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Les rivières reçoivent de l'azote de leurs bassins versants et elles constituent les derniers sites de transformations des nutriments avant leur livraison aux zones côtières. Les transformations de l’azote inorganique dissous en azote gazeux sont très variables et peuvent avoir un impact à la fois sur l’eutrophisation des côtes et les émissions de gaz à effet de serre à l’échelle globale. Avec l’augmentation de la charge en azote d’origine anthropique vers les écosystèmes aquatiques, les modèles d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre prédisent une augmentation des émissions d’oxyde nitreux (N2O) dans les rivières. Les mesures directes de N2O dans le Lac Saint-Pierre (LSP), un élargissement du Fleuve Saint-Laurent (SLR) indiquent que bien qu’étant une source nette de N2O vers l'atmosphère, les flux de N2O dans LSP sont faibles comparés à ceux des autres grandes rivières et fleuves du monde. Les émissions varient saisonnièrement et inter-annuellement à cause des changements hydrologiques. Les ratios d’émissions N2O: N2 sont également influencés par l’hydrologie et de faibles ratios sont observés dans des conditions de débit d'eau plus élevée et de charge en N élevé. Dans une analyse effectuée sur plusieurs grandes rivières, la charge hydraulique des systèmes semble moduler la relation entre les flux de N2O annuels et les concentrations de nitrate dans les rivières. Dans SLR, des tapis de cyanobactéries colonisant les zones à faible concentration de nitrate sont une source nette d’azote grâce à leur capacité de fixer l’azote atmosphérique (N2). Étant donné que la fixation a lieu pendant le jour alors que les concentrations d'oxygène dans la colonne d'eau sont sursaturées, nous supposons que la fixation de l’azote est effectuée dans des micro-zones d’anoxie et/ou possiblement par des diazotrophes hétérotrophes. La fixation de N dans les tapis explique le remplacement de près de 33 % de la perte de N par dénitrification dans tout l'écosystème au cours de la période d'étude. Dans la portion du fleuve Hudson soumis à la marée, la dénitrification et la production de N2 est très variable selon le type de végétation. La dénitrification est associée à la dynamique en oxygène dissous particulière à chaque espèce durant la marée descendante. La production de N2 est extrêmement élevée dans les zones occupées par les plantes envahissantes à feuilles flottantes (Trapa natans) mais elle est négligeable dans la végétation indigène submergée. Une estimation de la production de N2 dans les lits de Trapa durant l’été, suggère que ces lits représentent une zone très active d’élimination de l’azote. En effet, les grands lits de Trapa ne représentent que 2,7% de la superficie totale de la portion de fleuve étudiée, mais ils éliminent entre 70 et 100% de l'azote total retenu dans cette section pendant les mois d'été et contribuent à près de 25% de l’élimination annuelle d’azote. / Rivers receive nitrogen (N) from their watershed and are the final sites of nutrient processing before delivery to coastal waters. Transformations of dissolved inorganic N (DIN) to gaseous N are highly variable and can impact both coastal eutrophication and greenhouse gas emissions. With anthropogenic N loading to aquatic ecosystems on the rise, nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from rivers should increase. Direct measurements of N2O from lake St. Pierre (LSP), an enlargement of the St. Lawrence River (SLR) indicate that although LSP is a net atmospheric source of N2O to the atmosphere fluxes are low compared to others rivers. Emissions are seasonally and inter-annually highly variable due to changes in hydrological conditions. N2O: N2 is also influenced by hydrology and lower ratios are observed in conditions of higher water discharge and elevated N charge into the ecosystem. In a cross system analysis, hydraulic load mitigates the relation between annual N2O flux and nitrate concentrations in rivers. In SLR, cyanobacterial mats colonizing low nitrate areas are a net source of N with high negative di-nitrogen (N2) fluxes. Given that fixation occurred during daylight and that oxygen concentrations in the water column were supersaturated, we hypothesize that N2 fixation is performed by the dominant cyanobacteria in anoxic micro-zone of the mat and/ or possibly by heterotrophic diazotrophs. Our estimates indicate that N fixation in the mats account for the replacement of up to 33% of the N loss via denitrification in the entire ecosystem during the study period. In the tidal Hudson River N2 production is highly variable between vegetated shallows and was associated with species-driven differences in dissolved oxygen (DO) dynamics during the ebb tide. N2 production was extremely high in invasive floating-leaved plants (Trapa natans) but was insignificant in submersed native vegetation. An estimate of summertime N2 production in Trapa beds suggests that these beds are a major seasonal hotspot for N removal. Large Trapa beds represent only 2.7% of the total area of the tidal Hudson but they remove between 70 and 100% of the total N retained in this section of the river during summer months and contribute to as much as 25% of the annual N removal.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird über 1,3-dipolare Cycloadditionen mit Lachgas (N2O) unter milden Reaktionstemperaturen (≈ RT) berichtet. N2O ist ein sehr unreaktives 1,3-dipolares Reagenz. Bisher in der Literatur durchgeführte 1,3-dipolare Cycloadditionen mit N2O benötigten immer sehr drastische und gefährliche Reaktionsbedingungen (bis zu 300°C und 500 atm.). Dabei entstanden nach einer (postulierten) einleitenden 1,3-dipolaren Cycloaddition von N2O an Olefine oder Alkine immer nur stickstofffreie Reaktionsprodukte. Durch den Einsatz von hochreaktiven Cycloalkinen als 1,3-Dipolarophile konnten erstmals 1,3-dipolare Cycloadditionen mit N2O bei deutlich milderen Bedingungen (–25°C bis +60°C) als den bisher bekannten durchgeführt werden. Dabei war es mit Cyclooctin und Cycloocten-5-in erstmals möglich, stabile und vollständig charakterisierbare Reaktionsprodukte zu erhalten, die alle drei Atome des addierten N2O-Moleküls enthalten. Mit 4,5-Didehydro-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-3,3,6,6-tetramethylthiepin konnte sogar erstmals ein alpha-Diazoketon durch 1,3-dipolare Cycloaddition von N2O erhalten und dieses bei –25°C NMR-spektroskopisch untersucht werden. Diese alpha-Diazoketone entstehen aus der elektrocyclischen Ringöffnung der entsprechenden 1,2,3-Oxadiazole welche aus der Cycloaddition von N2O und dem eingesetzten Cycloalkin stammen. Mit alpha-substituierten Cyclooctinen konnten auch 1,3-dipolare Cycloadditionen mit N2O bei milden Temperaturen durchgeführt werden, um stickstofffreie Reaktionsprodukte zu erhalten.

Diversity of the soil microbial community and its functional aspects were investigated in man-influenced environments, such as colliery spoil heaps in post mining sites and upland pasture used for outdoor cattle husbandry. The study was based on the cultivation of bacteria and streptomycetes as well as culture-independent approaches. Cultivated bacteria and streptomycetes were characterized by phenotypic and genotypic means. The culture-independent approaches were based on an analysis of environmental DNA in terms of both qualitative and quantitative parameters.

La variété des pratiques de compostage et les différences de nature des substrats modifient la vitesse de dégradation de la matière organique (MO), la qualité finale du compost produit et la part d'émissions sous forme de polluants gazeux. L'optimisation du procédé nécessite la prédiction de ces transformations ou la réalisation d'essais empiriques. Cette thèse analyse les interactions entre les processus biologiques, biochimiques, physico-chimiques et thermodynamiques majeurs à l'origine de la stabilisation de la MO et des émissions gazeuses de CO2, H2O, NH3, N2O. Elle se focalise sur le compostage par aération passive en andain d'effluents d'élevage. La méthode s'appuie sur la modélisation dynamique et des expérimentations. L'impact des interactions entre la biodégradabilité du carbone, la disponibilité de l'azote, l'humidité et la porosité, sur la cinétique et la stœchiométrie des émissions gazeuses est analysé à partir d’observations en conditions contrôlées et sur une plateforme de compostage. Les écarts de répétabilité faibles en conditions contrôlées deviennent élevés en conditions de reproductibilité sur le terrain. Un modèle dynamique de compostage a été développé simulant la stabilisation de la MO et les émissions de CO2, H2O, NH3, N2O. Il est composé de quatre modules simulant les cinétiques d'oxydation de la MO par une population microbienne, les échanges thermiques et l'aération passive, le transfert d'oxygène, les transformations de l'azote. Lors de la phase thermophile, le facteur limitant le plus rapidement l'organisation de la MO est la disponibilité de l'azote. L'abaissement de la porosité entraîne une diminution des pertes gazeuses par l'augmentation de l'organisation de la MO. Le fractionnement initial de la MO ainsi que la teneur initiale en biomasse microbienne sont les facteurs clés pour prédire les cinétiques d'organisation de la MO. La calibration des paramètres d’initialisation du modèle reste à améliorer / The variety of the practices and the differences in nature of the substrates modify the kinetics of degradation of organic matter (OM), the final quality of the produced compost and the fraction emitted as gaseous pollutants. To optimize the composting process, it is required to predict these transformations or to do some empirical test. This thesis analyzes the interactions between the main biological, biochemical, physicochemical and thermodynamic processes which explain the OM stabilization and the gaseous emissions of CO2, H2O, NH3, N2O. Focus is done on windrow composting with passive aeration. The method is based on dynamic semi-empirical modeling of the process and experimentations. The impact of the interactions between bioavailability of carbon and nitrogen, moisture and porosity, on the kinetics and the stoechiometry of the gaseous emissions is analyzed with data gathered in controlled conditions and on a commercial composting plant. The repeatability differences are small in controlled conditions but higher in field conditions. A dynamic model of composting was developed simulating the stabilization of OM as well as the emissions of CO2, H2O, NH3, N2O. This model is composed of four coupled modules which simulate the kinetics of oxidation of OM by a heterotrophic microbial population, the heat transfers leading to the passive aeration, the transfer of oxygen, the transformations of nitrogen. During the thermopilic phase, the first factor limiting the organization of OM is the availability of nitrogen. The decrease in porosity induces a reduction in the gas losses through the increase in the organization of OM. The initial OM fractionation and the initial microbial biomass are the key factors to predict the kinetics of organization of OM. The calibration of the specific parameters used for model initialization needs a further implementation

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:24:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Adriana R da Costa.pdf: 1069791 bytes, checksum: 743805ac385dad30c9c493e611823930 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-24 / The loss of nitrogen from the soil-plant system has economic and environmental repercussions, especially when nitrous oxide is emitted to the atmosphere. The aim of this study was to evaluate the emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) in the production system of irrigated commom beans under no-tillage, with brachiaria grass as cover plant (green manure), as affected by the application of different N sources. The experiment was conducted at Embrapa Rice and Beans, in a clayey Haplic Ferralsol. Six areas planted with common beans in no-till system, with sprinkler irrigation, center pivot, were evaluated in the fall/winter period of 2009. In each area (150 m2) a different source on N (treatments) was applied. The total area of the study was 1000 m2. The treatments were: no N (control), urea, ammonium sulfate (A.S.), urea + urease inhibitor (Ur.+Inhi.), urea combined with charcoal (Ur.+Car.), biological fixation nitrogen (B.F.N.), Cerrado (Cer). One hundred kg of N ha-1 was applied in all areas: 20% at sowing together with the seed at the same depth and 80% as top dressing, 25 days after planting. Periods, whose N2O fluxes were more important, were selected for more detailed study, including soil biological variables. The N2O concentration was determined by gas chromatography. Concurrently, soil moisture, temperature, water filled pore space (WFPS), pH and parameters related to the microbial biomass were also measured. The variables that influence soil N2O fluxes during the growing cycle of the bean are: the levels of nitrate in the soil, pH, moisture and WFPS, indicating conditions that favor the denitrification process. The highest emissions of N2O, occur in the following treatments: urea with urease inhibitor, biological nitrogen fixation and urea associated with charcoal, 70%, 36% and 32% higher then that observed in the control, respectively. The emission factors observed in this study are below the lowest levels suggested by IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). After fertilization at sowing, the variables that control the emission of N2O are basal respiration, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), total organic carbon (TOC), soil moisture and WFPS. The charcoal combined with urea provides better conditions for microorganisms, increasing MBC and microbial quocient. After topdressing N2O fluxes are lower than at sowing, possibly due to higher N losses through volatilization or increased demand for N by the plant and consequent higher N uptake by plants. The ammonium sulfate source shows the highest N2O fluxes in this period. The variables that control N2O emission in this period are: MBN, pH, moisture and WFPS. During the senescence of the bean plants urea combined with urease inhibitor and biological fixation nitrogen are the treatments that most emitt N2O. The variables that controll the fluxes are soil temperature and TOC. / A perda de nitrogênio no sistema solo-planta tem repercussões econômicas e ambientais, especialmente quando óxidos de nitrogênio são emitidos para a atmosfera. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a emissão de óxido nitrosos (N2O) em sistema de produção de feijoeiro comum irrigado em sistema plantio direto, sobre palhada de braquiária, com aplicação de diferentes fontes de nitrogênio (N), bem como as variáveis ambientais e do solo que condicionam esta emissão. O experimento foi conduzido na Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, num Latossolo Vermelho distrófico argiloso. Foram avaliadas seis áreas de cultivo de feijoeiro comum, em sistema plantio direto, sobre palhada de braquiária, irrigado por aspersão via pivô central, no outono/inverno de 2009. A área de cada tratamento foi de 150 m2. A área total do estudo foi de 1000 m2. Os tratamentos foram: Sem N (testemunha); Uréia; Sulfato de amônio (S.A.); Uréia tratada com inibidor de urease (Ur.+ Inib.); Uréia combinada com carvão vegetal (Ur.+Car.); Fixação biológica de nitrogênio (F.B.N.); Cerradão (Cer) como referência. Foram aplicados 100 kg ha-1 de N: 20% na linha de semeadura e 80% em cobertura, a lanço, 25 dias após plantio. Selecionaram-se períodos, cujos fluxos de N2O apresentaram maior relevância, para que fosse realizado um estudo mais detalhado, incluindo variáveis biológicas do solo. A concentração de N2O foi determinada por cromatografia gasosa. Concomitantemente, realizou-se amostragem de solo para verificação da temperatura, espaço poroso saturado por água (EPSA), pH e parâmetros referentes a biomassa microbiana. As variáveis de solo que mais influenciam os fluxos de N2O, durante o ciclo do feijoeiro, são os teores de nitrato no solo, pH e EPSA, cujas condições favorecem o processo de desnitrificação, no sistema de produção irrigada em plantio direto. As maiores emissões totais de N2O, ocorrem nos seguintes tratamentos: uréia com inibidor de urease, fixação biológica de nitrogênio e uréia associada ao carvão vegetal, sendo 70%, 36% e 32% maior que o observado na testemunha, respectivamente. Os fatores de emissão observados neste estudo estão abaixo dos menores níveis sugeridos pelo IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Após adubação no sulco, as variáveis que controlam a emissão de N2O são respiração basal, carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM), nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana (NBM), carbono orgânico total (COT) e EPSA. O carvão vegetal combinado com uréia proporciona melhores condições aos microrganismos, elevando índices como o CBM e o quociente microbiano. Após a adubação de cobertura os fluxos de N2O são menores que na semeadura, talvez devido a maiores perdas de N por volatilização e maior demanda pela planta por N, sendo o sulfato de amônio a fonte que mais emitiu N2O. As variáveis que controlam a emissão de N2O neste período são o NBM, o pH do solo e o EPSA. No período de senescência do feijoeiro as fontes uréia combinada com inibidor de urease e a fixação biológica de nitrogênio são as que mais emitem N2O, sendo as variáveis que controlam este período de emissão, a temperatura do solo e o COT.

Grazing pasture is a major system of livestock production in many countries and it has been identified as an important source of N2O from urine deposition on soils. The aim of this study was to determinate the N2O emissions from soil after urine deposition and the emission factor, in addition, determine how temperature and water content of the soil influence these emissions. We also intended to study a potential of mitigation using nitrification inhibitors. Soil and gas samples were collected in traditional livestock areas in Brazil and UK to evaluate the N2O emission dynamics under field conditions. In addition, incubation experiments were conducted to evaluate how temperature and water content affect N2O emissions in the soil and to study the potential mitigation on N2O emission from the soil after urine application, using two distinct nitrification inhibitors. In the field experiment, the N2O emission factor for cattle urine was 0.20% of the applied urine N in Brazil and 0.66% for the UK conditions. The incubation experiments showed the N2O emissions after urine application are higher in soils with high moisture and high temperature. The nitrification inhibitor effectiveness was not statistically significant, however had shown some N2O emission absolute reductions among 6% to 33% comparing with urine only application on the soil. Various physical and biological factors can be influence the effectiveness of the products. It confirmed that urine deposition can contribute to N2O emission from the soil and the temperature and water content can markedly increase these emissions. The nitrification inhibitors have a potential mitigation effect since some decreased emissions of almost 40%. The results in this study are pioneers and can be used as a basis for more complex evaluations and to help with determining the carbon footprint of beef production worldwide / Considerado o maior sistema de produção animal em muitos países, as pastagens tem sido identificadas como uma importante fonte de emissão de N2O, devido à deposição de urina ao solo. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as emissões de N2O do solo após a deposição de urina e seu fator de emissão, além disso, determinar como temperatura e teor de água do solo influenciam as emissões. Pretendeu-se também estudar o potencial de mitigação das emissões de N2O usando inibidores de nitrificação. Amostras de solo e de gás foram coletadas em áreas tradicionais de pastagens do Brasil e do Reino Unido para avaliar a dinâmica das emissões de N2O. Experimentos de incubação também foram realizados para avaliar a influência de fatores como temperatura e teor de água no solo nas emissões, além de avaliar o potencial de redução das emissões de N2O do solo após a aplicação da urina, utilizando dois inibidores de nitrificação. Nos experimentos de campo realizados no Brasil e no Reino Unido, o fator de emissão do N2O para a urina foi de 0,20% e 0,66% do nitrogênio na forma de urina bovina aplicada, respectivamente. Nos experimentos de incubação, as emissões de N2O após a aplicação de urina foram maiores em solos com alta umidade e alta temperatura. A eficácia no uso dos inibidores de nitrificação não foi estatisticamente significativa, no entanto mostrou uma redução absoluta entre 6% a 33% nas emissões de N2O comparado com a aplicação de apenas urina ao solo. Vários fatores físicos e biológicos podem ter influenciado a eficácia dos produtos. Dessa forma, confirma-se que a deposição de urina pode contribuir para a emissão de N2O do solo e que a temperatura e o teor de água no solo podem aumentar consideravelmente essas emissões. Os inibidores de nitrificação podem ser usados como um potencial de mitigação, já que houve redução em termos absolutos de quase 40% nas emissões. Os resultados encontrados neste estudo são pioneiros e poderão ser utilizados como base para avaliações mais complexas e contribuir para a determinação da pegada de carbono na produção de carne mundial

Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-05-16T17:00:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Microsoft Word - Vanessa Dissertaçao.pdf: 1678884 bytes, checksum: ee88f8d0505bb8844a68dc56e1473779 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-16T17:00:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Microsoft Word - Vanessa Dissertaçao.pdf: 1678884 bytes, checksum: ee88f8d0505bb8844a68dc56e1473779 (MD5) / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica, Niterói, RJ / Este estudo analisa os fluxos de óxido nitroso (N 2 O) e amônia (NH 3 ) no Sistema Lagunar de Maricá-Guarapina (SLMG). O N 2 O é um dos gases do efeito estufa e está envolvido no consumo de ozônio (O 3 ) na estratosfera. A NH 3 pode levar a acidificação de ambientes terrestres e aquáticos, a eutrofização de sistemas aquáticos e produção de N 2 O. O SLMG vem sofrendo degradação da qualidade de suas á guas devido à urbanização e às atividades agropecuárias na região. Este sistema la gunar é composto por quatro lagoas interligadas entre si através de canais: Maricá, Ba rra, Padre e Guarapina. Para a análise de N 2 O foi utilizada a técnica da câmara estática flutua nte e 4 modelos de predição de fluxos (MPF). No caso da NH 3 foram feitas estimativas de fluxos também através de MPF. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que as quatro lagoa s do SLMG apresentam comportamentos distintos com relação aos fluxos dos dois gases ana lisados. As estimativas de taxas de emissão do sistema lagunar mostram que, apesar do sistema a presentar lagoas que parecem atuar como sorvedouro de N 2 O ou de NH 3 , num balanço geral, ele emite N para a atmosfera s ob uma ou outra forma. A taxa de emissão estimada variou entr e 92,15 g N dia -1 e 104,77 g N dia -1 . Outra informação que esta estimativa trouxe foi a d e que a maior parte das emissões ocorre sob a forma de NH 3 com emissão estimada de 84,79 g N dia -1 a 97,41 g N dia -1 . / This study examines the nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and ammonia (NH 3 ) fluxes in Maricá- Guarapina’s system. The N 2 O is a greenhouse gas and is involved in the consum ption of the ozone (O 3 ) in the stratosphere. The NH 3 can lead to acidification of terrestrial and aquat ic environments, eutrophication of aquatic systems and production of N 2 O. The SLMG is suffering degradation in the water’s quality due to urbanization and agricultural activities in the region. This system is composed for four lagoon interconnected between themselves through channels: Maricá, Barra, Father and Guarapi na. For the analysis of N 2 O was used the technique of the static chamber and 4 models predic tion fluxes (MPF). In the case of NH 3 were made estimates of fluxes through MPF too. The results of this study show that the four lagoons in the SLMG have different behaviors with r espect to the fluxes of the two gases analyzed. Estimates of the rates of emission in th e system lagoon show that despite the present system lagoons that seem act as sink of N 2 O and NH 3 , in a general balance, it gives N to the atmosphere in one form or another. The estim ated emission rate ranged between 92,15 g N -1 day -1 and 104,77 g N -1 day -1 . Other information that brought this estimate was that the majority of emissions occur in the form of NH 3 with estimated emission of 84,79 g N -1 day -1 to 97,41 g N -1 day -1 .

L'adozione di (agro)ecosistemi sostenibili viene indicata come una efficace strategia in grado sequestrare carbonio (C) nel suolo, mitigando così il cambiamento climatico e migliorando la fertilità. Sebbene il potenziale di sequestro del C della non-lavorazione (NT) sia stato generalmente sovrastimato, esso risulta essere di 0,26 Mg ha-1 anno-1 superiore rispetto al regime arativo. Inoltre, il 76,6% di questo quota è localizzato in frazioni considerabili come relativamente stabili. Il NT aumenta lo sviluppo radicale delle colture erbacee (es. mais, soia, frumento) negli stati superficiali del suolo (0-5 cm). Le correlazioni tra i parametri di densità radicale e le proprietà fisiche del suolo mostrano come lo sviluppo radicale sia un fondamentale indicatore di qualità del suolo in NT. I residui delle cover crops influenzano le emissioni di protossido d’azoto (N2O) in NT: i residui di segale favoriscono l'immobilizzazione dell’azoto (N), aumentandone così l'efficienza d’utilizzo e diminuendo le emissioni, mentre i residui di veccia vellutata aumentano l’N2O come conseguenza della mineralizzazione dell’N. Le emissioni di N2O e la produttività dei prati stabili possono essere positivamente correlate, perché meccanismi diversi rispetto alla regolazione indotta dalla disponibilità di N possono controllare l'N2O: il C potrebbe essere un principale fattore di regolazione per nitrificazione e denitrificazione. / Adoption of sustainable (agro)ecosystems has been widely suggested to increase soil organic carbon (C) sequestration, to mitigate climate change and enhance soil fertility. Although its carbon sequestration potential has been generally overestimated, no-till (NT) results in an extra C sequestration of 0.26 ± 0.18 Mg ha-1 yr-1 as compared to conventional tillage and 76.6% of this extra C is located in C pools which could be considered relatively stable. NT increases root development of field crops (i.e. maize, soybean, winter wheat) in the top soil (0-5 cm), while does not in the deeper soil (5-60 cm). Positive correlations between root density and soil physical parameters shows how roots are main drivers of soil physical properties under NT. Cover crop residues may affect nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions under NT: rye residues enhances soil-nitrogen (N) immobilization, thus increasing N use efficiency and decreasing N2O, while hairy vetch residues as cover crop under NT increases N2O as a consequence of soil-N mineralization. N2O emissions and shoot productivity may be positive correlated in grasslands, because other mechanisms than plant-induced regulation of soil N pool may control N2O: C could be a major factor regulating nitrification and denitrification processes.

No description available.