Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:00:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1776418 bytes, checksum: 744ac3ac5030bc552fceb05b70d06ca5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Leishmaniasis is one of the neglected diseases. High cost, systemic toxicity, and diminished efficacy due to development of resistance by the parasites has a negative impact on the current treatment options. Thus, the search for a new, effective and safer antileishmanial drug becomes of paramount importance. Compounds derived from natural products may be a better and cheaper source in this regard. This study evaluated the in vitro, in vivo and in silico antileishmanial activity of Spiranthera odoratíssima (Rutaceae) fractions and isolated compounds, using promastigote and amastigote forms of different Leishmania species. J774 A.1 macrophage was used as the parasite host cell for the in vitro assays. Evaluations of cytoxicity, nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-10, interleukin-12, IFN-γ were obtained in vitro and expression of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), NF-κB (p50 and p65) was studied by western blotting.in vivo and in silico analysis were carried out. In vitro experiments showed that the fruit hexanic fraction (Fhf) and its alkaloid skimmianine (Skm) have a significant (P<0·001) effect against L. braziliensis. This anti-L. braziliensis activity of Fhf and Skm was due to increased production of NO and attenuation of IL-10 production in the macrophages in contrast of IL-12 and IFN-γ levels increased at concentrations ranging from 1·6 to 40·0 μg/ml. Fhf and Skm showed expression of p38 and NF-κB, pathways involved in the production of Th1 cytokines and nitric oxide. In vivo testing showed reduction in lesion size in mice infected with L. braziliensis, as well as reduction in parasite burden in linfonode and spleen. The in silico assay demonstrated significant interaction between Skm and amino acid residues of NOS2.Skm is thus a promising drug candidate for L. braziliensis due to its potent immunomodulatory activity. / A leishmaniose é uma doença negligenciada cujo tratamento disponibilizado está associado a uma série de efeitos tóxicos, alto custo e diminuição da eficácia terapêutica devido ao aumento da resistência pelos parasitas. Assim, a pesquisa de novas drogas mais eficazes e seguras torna-se de grande importância. Compostos derivados de produtos naturais pode ser uma fonte mais eficaz e econômica para o tratamento desta parasitose. Este estudo avaliou a atividade leishmanicida da espécie Spiranthera odoratíssima (Rutaceae) testando suas frações e isolados in vitro, in vivo e in silico utilizando formas promastigota e amastigota de diferentes espécies de Leishmania em macrófagos J774 A.1. Os ensaios in vitro avaliaram citotoxicidade, produção de óxido nítrico (NO), produção de citocinas interleucina 10, interleucina 12 e IFN-γ. A expressão da proteína quinase p38 ativada por mitógeno (p38 MAPK) e NF-κB (p50 e p65) foi avaliada in vitro por western blotting. Os resultados observados in vitro da fração hexânica do fruto (Fhf) e seu alcaloide isolado esquimianina (Skm) demostraram uma significante ação leishmanicida (P<0·001) contra L. braziliensis. Esta ação foi associada ao aumento da produção de óxido nítrico e diminuição de IL-10 em macrófagos assim como aumento da produção de citocinas Th1 como Il-12 e IFNγ para as concentrações estabelecidas entre 1.6 a 40 μg/ml. Fhf e Skm demostraram induzir a expressão de p38 e NFκB, vias estas envolvidas na produção de citocinas Th1 e na indução de óxido nítrico. Os ensaios in vivo demostraram reduzir lesão em camundongos Swiss infectados com L. braziliensis, assim como foi reduzido à carga parasitária em linfonodos e baço destes animais. O ensaio in silico demonstrou interação significativa entre Skm e resíduos de aminoácidos de NOS-II. Estes resultados em conjunto sugerem que o alcaloide esquimianina é um candidato promissor contra L. braziliensis devido sua potente atividade imunomoduladora.

L’effet anti-tumoral d'un lipide A, l’OM-174 (partie lipidique des lipopolysaccharides) a été étudié dans un modèle de cancer mammaire chez la souris. In vivo, l’OM-174 augmente la survie de la souris alors qu’in vitro il n'est pas toxique pour les cellules cancéreuses. L’OM-174 se lie au récepteur TLR4 des cellules immunitaires induisant la production de cytokines comme l’IFNγ. In vitro, l’association de cette cytokine au lipide A est cytotoxique. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’en analyser les mécanismes moléculaires. Nous avons montré, aussi bien in vitro qu’in vivo, que la cytotoxicité du lipide A/IFNγ est dépendante du TLR4, du récepteur à l’IFNγ et de l’expression de la NOS II. Nous avons également montré que les espèces radicalaires, NO et anion superoxyde formant le peroxynitrite jouent un rôle crucial dans cette cytotoxicité. L’origine de ces espèces radicalaires se trouve être la NOS II selon un processus de découplage enzymatique. Nous avons également cherché d’autres mécanismes associés pouvant expliquer la cytotoxicité du lipide A/IFNγ. Nous avons ensuite montré que le NO est capable de réagir avec les résidus cystéine de certaines protéines, un processus appelé S-nitrosylation. Une analyse protéomique nous a permis d’identifier au moins une dizaine de protéines qui sont S-nitrosylées dans les cellules cancéreuses mammaires en réponse au lipide A/IFNγ. Nous avons étudié l’impact de cette modification sur la fonction d’une des ces protéines, l’enzyme de conjugaison E2 de l’ubiquitine Ubc13, une protéine impliquée dans la prolifération et la survie cellulaire. Nous avons confirmé la nitrosylation d’Ubc13 et identifié la cystéine 87 comme cible du NO. L’expression d’une forme mutée d’Ubc13 (remplacement de la cystéine 87 par une alanine) inhibe l’auto-ubiquitination de l’enzyme et sa capacité à ubiquitiner une de ses cibles IkBα. Nous avons montré que la S-nitrosylation d’Ubc13 induit sa migration vers le noyau et rend les cellules plus sensibles à l’effet cytotoxique du lipide A/IFNγ. En résumé, nos résultats révèlent un rôle majeur et insoupçonné de la NOS II et du NO dans l’effet antitumoral du lipide A OM-174 dans un modèle de cancer mammaire chez la souris ouvrant la voie pour la conception de nouveaux traitements anticancéreux. / The anti -tumor effect of a lipid A, OM -174 (lipid portion of LPS) was studied in a model of breast cancer in mice. In vivo, OM- 174 increases the survival of mice whereas in vitro it is not toxic to cancer cells. OM -174 binds to TLR4 immune cells inducing the production of cytokines such as IFNγ. In vitro, the combination of IFNγ to lipid A is cytotoxic. The objective of this thesis is to analyze those molecular mechanisms. We have shown both in vitro and in vivo that the cytotoxicity of the lipid A / IFNγ is dependent of TLR4 and of the receptor for IFNγ, and the NOS II expression. We also showed that the radical species, NO and superoxide anion forming peroxynitrite play a crucial role in this cytotoxicity. The origin of these radical species is being NOS II enzyme in a process of decoupling. We also looked for other associated mechanisms that may explain the cytotoxicity of lipid A / IFNγ. We then showed that NO is able to react with the cysteine residues of certain proteins, a process called S- nitrosylation. A proteomic analysis allowed us to identify at least a dozen proteins that are S- nitrosylated in breast cancer cells in response to lipid A / IFNγ. We studied the impact of this change on the basis of one of these proteins, the E2 conjugating enzyme UBC13 ubiquitin, a protein involved in cell proliferation and survival. We confirmed the UBC13 nitrosylation on cysteine 87 and identified as a target of NO. The expression of a mutant of UBC13 (replacement of cysteine 87 with alanine) forms inhibits the auto-ubiquitination of the enzyme and its ability to ubiquitinylated one of its targets IkBα. We have shown that S- nitrosylation of UBC13 induced its translocation to the nucleus and greater sensitivity to the cytotoxic effect of lipid A / IFNγ in cells. In summary, our results reveal an important and unexpected role of NOS II and NO in the antitumor effect of lipid A OM- 174 in a model of breast cancer in mice opening the way for the development of new cancer treatments.