I Japan beskrevs på 1980-talet ett fenomen som kom att kallas Hikikomori. Det talades då om en grupp ungdomar med en social tillbakadragenhet, utan känd aktivitet som tillbringade merparten av sin tid i det egna hemmet. På 1990-talet började det talas om fenomenet även i Europa och under senare år har gruppen uppmärksammats allt mer i Sverige. Syftet med studien var att utifrån ungdomarnas perspektiv undersöka vilka eventuella faktorer som påverkat dem till och från hemmasittandet, men även hur de upplevt den tid då de var hemmasittande. För att ta reda på det intervjuades sex ungdomar mellan 18-24 år vilka hade erfarenheter av ett hemmasittande och som var boendes i en mellanstor svensk stad. Resultatet visade att det var ett flertal faktorer som påverkar till och från hemmasittandet. Viktiga faktorer som framkom var skola, ohälsa och sociala nätverk. En sviktande skolnärvaro nämndes av majoriteten av ungdomarna vilken hade resulterat i att de hade ofullständiga betyg både från grundskola och gymnasium. Lärare som hjälpte ungdomarna lite extra visade sig vara viktigt för ungdomarnas motivation att ta tag i skolarbetet. Vad beträffar ohälsan var den på olika sätt återkommande i samtliga ungdomars berättelser. Trots det gick det inte att hitta något direkt samband mellan ohälsan och hemmasittandet. Under hemmasittandet spenderade ungdomarna en stor del sin tid vid datorn och hade via den flertalet av sina sociala kontakter. Övriga nätverk såsom familj, vänner, myndighetskontakter samt en verksamhet som arbetade med hemmasittande ungdomar hade en betydande roll för ungdomarna, framförallt vad gäller vägen från hemmasittandet.

Cette thèse analyse le comportement sur le marché du travail local de185 jeunes peu ou pas qualifiés âgés de 16 à 29 ans de l’arrondissement de Lille. Elle met en lumière les difficultés d’insertion professionnelle qu’ils rencontrent eu égard à l’absence ou un faible niveau de diplôme, de qualification, d’expérience professionnelle. Aussi met-elle en exergue leurs méconnaissances des réalités du marché du travail local à travers leurs prétentions salariales, leurs techniques de recherche d’emploi, leurs projets ; et leurs stratégies pour rester ou se maintenir hors de ce marché. La démarche qualitative a permis une vérification empirique des facteurs répertoriés par l’Eurofound qui ont un impact sur le risque de devenir NEET (not in education, employment or training : les jeunes qui ne sont ni scolarisés, ni en emploi, ni en formation). Une typologie de trajectoires qui conduisent à être NEET dans l’arrondissement de Lille est établie. L’hétérogénéité caractérise la catégorie de NEET. Cette disparité relève d’abord des sous-groupes qui existent au sein des NEET. Aussi, se matérialise-t-elle suivant les systèmes éducatifs, les politiques sociales, les réalités socioéconomiques et culturelles qui sont spécifiques aux territoires (départements, régions, pays). La connaissance de la catégorie des NEET via sa construction sociale dans l’arrondissement de Lille va permettre aux différents acteurs locaux (région, départements, associations, etc.) d’avoir une visibilité claire sur les stratégies à adopter et/ou les politiques à mettre en œuvre pour l’inclusion sociale de ces derniers. / This thesis analyzes the behavior of the local labor market of 185 young people low-skilled aged 16 to 29 years of the district of Lille. It puts in light of the difficulties they encounter employability given the absence (or low levels) of qualification, qualification, professional experience. She also puts highlight their misconceptions of the local labor market realities through their salary expectations, their job search techniques, their projects; and strategies to stay or keep out of the market. The qualitative approach enabled an empirical verification of the factors listed by Eurofound which impact on the risk of becoming NEET (Not in Education, Employment or Training: young people who are neither in education nor in employment or training). A typology of trajectories that lead to be NEET in the district of Lille is established. The heterogeneity characterizes the NEET category. This disparity is primarily a matter of subgroups that exist within the NEET. Also, according to context, it materializes educational systems, social policies, socio-economic and cultural realities which are specific territories (departments, regions, countries). Knowing the NEET category via its social construction in the district of Lille will allow different local actors (region, departments, associations, etc.) to have a clear visibility on the strategies to adopt and/or policies implement for social inclusion of the latter.

L'utilisation des lasers de puissance permet l'étude des propriétés de la matière dans des conditions extrêmes de température et de densité. En effet, l'interaction d'un laser de puissance sur une cible créée un plasma dont la température est suffisamment grande pour atteindre des degrés d'ionisation élevés. Ces conditions peuvent permettre, via divers processus, d'exciter le noyau dans un état nucléaire et notamment dans un état isomère. Un noyau d'intérêt pour étudier ces phénomènes est le 201 Hg. Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre du dimensionnement d'une expérience visant la mise en évidence de l'excitation du 201 Hg dans un plasma laser.La première partie de ce manuscrit présente la détermination des taux d'excitation nucléaire dans les plasmas. Depuis une dizaine d'années les taux d'excitation sont déterminés en utilisant le modèle de l'atome moyen. Afin de valider ce modèle, un code, appelé ADAM (Au-Delà de l'Atome Moyen), a été développé afin de calculer le taux d'excitation nucléaire en DCA (Detailed Conguration Accounting). Il nous permettra d'en déduire un domaine thermodynamique en température et densité où les taux d'excitation déterminés avec le modèle de l'atome moyen sont pertinents.La deuxième partie présente le couplage des taux d'excitation nucléaire avec un code hydrodynamique afin d'en déduire, pour différentes intensités laser, le nombre de noyaux qu'il serait possible d'exciter par tir laser. Enfin, dans une dernière partie,les premières approches expérimentales qui serviront au dimensionnement d'une expérience sur une installation laser sont présentées. Ces approches sont basées sur la détection et la détermination de la quantité d'ions multichargés obtenue loin de la cible (~80 cm). Pour cela, un déviateur électrostatique a été utilisé. / The use of high power lasers allows the study of the properties of matter in extremeconditions of temperature and density. Indeed, the interaction of a power laser and atarget creates a plasma in which the temperature is high enough to reach important degrees of ionization. These conditions can allow the excitation of the nucleus. Anucleus of interest to study the processes of nuclear excitation is the 201 Hg. Thiswork aims to design an experiment where the 201 Hg excitation will be observed in aplasma produced by a high power laser. The first part of this manuscript presents the calculation of the expected nuclear excitation rates in the plasma. For about ten years, nuclear excitation rates have been calculated using the average atom model. To validate this model a code named ADAM (french acronym for Beyond The Average Atom Model) was developed to calculate the nuclear excitation rates under the DCA (Detailed Configuration Accounting) hypothesis. ADAM allows us to deduce the thermo dynamical domain where the nuclear excitation rates determined with the average atom model are relevant. The second part of this manuscript presents the coupling of the excitation rate calculation with a hydrodynamic code to calculate the number of excited nuclei produced in one laser shot for different laser intensity. Finally, in the last part, first experimental approaches which will be used to design an experiment on a laser installation are presented. These approaches are based on the detection and determination of the amount of multicharged ions obtained far from the target (~80 cm). For this purpose, an electrostatic analyzer was used.

Drawing on information from the Encuesta de la Transición de la Escuela al Trabajo 2012 (Survey on the Transition from School to Work), this study analyzes the characteristics of young people who are not in education, employment or training (NEETs). We find that, overall, 17.94% of Peruvian urban youth between 15 and 29 years of age are NEETs. Of these, around three quar- ters (74.09%) are females, which points toward the presence of factors associated with gender, such as fertility, the role within the household economy, or educational reasons, such as the explanatory variables in the previous result.Accordingly, the likelihood of being a NEET increases for females if there are children in the house- hold and if the individual has a partner, while the reverse is true in the case of males. Moreover, the likelihood of belonging to the NEET group increases when there are young men in the household; decreases when they are heads of household; if there is production in the household; or if the part- ner is engaged in domestic work. As regards individual decisions, young people’s life goals affect the likelihood of being a NEET. Moreover, the higher the level of education, the lower the likelihood of being a NEET due to the greater opportunity cost associated with better earning prospects. / Utilizando la información de la Encuesta de la Transición de la Escuela al Trabajo 2012, este estudio analiza las características de los jóvenes que no estudian, no trabajan ni se encuentran en entrenamiento laboral (NEET por sus siglas en inglés). Encontramos que, en general, el 17,94% de los jóvenes urbanos peruanos entre 15 y 29 años son NEET. De estos, casi tres cuartas partes son mujeres (74,09%), lo que sugiere la existencia de factores asociados al género, tales la como fertilidad, el rol dentro de la economía del hogar, o razones educativas, como las variables explicativas del anterior resultado.En este sentido, la probabilidad de ser NEET aumenta para las mujeres si es que hay hijos en el hogar y si se tiene pareja, teniendo el efecto opuesto en el caso de los varones. Asimismo, la pro- babilidad de pertenecer al grupo NEET aumenta si hay jóvenes varones en el hogar; disminuye si es que estos son jefes de hogar, si hay producción en el hogar o si la pareja se dedica a actividades domésticas. Por el lado de las decisiones individuales, las metas en la vida de los jóvenes afectan la probabilidad de ser NEET. Igualmente, a mayor nivel educativo, menor probabilidad de NEET por el mayor costo de oportunidad asociado al mayor posible ingreso laboral.

Paper 1: An exploratory study of the systems of support to help young males with Social, Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties to remain in post 16 Education Abstract This paper is positioned within a co-operative inquiry interpretative paradigm. This paper is one of two. This study focused on YP with Social, Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties (SEBD) and their views and experiences of the system of support to help them remain in EET. An adapted co-operative inquiry (CI) methodology was employed which emphasised participation This research aimed to address this gap by giving voice to the YP and their views of the education system. Additionally, the views of the YP were sought to deepen our understanding of YP’s needs and level of support they require to remain in EET. The research took place in a unitary authority in the South West of England. The participants in paper one were five male students who had left specialist provision for YP with SEBD following completion of year 11. Ages ranged from 16.5-17 years. Their views were elicited through individual semi-structured interviews which were analysed using a thematic analysis approach (Braun and Clarke 2006). The key finding from paper one was the value YP placed on relationships they formed with practitioners who supported them. For many of the YP Grovehill School (SEBD) was their first positive experience of the education system. The YP making the transition into mainstream EET expressed the view that there was no support in place once they left Grovehill. Additionally, the lack of practitioners in post-16 that knew and understood their needs, coupled with feelings of a lack of belonging and acceptance in their new environment, were identified as particularly challenging. Three out of the five participants became NEET before the end of their second year of post-16 EET. The YP identified the presence of Erica, a learning mentor as the most important source of support. However when the YP were unable to access Erica it was evident that the lack of a wider system of pastoral support presented as a significant challenge for this vulnerable group. Findings from papers one and two were assimilated and the implications for improving future policy and practice were considered in the final section of paper two. Consideration was also given to the role Educational Psychologists (EPs) and how EPs could inform future ways of partnership working to secure positive outcomes for YP with SEBD. Paper Two: An exploration of practitioner’s view of the current system of support for YP with SEBD making the transition into post-16 mainstream education, employment and/or training Abstract The aim of this paper was to explore practitioner’s views and experiences of the system of support in place to meet the need of YP with SEBD making the transition from specialist to mainstream post-16 EET. This small scale study was conducted in a unitary authority in the South West of England. A total of eleven participants took part in the semi structured interviews (six males and five females). The participants were selected to represent the range of provisions offered to YP with SEBD in post-16 EET. Semi-structured interviews were used to elicit their views. A thematic analysis approach to analysis was adopted. Findings were that practitioners identified the importance of cultivating caring relationships, however, a distinction emerged in the FE setting were the focus was on behaving like an adult and conforming to an existing system. Disparities also emerged between settings value and beliefs systems, which appeared to shape the teaching practice and interaction with YP. The lack of support practitioners receive from outside agencies to understand and support YP with SEBD emerged as important factor. Additionally, issues such as the impact of the change of environment from specialist to mainstream EET and school culture emerged as salient features. The dilemma of inclusion versus attainment was found to be a significant challenge for practitioners when trying to meet the needs of the YP. Findings which related specifically to transition identified; across settings there was a lack of a formal transition plan and limited access to resources and funding in post-16 settings. Within FE settings the lack of accessible pastoral support was identified as a key area for development. Finally, all participants identified the need for a clear strategic vision to inform future practice. Systems theory provided a useful conceptual framework to understand the complexity of the interlinked factors which impact on YP access, or lack of access to support to help them remain in EET. Shared themes were identified across the phases of the study which identified that it is not one single factor, but rather a combination of interlinked factors which contribute to YP becoming NEET. The information gathered showed participants across the settings recognised the need for greater partnership working and help for practitioners to help them understand and support YP with SEBD. The study also illuminated the need for better communication between practitioners and the wider system of support. Additionally, the study identified a clear role for EPs in supporting YP and practitioners and implications for EP role are discussed. The study has provided a timely insight into the current system of support for YP with SEBD in light of the move for YP to remain in EET up until the age of 18.

Esta dissertação é composta por dois ensaios, ambos se referem aos jovens brasileiros. O primeiro deles, busca identificar características ligadas à alocação do tempo entre trabalhar e estudar. Para tal duas definições de trabalho são utilizadas, a de ocupação remunerada, e outra que inclui também os trabalhos sem remuneração, entre estes à responsabilidade sobre os afazeres domésticos. Na primeira definição, destacaram-se o papel da educação dos pais e da renda do domicílio, reforçando a idéia de que existe uma transmissão intergeracional da educação e de oportunidades. Além disso, habitar o meio rural e o casamento foram identificados como maiores influências para que as jovens não estivessem mais estudando, principalmente na definição que inclui os afazeres domésticos. Ainda, no que se refere à probabilidade de ser NEET, isto é, jovem que não estuda e não trabalha, a comparação entre as duas definições mostrou que quando se consideram apenas o trabalho remunerado, as mulheres possuem elevadas chances de estarem nesta categoria e, inclusive, com menor tendência de queda nestes valores com a idade. Já o segundo ensaio objetiva identificar os determinantes dos salários dos jovens. Neste sentido, o nível educacional e o papel do mercado formal de trabalho foram destacados os principais promotores de melhores salários, beneficiando principalmente as mulheres. Assim, de forma geral, destacou-se a necessidade de buscar instrumentos que permitam uma maior conciliação entre os afazeres domésticos, o mercado de trabalho e os estudos. Além de ressaltar a necessidade de políticas que promovam a formalidade no mercado de trabalho e incentivem a escolaridade, dois aspectos cruciais para reduzir a desigualdade de gênero. / This dissertation consists of two essays, both refer to young people living in Brazil. The first essay seeks to identify characteristics related to the allocation of time between work and study. For that, two definitions of work are used, one considering only paid labor, and the other including unpaid labor, among these are the responsibility for housework. In the first definition, the role of parents’ education and household income are underlined, reinforcing the idea that there is an intergenerational transmission of education and opportunities. Furthermore, living in rural areas and marriage were identified as major influences for the youth being outside of school, especially in the definition that includes the housework. Besides that, with regard to the likelihood of being a NEET, the comparison between the two definitions showed that when only paid work was considered, women have higher chances of being in this category, and with a less downward trend in these probabilities with age. The second study aims to identify the determinants of wages of young people. In this sense, the educational level and the role of the formal labor market were highlighted as major promoter of better wages, benefiting mainly women. Thus, in general, the results of this dissertation emphasize the need for the adoption of tools so that women can be more able to combine housework, market work and study. In addition, it highlights the need for policies that promote labor market formality and encourage schooling, two crucial aspects to reduce gender inequality.

Esta dissertação é composta por dois ensaios, ambos se referem aos jovens brasileiros. O primeiro deles, busca identificar características ligadas à alocação do tempo entre trabalhar e estudar. Para tal duas definições de trabalho são utilizadas, a de ocupação remunerada, e outra que inclui também os trabalhos sem remuneração, entre estes à responsabilidade sobre os afazeres domésticos. Na primeira definição, destacaram-se o papel da educação dos pais e da renda do domicílio, reforçando a idéia de que existe uma transmissão intergeracional da educação e de oportunidades. Além disso, habitar o meio rural e o casamento foram identificados como maiores influências para que as jovens não estivessem mais estudando, principalmente na definição que inclui os afazeres domésticos. Ainda, no que se refere à probabilidade de ser NEET, isto é, jovem que não estuda e não trabalha, a comparação entre as duas definições mostrou que quando se consideram apenas o trabalho remunerado, as mulheres possuem elevadas chances de estarem nesta categoria e, inclusive, com menor tendência de queda nestes valores com a idade. Já o segundo ensaio objetiva identificar os determinantes dos salários dos jovens. Neste sentido, o nível educacional e o papel do mercado formal de trabalho foram destacados os principais promotores de melhores salários, beneficiando principalmente as mulheres. Assim, de forma geral, destacou-se a necessidade de buscar instrumentos que permitam uma maior conciliação entre os afazeres domésticos, o mercado de trabalho e os estudos. Além de ressaltar a necessidade de políticas que promovam a formalidade no mercado de trabalho e incentivem a escolaridade, dois aspectos cruciais para reduzir a desigualdade de gênero. / This dissertation consists of two essays, both refer to young people living in Brazil. The first essay seeks to identify characteristics related to the allocation of time between work and study. For that, two definitions of work are used, one considering only paid labor, and the other including unpaid labor, among these are the responsibility for housework. In the first definition, the role of parents’ education and household income are underlined, reinforcing the idea that there is an intergenerational transmission of education and opportunities. Furthermore, living in rural areas and marriage were identified as major influences for the youth being outside of school, especially in the definition that includes the housework. Besides that, with regard to the likelihood of being a NEET, the comparison between the two definitions showed that when only paid work was considered, women have higher chances of being in this category, and with a less downward trend in these probabilities with age. The second study aims to identify the determinants of wages of young people. In this sense, the educational level and the role of the formal labor market were highlighted as major promoter of better wages, benefiting mainly women. Thus, in general, the results of this dissertation emphasize the need for the adoption of tools so that women can be more able to combine housework, market work and study. In addition, it highlights the need for policies that promote labor market formality and encourage schooling, two crucial aspects to reduce gender inequality.

Esta dissertação é composta por dois ensaios, ambos se referem aos jovens brasileiros. O primeiro deles, busca identificar características ligadas à alocação do tempo entre trabalhar e estudar. Para tal duas definições de trabalho são utilizadas, a de ocupação remunerada, e outra que inclui também os trabalhos sem remuneração, entre estes à responsabilidade sobre os afazeres domésticos. Na primeira definição, destacaram-se o papel da educação dos pais e da renda do domicílio, reforçando a idéia de que existe uma transmissão intergeracional da educação e de oportunidades. Além disso, habitar o meio rural e o casamento foram identificados como maiores influências para que as jovens não estivessem mais estudando, principalmente na definição que inclui os afazeres domésticos. Ainda, no que se refere à probabilidade de ser NEET, isto é, jovem que não estuda e não trabalha, a comparação entre as duas definições mostrou que quando se consideram apenas o trabalho remunerado, as mulheres possuem elevadas chances de estarem nesta categoria e, inclusive, com menor tendência de queda nestes valores com a idade. Já o segundo ensaio objetiva identificar os determinantes dos salários dos jovens. Neste sentido, o nível educacional e o papel do mercado formal de trabalho foram destacados os principais promotores de melhores salários, beneficiando principalmente as mulheres. Assim, de forma geral, destacou-se a necessidade de buscar instrumentos que permitam uma maior conciliação entre os afazeres domésticos, o mercado de trabalho e os estudos. Além de ressaltar a necessidade de políticas que promovam a formalidade no mercado de trabalho e incentivem a escolaridade, dois aspectos cruciais para reduzir a desigualdade de gênero. / This dissertation consists of two essays, both refer to young people living in Brazil. The first essay seeks to identify characteristics related to the allocation of time between work and study. For that, two definitions of work are used, one considering only paid labor, and the other including unpaid labor, among these are the responsibility for housework. In the first definition, the role of parents’ education and household income are underlined, reinforcing the idea that there is an intergenerational transmission of education and opportunities. Furthermore, living in rural areas and marriage were identified as major influences for the youth being outside of school, especially in the definition that includes the housework. Besides that, with regard to the likelihood of being a NEET, the comparison between the two definitions showed that when only paid work was considered, women have higher chances of being in this category, and with a less downward trend in these probabilities with age. The second study aims to identify the determinants of wages of young people. In this sense, the educational level and the role of the formal labor market were highlighted as major promoter of better wages, benefiting mainly women. Thus, in general, the results of this dissertation emphasize the need for the adoption of tools so that women can be more able to combine housework, market work and study. In addition, it highlights the need for policies that promote labor market formality and encourage schooling, two crucial aspects to reduce gender inequality.

Studiens första del undersöker det långvariga hemmasittandes orsaker. Den andra delen handlar om vilka insatser de beviljats för hemmasittandet och vilka insatser de önskat ta del av. Metodval för studien har varit kvalitativ ansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer och bearbetningsmetod blev en blandning av riktad och konventionell innehållsanalys. De teorier som fokuserats på är stigmatisering och vändpunktsteorin. Till studien värvades tre respondenter som ingår i målgruppen hemmasittare. I empirin uppmärksammades mönster till hemmasittandets orsaker som kan härledas från barndomen och skoltiden. Respondenterna har kommit från fattiga familjeförhållande med föräldrar inom arbetarklass med låg utbildningsnivå. Ett återkommande tema är skolans tillkortakommande, där skolan i många fall har misslyckats med att ge respondenterna det stöd de var i behov av för att kunna fullfölja studierna. Hemmasittandet har eskalerat efter att de lämnat skolan, men har även förekommit under skoltiden. Insatser respondenterna erhållit för sitt hemmasittande har främst varit arbetsinriktade medan de i större utsträckning efterfrågat stödinsatser i form av samtalsstöd eller andra kurativ insatser. Alla tre saknade att bli sedda som individer med individanpassade insatser istället för de generella insatser som i många fall inte passade dem.

Detta examensarbete som omfattar 15hp och är en systematisk litteraturstudie. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att sammanställa modern, interantionell och nationell forskning kring fenomenet ”hemmasittare”, för att synliggöra faktorer som påverkar individers tendens att avvika från skolan, och försöka utröna verktyg att bemöta denna elevgrupp som är på olika stadier i sin frånvaro genom att besvara frågeställningarna ”Hur kan skolan arbeta förebyggande mot hög skolfrånvaro hos eleverna?” och ”Hur kan elever med hammasittarproblematik hjälpas tillbaka till skolan?”. Resultatet visar betydelsen av att försöka motverka skolfrånvaro, att känna igen tecknen hos en person som har tendenser att bli hemmasittare. Det visar även på betydelsen av skolmiljö och positiva relationser betydelse för elevens trivsel och mående, som även det är har betydelse för om eleven kommer fungera psykiskt i skolan trots ev. brister i anknytning, svårigheter i hemmet, ångestproblematik eller andra faktorer. Resultatet visar även på vikten av ett relationellt perspektiv i bemötandet av återvändare. Utan relation och struktur minskar chansen att individen kommer tillbaka till skolan. Övergripande kommer studien visa att det relationella perspektivet genomsyrar alla systematiska litteraturstudier, därmed bygger analysen på vikten av ett professionellt och flexibelt förhållningssätt. I slutet för jag en diskussion utifrån min kommande kompetens, specialpedagog, för att framhäva vikten av en handledare som blir som en bro mellan skolan som organisation, elevhälsan och till läralaget för att stärka upp banden emellan dessa och därmed möjliggöra en bredare kompetens kring till exempel individer, klasser eller frågeställningar som lärarlaget har kring sin fysiska och psykosociala klassrumsmiljö.