électriques suffisantes pour leur utilisation en tant que capteurs. Une simulation permet d'expliquer l'effet de l'apport de charges électriques à la surface des nanofils sur la concentration d'électrons dans la couche active. Les dispositifs sont tout d'abord utilisés pour la mesure du pH, et montrent une sensibilité de détection supérieure à la sensibilité nernstienne. Pour une utilisation du dispositif en tant que biocapteur, une fonctionnalisation de la surface des nanofils est nécessaire pour permettre l'accrochage de sondes d'ADN. La détection électronique de l'hybridation sondes/cibles de brins d'ADN complémentaires est démontrée avec un faible seuil de détection. Enfin, afin d'augmenter la surface d'échange entre le nanofil et les espèces chargées, un procédé de fabrication de résistances à base de nanofils suspendus est développé. Des tests de détection en présence d'ammoniac ont mis en évidence une réponse linéaire sur une gamme de concentrations. Les résistances à base de nanofils suspendus présentent une plus grande sensibilité que celles à base de nanofils non suspendus, mettant en avant l'effet important de la surface des nanofils. Tous ces résultats permettent de démontrer la faisabilité de capteurs chimiques et biologiques à base de nanofils de silicium à partir des techniques conventionnelles de la microélectronique en utilisant un procédé de fabrication « bas-coût ». / The goal of this research work is the realization of devices based on silicon nanowires, realized using sidewall spacer formation technique. Nanowires are synthesized form a polycrystalline silicon layer deposited by LPCVD technique (Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition). These nanowires are then integrated into electronic devices such as resistors and transistors made using two different configurations “bottom-gate” and “step-gate”. The electrical characteristics of these two types of transistors have shown adequate electrical properties for their use as sensors. A simulation is made, to explain how additional electrical charges on the surface of the nanowires, affect the electron concentration inside the active layer. The devices are firstly used for the pH measurement, and have shown sensitivity higher than the Nernstian sensitivity detection. For a use as biosensor, nanowires are functionnalized to allow the binding of DNA probes. Electronic detection of hybridization complementary probe/target DNA strands is demonstrated with a low detection limit. Finally, in order to increase the exchange surface between the nanowires and charged species, resistors based on suspended nanowires were developed. Different tests were performed in the presence of ammonia and showed a linear response over a range of concentrations. Resistors based on suspended nanowires highlighted greater sensitivity than those based on unsuspended nanowires, bringing out the important effect of the surface of the nanowires. All these results demonstrate the feasibility of chemical and biological sensors based on silicon nanowires compatible with conventional microelectronics techniques using a low-cost process.

La recherche sur les sources d'électrons modulées en temps connaît actuellement un vif intérêt, notamment dans le domaine des sciences fondamentales ou pour certaines applications exigeantes. C'est dans ce contexte que ce travail exploratoire sur l'émission de champ (EC) photo-assistée de nanofils de silicium s'inscrit. Nous explorons dans un premier temps les caractéristiques émissives de ces nanofils semi-conducteurs présentant un régime de saturation très prononcé, très sensible à la température et à la lumière, et encore jamais observé pour de telles structures à température ambiante. Le rôle important joué par la surface dans la saturation est prouvé par des traitements in-situ ayant des conséquences radicales sur les caractéristiques courant-tension de l'EC. Grâce à des cycles de passivation à l'hydrogène nous avons pu montrer le rôle des liaisons pendantes à l'interface matériau/oxyde dans la saturation et basculer de façon réversible entre un comportement quasi-métallique et semiconducteur. Nous étudions ensuite la réponse de ces émetteurs à une excitation optique modulée en temps. Leur réponse est attribuée à la photoconduction due à l'absorption directe : les effets thermiques peuvent être exclus à ces puissances laser. Nous avons alors mis en évidence la présence de deux constantes de temps associées à l'éclairement et la relaxation de l'échantillon. Le rôle des états pièges en surface prend là encore une part importante dans le temps de réponse de l'échantillon en limitant celui-ci à quelques dizaines de microsecondes seulement. Enfin nous avons mis en évidence un effet complètement nouveau en EC sous éclairage laser : une double résistance différentielle négative. Dans les dispositifs à semiconducteurs, cet effet est généralement associé à des oscillations de courant à haute fréquence et ouvre la perspective vers des sources EC compactes et auto-oscillantes à très hautes fréquences / There is currently a notable rise in research on time modulated electron sources for new fundamental science and for several demanding applications. Our exploratory work on photo-assisted field emission (FE) from silicon nanowires falls within this context. We first explore FE characteristics of these semiconducting nanowires, which are very sensitive to temperature and light and present a very pronounced current saturation regime, never observed before on such structures. The strong influence of surface states on the saturation regime is proven by in-situ treatments, which radically alter the FE current-voltage characteristics. H-passivation cycles reveal the role of dangling bonds at material/oxide interface in the saturation regime and allow to reversibly switch between a quasi-metal and semiconductor behavior. We then study the response of these emitters to a time modulated optical excitation. The response is attributed to direct absorption photoconduction after excluding thermal effects at these laser powers. The existence of two time constants associated with illumination and relaxation time is shown. The role of the surface state traps again plays an important part in the response time, limiting it to some tens of microseconds. Finally, a completely new effect in FE under laser illumination is identified : a double negative differential resistance. In semiconductor devices this effect is usually associated with high frequency current oscillations and thus opens perspectives toward compact and high frequency self-oscillating FE sources

La manipulation des propriétés physiques des nanostructures, telles que leur forme ou leur composition, suscite de plus en plus l’intérêt des recherches à cause des propriétés exceptionnelles des matériaux à cette échelle. L’ingénierie des contraintes a pour objet d’utiliser la déformation pour contrôler les propriétés. Cela est particulièrement intéressant dans les nano-objets car ils peuvent supporter des déformations élastiques élevées. Dans ce travail, nous étudions la déformation et l’influence de la température dans des nanofils uniques de type coeur/coquille. Ceci est possible en utilisant la diffraction cohérente des rayons X (CDI) en condition de Bragg, une technique d’imagerie qui remplace les lentilles optiques par des algorithmes d’inversion capables de reconstruire l’amplitude (densité électronique) et la phase (projection du champ de déplacement atomique) de l’échantillon à partir des clichés de diffraction. Cette méthode a également été appliquée à des particules facettées de platine qui ont des propriétés catalytiques exceptionnelles. Des expériences CDI in situ ont permis d’étudier l’évolution du champ de déformation dans les particules pendant des réactions chimiques et donc de progresser vers le découplage entre leur déformation intrinsèque et leur activité chimique. / Manipulating the physical and chemical properties of nanostructures by changing their characteristics (such as shape, strain or composition) is a vivid field of research spurred by the numerous applications that may take advantage of the unique properties that materials offer at this scale.Strain engineering aims to tune the strain in order to control the properties of materials. This is particularly interesting in nano-objects because they can sustain much higher elastic strains before the occurrence of defects. In this work, we study the strain and the influence of temperature in single core/shell nanowires. This is possible thanks to X-ray coherent diffraction (CDI) in Bragg condition, an imaging technique that replaces the optical lenses by inversion algorithms that are able to reconstruct the amplitude (electronic density) and the phase (projection of the atomic displacement field) of the sample from the experimental diffraction patterns. In addition to nanowires, the method is applied to metallic particles of platinum with exceptional catalyticproperties. In situ CDI experiments allowed to study the strain evolution within particles during chemical reactions, thereby moving forward in the understanding of important relationships such as the intrinsic strain and chemical activity of the nanoparticles.

Neste trabalho foi feito um estudo do comportamento magnético de cristais líquidos liotrópicos de laurato de potássio dopados com nanopartículas de magnetita. Medidas zero-field cooling (ZFC) e field cooling (FC) com campos de 50 Oe mostram que as nanopartículas magnéticas permanecem bloqueadas a temperatura ambiente devido à presença das micelas do cristal, e apresentam um comportamento superparamagnético quando dispersas somente em água. Simulações Monte Carlo indicam que o aumento da temperatura de bloqueio das nanopartículas imersas em cristais líquidos liotrópicos pode ser obtido considerando uma forte interação, similar à de troca, entre os momentos superficiais e uma camada extra, simulando a presença das micelas. Medidas ZFC-FC e de suscetibilidade magnética permitiram determinar as temperaturas de transição entre as fases micelar isotrópica e nemática discótica. A curva de magnetização na região da fase discótica parece seguir o mesmo comportamento do parâmetro de ordem desta fase. Foram obtidos nanofios de níquel pelo processo de eletrodeposição AC em lâminas de alumina porosas para dopar cristais líquidos liotrópicos na fase isotrópica. As medidas ZFC-FC desses sistemas foram mais delicadas que as das nanopartículas devido ao baixo sinal das amostras e baixa solubilidade dos nanofios no cristal líquido. A técnica para a dissolução dos fios e dopagem dos cristais foi aprimorada, no entanto são necessários mais estudos para melhorar a estabilidade dessas amostras. / In this work we studied the magnetic behavior of potassium laurate lyotropic liquid crystals doped with magnetite nanoparticles. Zero-field cooling (ZFC) and field-cooling (FC) measurements with 50 Oe applied field showed a blocking behavior of magnetic nanoparticles at room temperature due to the micelle presence, while presenting superparamagnetic behavior when dispersed in water. Monte Carlo simulations suggest that this increase in the nanoparticles\' blocking temperature when immersed in lyotropic liquid crystals can be acquired taking into account an exchange-like strong interaction between the nanoparticles\' superficial magnetic moments and an extra layer playing the role of the micelles. ZFC-FC and magnetic susceptibility measures allowed us to find the transition temperatures between the isotropic micellar and the discotic nematic phases. The magnetization curve in the discotic phase resembles the behavior of the order parameter in that phase. We obtained nickel nanowires by AC electrodeposition in anodic porous alumina to dope lyotropic liquid crystals in the isotropic phase. The ZFC-FC measurements in those systems were more intricate given the weak magnetization of the samples and low solubility of the nanowires in the liquid crystal. We refined the technique for dissolution and doping of the crystals, but more studies are needed in order to improve the samples\' stability.

Dispositivos fotovoltaicos híbridos baseados em polímeros conjugados e semicondutores inorgânicos estão sendo utilizados nos últimos anos para a produção de células de energia solar com baixo custo. Para que haja uma alta eficiência é necessária dissociação eficiente de éxcitons, por isso é importante conhecer os níveis de energias dos componentes do dispositivo fotovoltaico. O presente estudos mostra que o sistema híbrido formado por nanofios cilíndricos preparados com heteroestrutura radial de camadas alternadas de GaAs/AlGaAs/GaAs recobertas com polímero conjugado poli-fenileno vinileno (PPV) forma uma opção alternativa para a fabricação de dispositivos fotovoltaicos. Os nanofios foram fabricados por Epitaxia por Feixe Molecular (MBE). Tanto potencial interno radial e modulação energética axial produzem a separação eficiente de elétrons e buracos fotoexcitados, que gera emissões de natureza e origem distintas e singulares nos nanofios: emissões envolvendo a impurezas aceitadoras no centro do núcleo de GaAs, bem como éxcitons indiretos presos a interface WZ e BZ e a interface da barreira estreita de AlGaAs na casca do nanofio. Medidas do decaimento temporal da emissão mostram uma forte dependência tempo de vida com o comprimento de onda, o que está associado com o afunilamento e distribuição energética destes estados emissivos. Medidas da emissão com a temperatura dão forte evidencia experimental de que a energia de ligação das impurezas tem uma forte dependência na direção radial. Este sistema híbrido funciona como coletor eficaz de luz tanto no visível quanto no infravermelho próximo. O trabalho demonstra também por espectroscopia resolvida no tempo que éxcitons são dissociados nas interfaces formadas por filmes ultrafinos de polímeros conjugados e nanofios e que esse material à base de arseneto de gálio (GaAs) atua como um forte receptor e separador de elétrons (alta afinidade eletrônica). / Hybrid photovoltaic devices based on conjugated polymers and inorganic semiconductors are being used in recent years to the production of solar cells at low cost. So there is a high efficiency is required efficient exciton dissociation, so it´s important to know the levels of energy of the components of the photovoltaic device. The present studies show that the hybrid system formed by cylindrical radial heterostructure nanowires prepared from alternating layers of GaAs / AlGaAs / GaAs covered with the conjugated polymer poly-phenylene vinylene (PPV) forms an alternative option for the manufacture of photovoltaic devices. Nanowires were manufactured by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE). Both radial and axial inner potential energy modulation produce the efficient separation of electrons and photoexcited holes, which generates distinct and unique nature and source emissions in nanowires: emissions involving the acceptor impurities in the center core of GaAs and indirect excitons attached to the interface WZ and BZ and narrow barrier interface of AlGaAs on the shell of the nanowire. Measures the time decay of the issue show a strong dependence lifetime with the wavelength, which is associated with the bottleneck and energy distribution of emissive states. Emission measurements with temperature provide strong experimental evidence that the impurity binding energy has a strong dependence on the radial direction. This hybrid system works as an efficient collector of light both in the visible and near infrared. The work also shows for time resolved spectroscopy that excitons are dissociated at the interfaces formed by ultrathin conjugated polymers and films and nanowires that this material based on gallium arsenide (GaAs) acts as a strong receiver and electrons separator (high electron affinity ).

Spin-dependent phenomena in semiconductor nanowires have recently gained a lot of attention, in special because these nanostructures can be a viable setup to study exotic states of matter like the Majorana fermions. One of the key ingredients to accommodate the Majorana zero modes is the spin-orbit coupling in the nanowires, which has been usually treated with two-band Hamiltonians. The spin-orbit coupling in semiconductors arise from two distinct sources being the bulk inversion asymmetry, when the unit cell does not present inversion symmetry, e.g. when the crystal unit cell is composed by two different atoms, and the structural inversion asymmetry, when the whole system does not have a mirror symmetry. To describe the system these effective models take as input, parameters that are dependent on the system configuration and measurement setups. Although these effective models have been successful in determine relevant physical properties, a more realistic description of the interacting energy bands is required, specially in quantum confined systems where the interplay between both sources of spin-orbit coupling can change the systems properties in non-trivial ways. For instance, in quantum wells there is an anisotropy of the g-factor due to the quantum confinement and structural inversion asymmetry. Furthermore, the in-plane g-factor also have an anisotropy which is due to the intrinsic spin-orbit coupling and it is not captured by these effective models. In this study, we use realistic multiband k · p Hamiltonians, including both spin-orbit coupling mechanisms, to determine the band structure of zincblende InSb and wurtzite InAs nanowires under a transverse electric field. We analyze the effects of the lateral quantum confinement for a hexagonal cross-section geometry and of the change in growth directions, extracting the relevant physical parameters for the first conduction subband. We found that the g-factors are heavily dependent on the quantum confinement and nanowire orientation, with in-plane/out-of-plane anisotropies up to 3%. We also found that for zinc-blende nanowires the extrinsic spin-orbit coupling is dominant over the intrinsic one whereas, for wurztize, the opposite behavior holds. In order to assess if the nanowires could host the aforementioned Majorana zero modes we investigate under which circumstances the topological phase transition occurs, using the Bogoliubov-de Gennes formalism to couple the nanowire with a superconductor, and we found that using realistic and experimental feasible parameters, indeed, the phase transition occurs. In conclusion, our systematic investigation of nanowires shows that the spin-orbit coupling energy can be fine tuned by the external electric field in experimentally achievable setups that ultimately could guide the search for the elusive Majorana modes. Moreover, our numerical approach is not restricted to a specific material or dimensionality and can be used to study others systems to provide useful insights into the electronic and spintronic fields. / Recentemente, fenômenos dependentes de spin em nanofios semicondutores se tornaram uma área de pesquisa ativa especialmente porque essas nanoestruturas podem ser viáveis para o estudo de estados exóticos da matéria como, por exemplo, os férmions de Majorana. Um dos ingredientes chave para que esses modos de excitação possam existir em nanofios é o acoplamento spin-órbita, o qual tem sido usualmente tratado com modelos de duas bandas. O acoplamento spin-órbita em semicondutores aparece de duas fontes distintas sendo elas a assimetria de inversão no bulk, quando a célula unitária do cristal não possui simetria de inversão, por exemplo, quando é formada por dois átomos diferentes, e a assimetria de inversão estrutural, quando o sistema como um todo não possui simetria de inversão. Para descrever o sistema, os modelos efetivos de duas bandas usam como entrada parâmetros que dependem tanto do sistema específico quanto da configuração do arranjo experimental. Apesar desses modelos terem sucesso em descrever algumas das propriedades físicas relevantes, uma descrição mais realística da interação entre as bandas de energia se faz necessária, especialmente em sistemas com confinamento quântico onde a ação combinada das duas fontes de acoplamento spin-órbita muda as propriedades do sistema de maneira não-trivial. Por exemplo, o fator giromagnético em poços quânticos é anisotrópico devido aos efeitos de ambos, confinamento quântico e a assimetria de inversão estrutural. Ademais, o fator giromagnético ao longo do plano também possui uma anisotropia, a qual tem origem no acoplamento spin-órbita intrínseco do sistema e não é capturada por esses modelos efetivos. Nesse estudo, nós usamos Hamiltonianos k · p multibanda, incluindo ambos os mecanismos de acoplamento spin-órbita, para determinar a estrutura de bandas de nanofios de InSb na fase blenda de zinco e InAs na fase wurtzita sob a ação de um campo elétrico transversal. Nós analisamos os efeitos do confinamento quântico lateral, para fios com seção transversal hexagonal, e diferentes direções de crescimento, extraindo parâmetros físicos relevantes para a primeira sub-banda de condução. Nós encontramos que os fatores giromagnéticos são fortemente influenciados pelo confinamento quântico e orientação dos nanofios, com anisotropias no plano e fora do plano de até 3%. Nós também encontramos que para nanofios de InSb na fase blenda de zinco, o acoplamento spin-órbita extrínseco domina o intrínseco enquanto que, em nanofios de InAs na fase wurtzita, vale o oposto. Para avaliar se os nanofios podem hospedar os modos de Majorana de energia zero nós investigamos sob quais circunstâncias a transição de fase topológica ocorre usando o formalismo de Bogoliubov-de Gennes para acoplar o nanofio a um supercondutor, e encontramos que usando nossos parâmetros e em condições experimentalmente factíveis, de fato, a transição de fase ocorre. Em conclusão, nossa investigação sistemática nos nanofios mostrou que o acoplamento spin-órbita pode ser ajustado por fontes externas, tais como um campo elétrico aplicado, e em configurações experimentais factíveis e que ultimamente pode guiar à busca dos elusivos modos de Majorana. Além do mais, nossa abordagem numérica não é restrita a esses materiais em específico e nem a nanofios, podendo ser usada para estudar outros sistemas provendo intuições úteis nos campos de eletrônica e spintrônica.

Nos últimos anos, os avanços nas técnicas de crescimento de semicondutores permitiram a fabricação de nanoestruturas isoladas de alta qualidade e com confinamento radial. Essas estruturas quase unidimensionais, conhecidas como nanowires (NWs) têm aplicações tecnológicas vastas, tais como nano sensores químicos e biológicos, foto-detectores e lasers. Seu uso em aplicações tecnológicas requer a compreensão de características óticas e eletrônicas e um estudo teórico mais profundo se faz necessário. O objetivo desse estudo e calcular teoricamente o poder de absorção para NWs de InP e comparar os resultados para as fases cristalinas zincblende (ZB) e wurtzita (WZ) nas suas direções de crescimento equivalentes. Usamos neste estudo a formulação do método k.p que descreve as duas fases cristalinas em um mesmo Hamiltoniano, a aproximação da função envelope e a expansão em ondas planas. O poder de absorção foi calculado a partir das transições entre as bandas de valência e condução através da regra de ouro de Fermi. Mesmo o método k.p sendo o menos custoso computacionalmente, quando comparado com seus correspondentes ab initio, o tamanho das matrizes envolvidas nos cálculos pode ultrapassar a barreira dos giga elementos. Para lidar com essas matrizes, foi implementado um método de resolução de sistemas lineares iterativo, o LOBPCG, utilizando o poder de processamento disponível nas placas gráficas atuais. O novo modo de resolução apresentou ganhos consideráveis em relação ao desempenho observado com os métodos de diagonalização diretos em testes com confinamento em uma única direção. A falta de um pré-condicionador adequado limita o seu uso em NWs. Os cálculos de absorção para NWs na fase ZB apresentaram uma anisotropia em seu espectro de absorção de mais de 90%, enquanto os na fase WZ apresentaram dois regimes distintos de anisotropia, governados pelo aparecimento de um estado oticamente proibido no topo da banda de valência. Em suma, os resultados obtidos com o modelo teórico proposto nesse estudo apresentam as propriedades óticas reportadas na literatura, inclusive o estado oticamente proibido observado em outros sistemas na fase WZ com um alto confinamento quântico. / In recent years, the advances of growth techniques allowed the fabrication of high quality single nanostructures with quantum confinement along lateral directions. These quasi one-dimensional structures known as nanowires (NWs) have vasts technological applications, such as biological and chemical nanosensors, photo detectors and lasers. The applications involving NWs require the comprehension of their optical and electronic properties and, therefore, a deep theoretical understanding should be pursued. The aim of this study is to provide optical absorption theoretical calculations for InP NWs, comparing the results for zincblende (ZB) and wurtzite (WZ) crystal phases, in their equivalent growth directions. We use the k.p method formulation that allow the description of both structures with the same Hamiltonian, the envelope function approximation and the plane wave expansion. The absorption power was calculated for transitions between valence and conduction bands using Fermis Golden Rule. Although the k.p method demands less computational effort, when compared to ab initio calculations, the k.p matrices can break the giga elements barrier. To deal with these matrices, we implemented an linear system solver method, the LOBPCG, using the processing power available in current GPUs. The new resolution method showed a considerable gain comparing the performance of direct diagonalization methods, when tested in systems with confinement in one direction. The lack of an adequate preconditioner limits its use in NWs. The absorption spectra calculations for ZB NWs presented a 90% plus anisotropy, whilst WZ NWs have two distinct regimes, ruled by the presence of an optically forbidden state at valence band maximum. In summary, the results obtained with the theoretical model in this study are in great agreement with optical properties reported in the literature, including the optically forbidden state observed in other WZ systems with high quantum confinement.

Estudamos o comportamento estático e os mecanismos de inversão da magnetização de arranjos auto-organizados de nanofios de Ni e Co com alta anisotropia de forma. Os arranjos são obtidos a partir da anodização em dois passos de lâminas de Al e subseqüente eletrodeposição do metal magnético. Sua caracterização estrutural é realizada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, microscopia de força atômica e magnética e difração de raios X. Seu comportamento magnético é estudado a partir da medida de curvas de inversão de primeira ordem (FORCs) a temperatura ambiente, via magnetometria SQUID ou de amostra vibrante. A análise FORC consiste na construção de uma mapa da resposta magnética do material a partir dos dados experimentais e pode ser interpretado a partir da analogia direta com o modelo de histerese de Preisach. Apresentamos resultados da influência dos diâmetros dos nanofios e do ângulo do campo externo aplicado em relação ao eixo de anisotropia sobre as principais características dos diagramas FORC. Estudamos também a dinâmica de spins em superfícies de O-Fe/W(001) através de espectroscopia por perda de energia de elétrons spin-polarizados (SPEELS). As amostras consistem em 30 monocamadas atômicas de Fe crescidas sobre um monocristal de W(001), via epitaxia por feixe molecular a temperatura ambiente. Subseqüentemente, a amostra é exposta a 5 langmuirs de O2 e sofre um suave annealing a 500 K. A estrutura e a pureza da amostra são analisadas por difração de elétrons de baixas energias e espectroscopia de elétrons Auger. A caracterização magnética é realizada por magnetometria por efeito Kerr magneto-óptico, resultando num filme com alta magnetização remanente no plano. Os espectros de SPEELS revelam uma rica profusão de picos inelásticos tipo spin-flip e nãospin-flip, que exibem clara dispersão ao longo de toda a zona de Brillouin de superfície. Os resultados são atribuídos a modos de superfície de fônons e mágnons (ondas de spin), de acordo com resultados da literatura e com modelos teóricos atuais. / We study the static behavior and the mechanisms of magnetization reversal of arrays of self-organized Ni and Co nanowires with high shape anisotropy. The arrays are obtained by two-step anodization of Al foils and subsequent electrodeposition of the magnetic metal.Their structural characterization is obtained by scanning electron microscopy, atomic and magnetic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Their magnetic behavior is studied from the measurement of first order reversal curves (FORCs) at room temperature, via SQUID or vibrating sample magnetometry. The FORC analysis method consists in building a map of the magnetic response of the material from the experimental data and it can be interpreted from the direct analogy with the Preisach model of hysteresis. We present results of the influence of the diameter of the nanowires and the angle of the applied external field in relation to the anisotropy easy-axis on the main features of the FORC diagrams. We also study the spin dynamics of O-Fe/W(001) surfaces through spin-polarized electron energy loss spectroscopy (SPEELS). The samples consist of 30 atomic monolayers of Fe grown on a W(001) single crystal via molecular beam epitaxy at room temperature. Subsequently, the samples are exposed to 5 langmuirs of O2 and suffer a mild annealing at 500 K. The structure and purity of the samples are analyzed by low-energy electron diffraction and Auger electron spectroscopy. The magnetic characterization is performed by magneto-optical Kerr effect magnetometry, resulting in films with high remanent in-plane magnetization. SPEEL-spectra reveal a rich profusion of inelastic spin-flip and non-spin-flip peaks, which exhibit clear dispersion for wave vectors throughout the whole surface Brillouin zone. The results are attributed to surface modes of phonons and magnons (spin waves), in accordance with the literature and with current theoretical models.