<p> La Réalité Augmentee (RA) peut être définie comme le mélange du monde réel et du monde virtuel. Basée sur ce concept, cette thèse s'intéresse à l'application de la RA dans un cadre de collaboration pour des tâches 3D. Nous nous sommes plus particulièrement concentrés sur le concept de réunion autour d'une table dans lequel plusieurs personnes peuvent manipuler simultanément des éléments virtuels 3D dans un espace partagé. </p> <p> L´etude et l'analyse des besoins a permis de mettre en place un environnement nommé MARE (Multiuser Augmented Reality Environment) qui fournit un cadre d´etude, d'expérimentations et de développement d'applications de RA collaboratives 3D. Ce travail a dégagé un certain nombre de contributions : </p><ul> <li>1. la définition d'une architecture logicielle et une nouvelle plate-forme matèrielle hétérogène offrant un intérêt particulier de modularité, d'extensibilité, d'ergonomie et de temps réel ; </li><li>2. de nouvelles techniques de calibrage statique simples et intuitives pour l'alignement réel/virtuel basées sur une approche guidée par l'utilisateur ; </li><li>3. différentes métaphores d'interactions pour la manipulation d'objets virtuels avec une décomposition dimensionnelles des tâches applicatives, mais aussi avec un nouveau concept d'interface hybride haut niveau (documents virtuels) ; </li><li>4.un nouveau type d'interaction hybride entre éléments réels et virtuels, avec un prototype de peinture virtuelle interactive sur des objets réels ; </li><li>5.l'utilisation des travaux liés au collaboratif dans un cadre de RA 3D, en proposant ainsi différentes méthodes pour la protection des données mais aussi l'assistance utilisateur ou la coordination des actions. </li></ul> <p> En complément, des expérimentations avec notre système et de nombreuses évaluations nous ont servi à montrer l'intérêt de cette approche. Finalement, ce travail permet de définir une première base de critères nécessaires pour une mise en oeuvre efficace d'environnement de réalité augmentée collaboratif 3D sur table. </p>

This thesis is structured along three research axes: First, I investigated the representation issues raised by the production of expressive images and animations, (that is to say, introducing the artist/user's expressivity). It led me to propose solutions to practical problems in this domain. Second, I studied the acquisition of low-level notion of styles from user-supplied examples. In particular, I produced aquisition systems working on vector-based as well as bitmap color images. Finally, I have been personally motivated by the fascinating field of human vision and its many links with expressive rendering. Thus, throughout this thesis, I tried to build as many connections as possible between the two fields, hence building a framework where various expressive rendering approaches can be studied in a principled way.

Soit Г un graphe de Coxeter. Soient W le groupe de Coxeter, A le groupe d'Artin, et A+ le monoïde d'Artin, associés à Г. Soit G un groupe de symétries du graphe de Coxeter Г. Alors G agit sur W, A et A+, et il est connu que le sous-groupe fixe, WG, est un groupe de Coxeter, le sous-monoïde fixe, A+G, est un monoïde d'Artin, et, lorsque Г est de type sphérique, le sous-groupe fixe, AG, est un groupe d'Artin. Cette thèse étudie le comportement de WG, A+G et AG par rapport à des représentations fidèles de W, A et A+, respectivement.Dans un premier temps nous considérons les représentations enracinées introduites par Krammer dans sa thèse. Ce sont une généralisation des représentations canoniques. On se donne une telle représentation f : W → GL(V ) et on suppose que l'action de G sur les racines simples s'étend à V . Dans ce cas f induit une représentation linéaire fG : WG → GL(V G). Nous démontrons que cette représentation est aussi une représentation enracinée. En particulier, elle est fidèle.Dans un second temps nous supposons que Г est simplement lacé, c'est-à-dire que les arêtes de Г n'ont pas de poids. Nous considérons une représentation linéaire fidèle ψ : A+ → GL(E) introduite par Paris. Si Г est de type sphérique, alors cette représentation induit une représentation fidèle ψ : A → GL(E) du groupe. Dans le cas des groupe de tresses, c'est la célèbre représentation linéaire fidèle étudiée par Bigelow et Krammer. Nous démontrons que G agit aussi sur E, que la représentation ψ : A+ → GL(E) est équivariante, et qu'elle induit une représentation fidèle ψ : A+G → GL(EG). Si Г est de type sphérique, alors on obtient une représentation fidèle du groupe fixe, ψ : AG → GL(EG). Finalement, nous déterminons les cas où EG admet une base naturelle en bijection avec le système de racines positives de WG. Ce dernier résultat est motivé par la recherche d'une extension de la représentation ψ : A+ → GL(E) aux graphes qui ne sont pas simplement lacés. / Let Г be a Coxeter graph. Let W be the Coxeter group, A be the Artin group, and A+ be the Artin monoid associated with Г. Let G be a group of symmetries of Г. Then G acts on W, A and A+. The fixed subgroup WG is known to be a Coxeter group, the fixed submonoid A+G is known to be an Artin monoid, and, when Г is of spherical type, the fixed subgroup AG is known to be an Artin group. This thesis studies the behavior of WG, A+G and AG with respect to some faithful linear representations of W, A and A+, respectively.Firstly, we consider the rooted representations of the Coxeter groups introduced by Krammer in his Ph. D. Thesis. These are a generalization of the canonical representations. We take such a linear representation f : W → GL(V ), assuming that the action of G on the simple roots extends to V . Then f induces a linear representation fG : WG → GL(V G). We prove that fGis a rooted representation of WG. In particular, fG is faithful.Afterwards, we assume that Г is simply laced, that is, all the edges of Г are label free. Then we consider a faithful linear representation ψ : A+ → GL(E) introduced by Paris. If Г is of spherical type, this representation extends to a faithful linear representation ψ : A → GL(E) of the Artin group. In the case of the braid groups, it is the celebrated representation studiedby Bigelow and Krammer. Take a group G of symmetries of Г. We prove that G acts on E, that the representation ψ : A+ → GL(E) is equivariant, and that it induces a faithful linear representation ψ : A+G → GL(EG). If Г is of spherical type, then we get a faithful linear representation ψ : AG → GL(EG) of the fixed subgroup. Finally, we determine the cases where EG admits a natural basis in one-to-one correspondence with the positive root system of WG. This last result is motivated by the search of an extension of the linear representation ψ : A+ → GL(E) to Artin monoids (or groups) that are not simply laced.

Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamarck 1816), a major near-shore herbivore in the Atlantic and Caribbean, has been harvested for human consumption in the Caribbean for centuries (Lawrence 2001a, b), occasionally at rates that exceed sustainability (Smith & Berkes 1991), and is among the species having economic importance (Lawrence & Bazhin 1998). Tripneustes ventricosus has recently been observed on the forereef controlling macroalgal growth in the absence of Diadema antillarum (Woodley 1999, Aronson & Precht 2000, Haley & Solandt 2001). Large-scale culturing has the potential to produce T. ventricosus in sufficient numbers to be used for: bioremediation of coral reef degradation, restocking of nearshore habitats, and the development of an aquaculture industry for one or more Caribbean islands. Heretofore, T. ventricosus has never been cultured from fertilization to exotrophic (feeding) juvenile. This work presents the results of experiments designed to measure the effectiveness of aeration methods and diets applicable for large-scale larval culture. Airlift aeration, used successfully in larger scale systems, was not effective in the 3.78-L (1-gallon) jars used for my experiments. Success was obtained in cultures reared without mechanical aeration. Fifteen percent of the larvae survived to day 33 and the 6-armed stage was reached. However, paddle aeration, used successfully in many small-scale experimental designs, produced the highest survival rates. Rhodomonas sp. produced the most rapid development (23 days to metamorphosis). Isochrysis aff. galbana (Tahitian strain) supported slower development (36 days to metamorphosis), but produced the highest (48%) survival rate. Cryptomonas sp., a mixture of Dunaliella tertiolecta and Isochrysis, and a mixture of Rhodomonas and Isochrysis were also tested and found to be inferior to the results produced with Isochrysis. Conclusions include: Tripneustes ventricosus larvae can be successfully cultured. While more rapid development occurs when the larvae are fed Rhodomonas, Isochrysis offers a more favorable combination of survival rate and development time. The perimetamorphic period, from rudiment formation to feeding juvenile, included a life stage heretofore unreported for T. ventricosus. Referred to as echinoporculus for its fanciful resemblance to a young pig, this stage was observed as the immediate metamorphic result in nearly half of the metamorphosed animals. Covering was observed in juveniles as small as 1.5 mm. The adornment remained on the aboral surface regardless of the juvenile’s orientation.

The dissertation is ccncemed with the values iasue in the South African context, a multicultural education situation. South Africa is a plu~Hstfc society. Being pluralistic, means that 1he country is rich in different cultures, belief· and value systems. Different cultures haw different value systems. If an Institution is practising multicultural education, the question is, which values are to be used? If we say Ule institution should use the values of the majority culture, wiU 1hat not disadvantage minority cultures? ff minority cultures are undennined by neglecting their cultures won't that cause conflict between minority cultures and the majority culture? Each society that Is implementing multicultural education should consider that there are common human values and partia.dar values. In multicultural education particular values are important because they show how a particulat group behaves and what its beliefs and culture are. Common values dewlap from particular values and teachers must emphasise common values without neglecting particular values, to encourage tolerance and acceptance between different groups. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Philosophy of Education))

A partir de uma instalação interativa I/VOID/O, derivou-­se o que chamamos de \"regimes de permeabilidade\". Esses regimes organizam através de metáforas (espelhamento, transparência e inserção) os caminhos e descaminhos que levaram a concepção e concretização da obra. Esses regimes são posteriormente ampliados e passam a tratar de processos criativos envolvendo mídias digitais. Desse processo de ampliação nasce um último regime: o deslizar em uma fita de Moebius. Sob a perspectiva desse último regime, que relaciona todos os anteriores, experimentos foram realizados dentro do âmbito de ensino de meios digitais em Arquitetura. Após a conclusão desses experimentos, reflexões sob implicações dos regimes em relação à formação do arquiteto foram apontados. / From the interactive installation called I/VOID/O, we derived the so called \"permeability schemes\". These schemes organize, by using metaphors, the paths and the deviations that lead to the concepts and the realization of the installation. These schemes are amplified afterwards and start working with creative processes relative to digital media. From this amplification process, another scheme is generated: the sliding on a Moebius tape. From this schemes perspective, that associates all the other ones, experiments were realized.

O aumento da produção de habitações de interesse social traz consigo a problemática da qualidade de unidades habitacionais construídas a baixo custo e em um curto espaço de tempo. Aliadas a essas preocupações de caráter qualitativo e quantitativo, surgem também as exigências de caráter ambiental para edifícios, as quais deram origem à criação de dezenas de sistemas de certificação de desempenho ambiental de edifícios, de caráter internacional, que vêm sendo usadas no cenário brasileiro, indiferentemente às suas especificidades e carências. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi promover uma análise comparativa desses sistemas de certificação, realizando uma discussão de suas inadequações ao contexto brasileiro. A partir da análise comparativa e balizamento de itens avaliativos das certificações estudadas pelos critérios preestabelecidos neste trabalho, pudemos notar que as ferramentas estudadas demonstram uma série de itens avaliativos plenamente aplicáveis a edifícios residenciais situados no cenário brasileiro e outros que ainda necessitam de adaptações. Portanto, esta análise deverá servir como embasamento para um trabalho futuro de criação de diretrizes para o desenvolvimento de um sistema de certificação ambiental de edificações habitacionais brasileiras. / The increased production of social housing brings the issue of the quality of housing units built at low cost. Combined to these concerns, those are qualitative and quantitative, are also the character of environmental requirements for buildings which led to the creation of dozens of buildings environmental performance certification systems, with international character, which have been used in the Brazilian scene, regardless of their specificities and needs. Therefore, the objective of this work is to promote an analysis of these certification systems and conducting a discussion of their inadequacies to the Brazilian context. From the comparative analysis and marking of the certification evaluation items by the established criteria studied in this work, we noted that the studied tools show several evaluative items fully applicable to residential buildings located in Brazil and others ones that still need to be adapted. Therefore, this analysis should serve as a basis for a future work to establish guidelines for the development of an environmental certification system for residential buildings in Brazil.

A partir de uma instalação interativa I/VOID/O, derivou-­se o que chamamos de \"regimes de permeabilidade\". Esses regimes organizam através de metáforas (espelhamento, transparência e inserção) os caminhos e descaminhos que levaram a concepção e concretização da obra. Esses regimes são posteriormente ampliados e passam a tratar de processos criativos envolvendo mídias digitais. Desse processo de ampliação nasce um último regime: o deslizar em uma fita de Moebius. Sob a perspectiva desse último regime, que relaciona todos os anteriores, experimentos foram realizados dentro do âmbito de ensino de meios digitais em Arquitetura. Após a conclusão desses experimentos, reflexões sob implicações dos regimes em relação à formação do arquiteto foram apontados. / From the interactive installation called I/VOID/O, we derived the so called \"permeability schemes\". These schemes organize, by using metaphors, the paths and the deviations that lead to the concepts and the realization of the installation. These schemes are amplified afterwards and start working with creative processes relative to digital media. From this amplification process, another scheme is generated: the sliding on a Moebius tape. From this schemes perspective, that associates all the other ones, experiments were realized.

La dénutrition est une pathologie aux conséquences parfois tragiques touchant la personne âgée fragile quelque soit son lieu de vie. Sa prise en charge est difficile et tous les moyens permettant d’améliorer l’état nutritionnel de cette population doivent être exploités.Les divers travaux réalisés au cours de cette thèse ont eu pour objectif d’étudier différentes stratégies de prise en charge de la dénutrition auprès de personnes âgées séjournant à l’hôpital, vivant en établissements d’hébergement pour personnes âgées dépendantes, - EHPAD ou au domicile. Le but du premier travail a été de proposer des conseils et un suivi nutritionnels auprès de personnes dénutris hospitalisés. Dans le second et troisième travail, les effets de la consommation de nouveaux produits alimentaires enrichis ont été mesurés sur différents paramètres nutritionnels et fonctionnels de différentes populations âgées. Parmi les différents résultats obtenus, nous avons mis en évidence qu’une simple stimulation (étude 1), apportée au moment des repas, améliore les apports alimentaires mais que l’alimentation seule ne permet pas de couvrir les besoins énergétiques recommandés des patients. L’ajout d’un aliment enrichi comme les crèmes dessert (étude 2) n’a pas permis de mettre en avant de résultats probants sur les paramètres sanguins mais une augmentation des apports énergétiques. Un des résultats majeurs de ces travaux est le développement d’un pain enrichi (étude 3) adapté aux préférences des personnes âgées (texture, couleur, goût) : la consommation quotidienne d’un pain enrichi chez des résidents d’EHPAD a permis le maintien des bilans sanguins à leurs niveaux normaux, tout comme les apports alimentaires mais sans effet sur les fonctions physiques. En revanche, la consommation de pain enrichi par une population plus fragile hospitalisée a donné des résultats comparables chez une population qui a consommé un CNO.Le développement de produits énergétiquement denses est devenu indispensable pour satisfaire les besoins de population âgée qui consomment de petits volumes. La variété de ces aliments permettra non seulement des apports non négligeables en énergie, protéines, vitamines et minéraux mais de retarder ou empêcher les effets de lassitude. Le pain enrichi permet en plus d’être facilement intégré dans l’alimentation courante. / Malnutrition is pathology with sometimes tragic consequences concerning the frail elderly person regardless of their place of living. Its treatment is difficult and all ways to improve the nutritional status of this population must be exploited.The various work performed in this thesis aimed to explore different strategies of management of malnutrition in the elderly staying at the hospital, living in nursing home residences or at home. The purpose of the first study was to provide nutritional advices and monitoring among malnourished elderly hospitalized persons. In the second and third work, the effects of the consumption of new fortified foods were measured on nutritional and functional parameters in different elderly populations.Among the various results, we demonstrated that a single stimulation (study 1), given at mealtimes improves food intake but diet alone can not meet the recommended patients energy needs. The addition of a fortified food like creamy dessert (study 2) did not put forward significant results on blood parameters but an increase in energy intake. A major outcome of this work is the development of enriched bread (study 3) suitable for elderly preferences (texture, colour, taste…): the daily consumption of enriched bread among nursing home residents allowed to maintained blood tests to normal level, as well as food intake but with no effect on physical function. In contrast, the consumption of enriched bread by a more frail hospitalized population gave comparable results than a population who consumed oral nutritional supplements.The development of energy dense products has become essential to meet the elderly population needs who consume small volumes. The variety of these foods will allowed increasing intakes in energy, vitamins and minerals but also to delay or prevent the effect of tiredness. In addition, enriched bread can be easily integrated into the daily diet.

O aumento da produção de habitações de interesse social traz consigo a problemática da qualidade de unidades habitacionais construídas a baixo custo e em um curto espaço de tempo. Aliadas a essas preocupações de caráter qualitativo e quantitativo, surgem também as exigências de caráter ambiental para edifícios, as quais deram origem à criação de dezenas de sistemas de certificação de desempenho ambiental de edifícios, de caráter internacional, que vêm sendo usadas no cenário brasileiro, indiferentemente às suas especificidades e carências. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi promover uma análise comparativa desses sistemas de certificação, realizando uma discussão de suas inadequações ao contexto brasileiro. A partir da análise comparativa e balizamento de itens avaliativos das certificações estudadas pelos critérios preestabelecidos neste trabalho, pudemos notar que as ferramentas estudadas demonstram uma série de itens avaliativos plenamente aplicáveis a edifícios residenciais situados no cenário brasileiro e outros que ainda necessitam de adaptações. Portanto, esta análise deverá servir como embasamento para um trabalho futuro de criação de diretrizes para o desenvolvimento de um sistema de certificação ambiental de edificações habitacionais brasileiras. / The increased production of social housing brings the issue of the quality of housing units built at low cost. Combined to these concerns, those are qualitative and quantitative, are also the character of environmental requirements for buildings which led to the creation of dozens of buildings environmental performance certification systems, with international character, which have been used in the Brazilian scene, regardless of their specificities and needs. Therefore, the objective of this work is to promote an analysis of these certification systems and conducting a discussion of their inadequacies to the Brazilian context. From the comparative analysis and marking of the certification evaluation items by the established criteria studied in this work, we noted that the studied tools show several evaluative items fully applicable to residential buildings located in Brazil and others ones that still need to be adapted. Therefore, this analysis should serve as a basis for a future work to establish guidelines for the development of an environmental certification system for residential buildings in Brazil.