The future of Lake Baikal’s biodiversity is uncertain in response to climate change. Unlike its diverse benthos, Lake Baikal’s zooplankton is species poor, with up to 96% of its biomass being composed of a single Calanoid copepod species, Epischura baikalensis. This study characterizes the genetic differentiation and differential gene expression of E. baikalensis. Using partial-transcriptome sequences obtained by 454 Rosche and Illumina sequencing technologies, the genetic differentiation at inferred single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites and differential gene expression in populations sampled from various parts of the lake were analyzed. The functional genomics of genes showed significant differential expression among the lake’s regions with some genes being highly up-or down-regulated. High genetic differentiation among regions suggests isolated subpopulations. Moreover, significantly differentially expressed transcripts were significantly more genetically differentiated than transcripts exhibiting no differential expression. These results suggest high potential phenotypic plasticity and adaptability in response to climate change, e.g., temperature.

We will combine hands-on science investigations with supporting literacy activities to help students conduct original research on animal behaviors and communicate their findings.

We will combine hands-on science investigations with supporting literacy activities to help students build conceptual models of photosynthesis.

La chute des prix des technologies de séquençage de nouvelle génération (NGS) s'est accompagnée de leur utilisation accrue, en recherche et en clinique. L'interprétation toujours meilleure des génomes humains peut permettre le développement de meilleures stratégies de prévention, de diagnostic et de traitement des maladies. Des investissements significatifs ont vu le jour dans de nombreux pays industrialisés en vue de réaliser les promesses de la médecine personnalisée. Cependant, le séquençage du génome complet de patients n'est offert en tant que test clinique que dans un nombre très limité d'établissements de santé dans le monde. La France et le Québec ont investi de manière considérable dans la recherche en génomique. Cependant, des décisions stratégiques doivent encore être prises quant à l'implémentation clinique des technologies NGS dans ces deux juridictions. Dès lors, l'objectif de ce projet est de contribuer à l'ensemble des preuves et faits à la disposition des décideurs publics. Nous avons focalisé notre attention sur deux technologies, le séquençage de l'exome (whole-exome sequencing, WES) et du génome complet (whole-genome sequencing, WGS). Notre objectif était d'établir si l'utilisation efficace et responsable du WES/WGS pouvait être mise en péril par des lacunes dans les politiques publiques ou cadres règlementaires et normatifs applicables. A l'heure actuelle, l'interprétation clinique de la séquence génomique ou exomique d'un patient nécessite l'intervention de nombreuses parties prenantes, y compris des chercheurs qui utilisent des outils, procédés et normes développés dans le cadre de la recherche pour analyser les données NGS. En parallèle, les cadres normatifs existants ont été construits pour accommoder les données génétiques, mais n'abordent pas la question des données génomiques. Notre hypothèse est que ces éléments créent un besoin de standardisation, qui pourrait requérir des adaptations du cadre normatif. Nous avons répondu à trois questions de recherches: (1) Quels enjeux les utilisateurs de technologies NGS soulèvent-il à propos de leur utilisation en clinique ? Pour répondre nous avons fait une étude systématique de la littérature. (2) Comment les données NGS de patients sont-elles à l'heure actuelle par des institutions de santé en France et au Québec ? Pour répondre nous avons réalisé une étude de cas multiples. (3) Y a-t-il des lacunes dans les cadres normatifs qui devraient être comblées pour assurer l'utilisation responsable, efficace et standardisée des données NGS en clinique ? [...] / The decreasing cost of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has resulted in their increased use in research, and in the clinical context. Indeed, the correct interpretation of a human genome can enable better prevention, diagnosis and treatment strategies. Significant public investments in NGS have been made in various developed nations to realise the promise of personalized medicine. Yet, today the sequencing and analysis of a patient’s exome or genome is only offered as a clinical test in a limited number of clinics around the world. France and Quebec have made sizable investments in genomics research, and France announced the launch of a genomic medicine plan in 2016. However, policy decisions still have to be made on the nation-wide clinical implementation of NGS technologies in both jurisdictions. Therefore, this project’s objective was to contribute to the body of evidence available to policymakers in France and Quebec on the clinical implementation of NGS technologies. We focused our attention on two specific NGS technologies, namely Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS), and Whole Exome Sequencing (WES). We specifically aimed to assess if the responsible and efficient use of WES/WGS data in the context of clinical care could be impeded by policy gaps. Currently, the clinical interpretation of a patient’s genome sequence data is done through the intervention of many stakeholders including basic science researchers. These researchers use bioinformatics tools, processes and norms developed for research to filter and analyse patients NGS data. In parallel, existing regulatory and normative frameworks have been developed for the use of genetic data, and include no clear definition of genomic data or genomic technologies. We hypothesised that these elements create a strong need for standardization of practices, and may require adaptations of current regulatory and normative frameworks to the context of NGS. We therefore aimed to answer three research questions: (1) What issues do technology users experience and foresee when using WES data to inform patient care? To answer this, we performed a systematic review of the literature. (2) How are patients’ NGS data currently managed (produced, analysed, interpreted and shared) in clinical institutions in Quebec and in France? We answered this by performing a case studies analysis, interrogating key stakeholders directly involved in managing patients’ NGS data in France and Quebec. (3) Are there gaps in the current regulatory and normative frameworks which should be addressed to enable a responsible and efficient standardized use of NGS data in the clinic? [...]

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of an immersive argument based learning environment on students’ multimodal competencies. The objective was to study the impact on students learning as they engage in an ABI classroom, centered on the SWH approach, when compared to students in traditional classrooms. Summary writing samples were collected and coded for informational text features which allowed us to understand cohesion with the learners. Additionally, we were able to study these impacts longitudinally, measuring teacher experience and student exposure to this learning environment. Studies of this nature have been done but only with upper grades, never had it been done with early learners, kindergarten through second grade. These summary writing samples were collected and analyzed in two different groups, the first containing 601 samples and the second 760 samples. A factor analysis was performed to examine the internal structure of the features, resulting in the creation of 3 factors: illustrations, text signals and organizers, and graphics. This allowed us to measure acceleration of the learners multimodal skills and the cohesion related to experience, both of classroom and teacher experience. The results of this study have shown that we are able to significantly impact students rate of usage of informational text features by altering the learning environment. We are able to demonstrate significant rates of growth in usage of higher order skills and cohesion amongst science concepts. This is important as we look to find ways to close achievement gaps, increase interest in science, and help students become more effective learners. The results show great promise for immersive ABI as a means to engage young learners in rigorous, valuable learning experiences.

början av 2000-talet sekvenserades det första hela mänskliga genomet och sedan dess har teknikerna förfinats, effektiviserats och förbättrats, så att utvecklingen på många områden, däribland forskningen om människans evolution, går fortare än någonsin tidigare. Från att ha sekvenserat en molekyl i taget är det idag möjligt att sekvensera miljontals molekyler parallellt och dessutom till ett så lågt pris att fler nu har möjlighet att använda sig av teknikerna. Bara under de senaste fem åren har det hänt mycket på området människans evolution och det är detta som vi kommer redogöra för i den här studien. Vi redovisar nya upptäckter –såsom att Homo naledi artbestämdes 2015 –, stärker gamla hypoteser –såsom att Homo sapiens utvandrade ur Afrika –samt stryker andra hypoteser –såsom att Australopithecus afarensis skulle vara den saknade länken mellan släktet Australopithecus och släktet Homo. Mycket har skett inom forskningen på människans evolution. Tillgång till nya biologiska tekniker har tillsammans med paleontologiska upptäckter bidragit till att skapa en större samstämmighet inom båda områden. Genom att teknikerna utvecklas och kompletterar varandra kan en större konsensus i resultaten skapas. Att utvecklingen av forskningen går fort fram har konsekvenser även för kurslitteraturen i gymnasieskolan. Vi analyserar därför om gymnasielitteraturen hinner med samt om förenklingarna som görs i den är rimlig. Det är svårt att avgöra om kurslitteraturen uppdateras i tillräcklig takt då förenklingarna är så pass stora. Vi anser att flera av de jämförda böckerna är tvetydiga i sina beskrivningar och framställer fakta som säkerställd, vilket inte alltid stämmer överens med hur området ser ut i verkligheten.

<p>The welfare of the elderly population is one of the most important goals of the public health services. At macro level the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare state that the premier goal is for elderly people to have dignified and comfortable lives. They should have a life with a sense of value and feel confident. These ethical values which are expressed on macro level or as normative ethics are expected to prevail at micro level. In our study the micro level is the caring encounter between the elderly patient, next of kin and nurses. Ethical values and morals are important aspects that influence the quality of care, videlicet in empiric ethics.</p><p>The aim of study (I) was to identify and describe the ethical values experienced by the older person in the daily interaction with nurses in a ward for older people during caring encounters. In study (II) the aim was to identify and describe the governing ethical values that next of kin experience in interaction with nurses who care for elderly patients at a geriatric clinic. Study (I) which was an empirical observational study included follow-up interviews. Twenty-two older people participated voluntarily. In study (II) interviews with fourteen next of kin were conducted. In both studies Constant comparative analysis, the core foundation of grounded theory was used.</p><p>Five categories; Being addressed, receiving respect, desiring to participate, increasing self-determination and gaining self-confidence formed the basis for the core category in study (I): Approaching. Approaching concerns the way people become closer to each other in a physical space .It also includes how people become closer to each other in a dialogue, which involves verbal or bodily communication. Approaching indicates the ethical values that guide nurses in their caring encounters with older people. This ethical value is noted by the older person and has an individual value, as well as leading to improved quality of their care. The older person will be confident and satisfied with the caring encounter if the desired components in the nurse’s approaching are exhibited.</p><p>Four categories were identified in study (II): Receiving, showing respect, facilitating participation and showing professionalism. These categories formed the basis of the core category: “Being amenable”, a concept identified in the next of kin’s description of the ethical values that they and the elderly patients perceive in the caring encounter. Being amenable means that the nurses are guided by ethical values; taking into account the elderly patient and next of kin. Nurses who focus on elderly patients’ well-being as a final principle will affect next of kin and their experience of this fundamental situation.</p>

<p><strong>Bakgrund:</strong> Att få kunna vårdas och dö hemma i en familjär och välkänd miljö innebär för de allra flesta en känsla av trygghet. För många anhöriga är det självklart att leva nära den döende och ta ansvar för omvårdnaden. Ur ett systemteoretiskt perspektiv kan familjen liknas vid en mobil, vid obalans påverkas alla familjemedlemmar. <strong>Syftet</strong> med studien var att belysa patientens, anhörigas och sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av palliativ vård i hemmet för att få en ökad förståelse för sjuksköterskors roll i detta sammanhang. <strong>Metod:</strong> Litteraturstudie där tidigare forskning i ämnet undersökts och sammanställts. Studien består av tolv artiklar från olika vetenskapliga tidskrifter. <strong>Resultat:</strong> Att få vårdas och dö hemma hade stor betydelse för patientens livskvalitet. Sjuksköterskans stöd och engagemang kan i många fall ha avgörande betydelse för om patienten avlider i hemmet, på hospice eller på sjukhus. Viljan för anhöriga att vårda kunde vara större än förmågan att orka med. Sjuksköterskans uppgift var att försöka läsa av och möta patientens och anhörigas behov. Att skapa en god relation till familjen visade sig vara av största vikt inom palliativ hemsjukvård. <strong>Slutsats: </strong>En god kommunikation med familjens medlemmar skapar förutsättningar för en god relation. Det är en svår men viktig balansgång för sjuksköterskan att kunna identifiera och tillfredsställa behoven hos varje enskild familj.</p> / <p>Background: To be cared for and to die at home in a familiar and well-known environment implicates for the vast majority a sense of security. For many families, it is obvious to live close to the dying and take responsibility for nursing care. From a systems theory perspective, the family can be likened to a mobile, the imbalance affects every member of the family. The purpose of this study was to illuminate the patient's, next of kin's and nurses' experiences of palliative care at home to get a better understanding of nurses' role in this context. Method: Literature study in which previous research on this subject were examined and compiled. The study consists of twelve articles from various scientific journals. Results: to be cared for and die at home had a significant impact on patient quality of life. Nurse's support and commitment can often be crucial if the patient dies at home, in hospice or in hospital. The willingness of relatives to care could be greater than the ability to cope with. Nurse's task was to try to read and respond to patients 'and next of kin's needs. Building a good relationship with the family proved to be of paramount importance in palliative home care. Conclusion: A good communication with family members creates the conditions for a good relationship. It is a difficult but important balance for the nurse to identify and meet the needs of each family.</p>

<p>ABSTRACT</p><p>The purpose of this thesis has been to increase the knowledge about the life situation for next of kin who are caring for the elderly and mentally disabled. Also, the impact of “supportive actions” on the quality of life for the next of kin has been assessed. This study tried to answer the following questions:</p><p> How do next of kin perceive their every day life.</p><p> Do supportive actions lead to a better situation in your every day life.</p><p> Do supportive actions raise the quality of life for next of kin</p><p>To answer the questions above a qualitative method was used. Individual interviews were chosen to get a deeper understanding of how the target group was experiencing their life situation. The participants in our study were six women, three were home nursing their husbands and the other three were caring for their parents.</p><p>Through the interviews it was concluded that their life situation was trying and strenuous before the “supportive actions” begun. Stress, anxiety and confinement were common place. In the study it was identified that the “supportive actions” had a positive influence on the life situation and as a consequence the next of kin had a more manageable everyday life after the actions were implemented. The support created the necessary conditions for an increased quality of.</p> / <p>SAMMANFATTNING</p><p>Syftet med denna c-uppsats var att få en ökad förståelse för anhörigas vardag som ger omsorg/vård till äldre och långtidssjuka samt om de stödinsatser som ges har någon betydelse för deras livskvalité. De frågeställningar som vi utgick ifrån var:</p><p> Hur uppfattar anhöriga sin vardag.</p><p> Leder stödinsatserna till en förbättrad livssituation.</p><p> Förbättrar stödinsatserna livskvaliteten hos anhöriga.</p><p>Vi använde en kvalitativ metod för att besvara syftet och vi valde personliga intervjuer för att få en djupare förståelse hur informanterna upplevde sin livssituation. Deltagarna i vår studie var sex kvinnor, varav tre av dem var anhörigvårdare till sin make och de övriga var omsorgsgivare till sina föräldrar.</p><p>Genom intervjuerna med de anhöriga har vi kommit fram till att i livssituationen innan de fick stödinsatserna, så upplevde anhörigvårdarna och omsorgsgivarna att situationen var påfrestande och ansträngd. Många upplevde att det skapades stress, oro och en bundenhet i vardagen. Vi kunde i vår studie se att stödinsatserna har påverkat livssituation i rätt riktning och att många i dag upplevde att deras vardag har blivit mer hanterbar och att stödet har förbättrad livskvalitén.</p>

Torque and drag (T&D) modeling is regarded as extremely helpful in well planning because it helps to predict and prevent drilling problems that might occur during the drilling process. Although T&D software has existed since the 1990s, some confusion still exists over the validity of the models that are used to characterize drilling operations, especially as we extend the length of modern horizontal wells. Moreover, it seems that only minimal improvements have been made to the underlying mathematical models over the last two decades. For normal planning on extended-reach and other challenging wells, T&D modeling provides a guideline for performance. Better modeling is especially important in complex three-dimensional wellbores. To optimize well design, T&D modeling needs to be incorporated into the planning of each well. The following factors should be evaluated: - Optimizing the well planning design - Adapting casing or tubular designs - Changing annulus fluids; for example, oil-based mud lubricates are better than water-based mud - Adjusting operating drilling processes such as reducing sliding distances or rotating to the bottom This project develops software that will give more accurate 3D T&D calculations. Moreover, this research is also widely beneficial in handling wellbore tortuosity which is explained in detail in the text. The new software will optimize the wellbore path and assist significantly in torque and drag calculation in well design.