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Nigeria has seen an upsurge in violent conflicts leading to insurgency and terrorism since it returned to civilian government in 1999, following sixteen years of military rule. The Niger Delta and Boko Haram insurgencies stand out among conflict groups in Nigeria as they have produced global consequences, hence provoking domestic and international counter-insurgency efforts. Military responses remain primary, but development responses are being increasingly employed. Addressing issues of poverty, exclusion, injustice and underdevelopment is considered to be more fundamental to solving contemporary conflicts. In this sense, development and security are linked, and human, rather than state security is seen to be prioritised. However, the nexus between development and security is fraught with contradictions and the notion of human security is vague. Development intervention appears to be securitized such that it becomes a tool for protecting the strategic interests of external interveners and a tool of control by domestic interveners. Therefore, this thesis explores the prospect of a human rights approach to development as a means of mediating the tension between development and security. It attempts to intellectually consider the triad among the three concepts in relation to the Niger Delta and Boko Haram conflicts. The study explores how the internal and external development interventions towards the Niger Delta and Boko Haram conflicts have been developed and the issues that have arisen concerning their effectiveness. The exploratory study uses a triangulation method that includes interviews, focus group, documentary analysis and observation. The thesis finds evidence of a paradigmatic shift towards a rights based approach to development in the internal and external interventions, but one that still yields to securitization and corruption and adversely affects sustainable development. Nonetheless, responses to the Niger Delta and Boko Haram conflicts produce ramifications that justify general as well as specifically targeted responses to individual conflicts. More so, the study shows that the relationship between Nigeria and its external development partners seem to be less vertical.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-13T15:20:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ilka Siqueira Lima Branco.pdf: 1518380 bytes, checksum: 41e22d5a5fec97fe8faaae6cbde4fa92 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-13T15:20:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ilka Siqueira Lima Branco.pdf: 1518380 bytes, checksum: 41e22d5a5fec97fe8faaae6cbde4fa92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-11 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The black triggerfish, Melichthys niger, is a fish of family Balistidae, which consists of 11 genera and 40 species. Possessing a coloration ranging from dark blue to black with green metallic reflections, can reach up to 50 cm in total length, with a distribution circumtropical. In this work we examined specimens of black triggerfish , obtained from commercial fishing in the archipelago of Saint Peter and Saint Paul-ASPSP (00 ° 55'02 "N and 29 20'42" W), from January 2006 to May 2008. Soon after capture, specimens were identified and measured, which sent up its total length (TL) and standard (CP). Next, all specimens were dissected to allow the collection of the reproductive system, which were fixed in formalin 10% and was then packed in plastic drums, until their arrival at the laboratory. During the study period, 777 individuals were analyzed, of which 367 were females and 410 were males. Females ranged from 19.0 to 32.0 cm total length, and males from 21.0 to 37.4 cm. From histological analysis was possible that the ovaries of M. niger are composed of ovigerous lamellae containing oocytes at different stages of development. We identified five different stages of oogenesis: young cells, pre-vitellogenic oocytes (perinucleolar) oocytes, cortical alveolar, vitellogenic oocytes and mature oocytes. In addition to the germ cells were also identified some somatic structures composing the ovary: ovary wall, follicular cells and blood vessels. The monthly distribution of maturation stages, from analysis of ovaries indicated a higher frequency of mature females during the first half of the year in the archipelago of Saint Peter and Saint Paul. / cangulo-preto, Melichthys niger, é uma espécie da família Balistidae, a qual é constituída por 11 gêneros e 40 espécies. Possuindo uma coloração que vai do azul marinho ao preto, com reflexos verde-metálicos, pode chegar a até 50 cm de comprimento total, apresentando uma distribuição circumtropical. No presente trabalho foram examinados exemplares de cangulo-preto, obtidos a partir da pesca comercial no Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo- ASPSP (00º55'02" N e 29º20'42"W), no período de janeiro de 2006 a maio de 2008. Logo após a captura, os espécimes foram identificados e mensurados, aferindo-se os seus comprimentos total (CT) e padrão (CP). Em seguida, todos os exemplares foram dissecados para permitir a coleta do aparelho reprodutor, os quais foram fixados em solução de formol a 10%, tendo sido, então, acondicionados em bombonas plásticas, até a sua chegada ao laboratório. No período do estudo, foram analisados 777 indivíduos, dos quais 367 eram fêmeas e 410 eram machos. As fêmeas variaram de 19,0 a 32,0 cm de comprimento total, e os machos de 21,0 a 37,4 cm. A partir de análises histológicas foi possível verificar que os ovários de M. niger são formados por lamelas ovígeras contendo ovócitos em diferentes graus de desenvolvimento. Foram identificados cinco diferentes estágios da ovogênese: células jovens, ovócitos pré-vitelogênicos (perinucleolares), ovócitos alvéolo-corticais, ovócitos vitelogênicos, e ovócitos maduros. Além das células germinativas foram também identificadas algumas estruturas somáticas compondo os ovários: parede ovariana, células foliculares e os vasos sanguíneos. A distribuição mensal dos estágios maturacionais, a partir das análises dos ovários, indicou uma maior freqüência de fêmeas maduras durante o primeiro semestre do ano no Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo.

A state of conflict has existed in the Niger Delta for fifty years. The nature of the conflict, whether it is terrorism or civil insurrection, has not been resolved by the respective legislative entities. This qualitative case study was designed to explore the nature of the Niger Delta conflict from the perspective of several members of the Nigerian National Assembly and determine whether terrorism in Nigeria is related to the general conflict. Social conflict theory provided the basis for the exploration. An ancillary question explored whether antiterrorism legislation in 2006 alleviated the Niger Delta conflict. Interview data were collected from 1 senator and 5 representatives of the Nigerian National Assembly. These data were inductively coded and manually analyzed for major themes, and then triangulated with a review of internal and public documents pertaining to the relevant legislation. The study established that the root causes of the Niger Delta conflict were economic inequities. Three conclusions were drawn from the case study and data regarding legislative attempts to address the conflict: (1) the antiterrorism legislation of 2006 did not criminalize the Niger Delta conflict, (2) the legislation did not have an impact on fiscal resource allocations to the region, and (3) no link between the conflict and current terrorism activities in Nigeria was evident. Recommendations are given for the Nigerian state to engage in fiscal federalism as a means of equitable allocations of resources to the region, thereby contributing to positive social change.

As the global demand for oil increases, human health implications related to its discovery and transport remain a serious concern. The Niger Delta has been the site of severe environmental degradation since the oil boom of the 1970s. While some researchers have examined the environmental effects of oil procurement, few have explored human health implications in this region. This phenomenological study investigated the human physical and mental health consequences of oil-related environmental degradation through the perceptions and lived experiences of villagers in Koluama, Nigeria. The conceptual framework for the study was based on research conducted by Morello-Frosch, Zuk, Jerrett, Shamasunder and Kyle (2011) on the public health consequences of environmental pollution to which marginalized populations are vulnerable. Participants included a random sample of 33 residents of Koluama. Data were collected via individual semistructured interviews and 3 focus groups and analyzed using: interpretative phenomenological analysis. Themes that emerged from analysis included children's health issues, including asthma and other breathing problems; and death rates among the elderly in the area. The villagers, aware of the increase in mortality and illness in the area, also suffered from anxiety and depression. The research findings demonstrated the perception of the participants that the oil companies appeared not to be concerned about the lack of health care in the area; although illness increased in the area of the oil fields. This study might be beneficial in eliciting positive social change at the individual and organizational levels by illuminating oil-related health problems and may lead to better health care access for the population.

The Niger Delta militancy ravaged the Nigerian upstream petroleum sector between 2004-2009, bringing it to a standstill. In response, the Nigerian state adopted an amnesty policy―a globally recognized tool for conflict resolution and peacebuilding―to protect the sector and the economy from collapse. Little is known, however, about the unintended consequences of the amnesty implementation for the Nigerian upstream petroleum sector. Thus, the purpose of this study was to fill this gap in the research literature on the Niger Delta amnesty program. Polarity management was the conceptual framework applied; relative deprivation and polarities of democracy constituted the theoretical foundation for this qualitative case study. Face-to-face interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with 29 purposefully selected participants from the senior ranks of the petroleum industry, sector trade unions, relevant government agencies, and a regional university. Data were inductively coded as part of content analysis, the data analysis strategy. Participants viewed the amnesty policy as being poorly conceived and implemented due to the many unintended negative consequences arising from the policy implementation. The key finding from the study indicates that both the sector and the Niger Delta region are worse off post the amnesty policy implementation. The study concludes that by adopting and implementing the study recommendations, stakeholders may be able to mitigate the identified unintended consequences, position the Nigerian upstream petroleum sector for sustainable growth, address the root causes of the militancy, and deliver a positive social change for the residents of Niger Delta.

Le principal objectif de ce travail est de comprendre l'impact du changement de couverture des sols sur la production et le transport de sédiments dans le bassin du fleuve Niger moyen. Ceci a nécessité des approches comprenant l'étude de données hydrologiques (1929 – 2008), de couvertures des sols (1965 – 2000) et des données sédimentaires mesurées (2005 – 2008). L'étude est centrée sur deux sous-bassins sahéliens (le Gorouol et la Sirba) comparés avec un sous-bassin soudanien (la Mékrou). L'augmentation des surfaces de sol nu, mesurée par télédétection, accroît le transfert de sédiments au fleuve par ses affluents jaugés comme par ceux, éphémères et non-jaugés, connus sous le nom de «koris», dont le nombre et la taille s'est beaucoup accru depuis les années 70. Les caractéristiques des sédiments, surtout celles des matières en suspension (MES) ont été mesurées à dix stations sur le fleuve et certains de ses affluents afin de quantifier le flux de sédiment et d'identifier les sources principales de sédiment. L'analyse hydrologique démontre l'impact de la diminution des précipitations sur les débits, la récente période sèche ayant modifié le régime du fleuve à Niamey avec un impact sur la forme du chenal. L'analyse du flux sédimentaire le long le fleuve indique qu'il y a d'autres sources importantes de sédiments outre les affluents principaux. Une simulation de la capacité de transport fluvial par classe granulométrique a été effectuée en utilisant des paramètres hydrodynamiques obtenus à partir d'un modèle 1-D du fleuve. La comparaison de cette capacité avec les valeurs de MES mesurées permet de localiser les zones en équilibre et les zones de dépôt de sédiments.

On évoque souvent, à propos de l'agriculture sahélienne, les caprices de la pluviométrie notamment les sécheresses catastrophiques de 1973 et de 1984. Pour autant, en dehors de ces épisodes de crises exceptionnelles et de leurs conséquences dramatiques, les savoir-faire paysans et le dynamisme des communautés rurales, ont permis de surmonter bien des difficultés. Les solidarités entre générations, la cohésion des familles, une économie populaire informelle, sont autant de parades à l'incertitude et aux mauvaises conjonctures. Dans la vallée d'Arewa, le doublement de la population ces vingt cinq dernières années a été accompagné d'un formidable mouvement d'extension des cultures, avec pour corollaire, une saturation des terres cultivables et une diminution sensible de la couverture végétale. Cette dernière a provoqué des réactions en chaîne sur les autres composantes de l'écosystème, l'aggravation des phénomènes érosifs a notamment déclenché d'importantes perturbations du régime hydrologique du kori. Le modèle extensif de la céréaliculture pluviale a atteint ses limites, tandis que la disparition progressive de la jachère a contribué à l'appauvrissement chimique des sols. En réponse à cette crise écologique et foncière, les paysans ont ajusté leurs systèmes de production. Les terrasses alluviales ont vu l'essor des cultures d'oignons et de l'arboriculture fruitière grâce à la petite irrigation, tandis que la sylviculture du nim est devenue une alternative à la pénurie de bois de chauffe. La terre autrefois héritage commun, a aujourd'hui acquis une valeur marchande, des stratégies spéculatives émergent et entraînent des formes de recomposition sociale. Les transformations qui ont lieu, aujourd'hui dans la vallée d'Arewa, ne peuvent donc être résumées à la seule dégradation des ressources environnementales. Une voie est ouverte vers l'intensification, le cadre économique régional s'y prête, la décentralisation récente ouvre des perspectives de soutien à la production, bien que certains doutes sur la mise en œuvre effective de son financement subsistent.

Les migrations circulaires touarègues concernent, dans la zone de Bankilaré (sud-ouest du Niger), une part massive des hommes d'âge actif ; ils appartiennent à la catégorie sociale des esclaves. Ils réalisent des allers-retours entre leur campement et Abidjan. Auparavant saisonnières, les migrations se caractérisent, dans la période contemporaine, par un allongement des durées de séjour à Abidjan, de huit mois à deux ans en moyenne. Si le projet migratoire, défini à l'échelle individuelle et familiale, rend compte des contraintes économiques propres à un contexte de pauvreté dans l'espace de départ, il s'appuie sur une histoire migratoire longue, sur un savoir-faire de la mobilité ancien : le passé de pasteurs nomades de cette société. Le projet migratoire implique non seulement l'ensemble des membres du groupe social dans les parcours, mais aussi l'ensemble des lieux mis en relation par ces mêmes parcours. L'espace local ne se réduit pas à l'espace de fixation du groupe, mais se construit avec le mouvement, par le biais de la circulation. Suivant une logique de continuité avec le nomadisme, l'unité du groupe repose plus sur le partage de temporalités communes, que sur le partage d'un même territoire. Les spatialités qui se construisent alors, celles des migrants comme celles des immobiles, peuvent être qualifiées de nomades. Le projet migratoire se charge aussi d'une dimension politique en relation avec la catégorie sociale des migrants - ils sont descendants d'esclaves -avec l'intervention des institutions du développement dans cette zone. Si jusque dans la période récente, l'alternance entre présence et absence était intégrée aux modes de fonctionnement de cette société, faisant état d'une installation de la mobilité, des tensions, des conflits commencent à apparaître. Les migrants, par le biais de leurs séjours en ville, font l'expérience de la liberté, développant en retour, dans les campements, des formes de désobéissance passive, voire de résistance face à l'autorité des maîtres. A l'inverse, les immobiles, par le biais des projets de développement, s'impliquent dans un local qui a alors tendance à se refermer sur lui-même. Les tensions naissent entre une catégorie de population qui ne peut construire son espace local qu'avec le mouvement, et une catégorie, celle des immobiles, engagée dans les projets de développement, qui développe une configuration socio-spatiale proche du territoire.

ABSTRACT Niger Delta of Nigeria is a region characterized with conflict commonly conceptualized as ‘‘petro-violence’’. This violence  between Shell and its host communities has lasted over four decades. While the activities of Shell and other oil companies destroy the ecology of the region , the oil producing communities demand improved explorative and exploitative activities of the companies, improved welfare for the people and compensation for the harm done to the ecology of the region. This work examines whether Shell can really be blamed for contributing to the conflict in the region and whether it is morally permissible for Business Corporation like Shell to engage in Corporate Social Responsibility.