Durch die zunehmende technologische Entwicklung des Getriebe-, Gelenkwellen-, Werkzeugmaschinen-, Kraftfahrzeug-, sowie Landmaschinenbaus steigen die zu übertragenden Leistungen und Drehmomente enorm. Dies führt zu einem wachsenden Bedarf an formschlüssigen Profilwellenverbindungen und deren erhöhter Lebensdauer und Genauigkeit. Hierbei bilden die Zahnwellenverbindungen (ZWVen) mit Evolventenflanken nach DIN 5480 /N1/ den Regelfall für eine Vielzahl der Anwendung. Abhängig von Festigkeitsüberlegungen, Herstellungsverfahren und Platzbedarf treten in der Praxis nahezu ausschließlich die folgenden zwei Grundtypen auf. Es handelt sich dabei zum Ersten um die Zahnwelle (ZW) mit freiem Auslauf.Die zweite Geometrievariante ist die Zahnwelle mit gebundenem Auslauf, die eine nach DIN 471 /N2/ genormte Sicherungsringnut (SRN) enthalten kann. Zahnwellenverbindungen dienen zur Übertragung großer, wechselnder und stoßartiger Drehmomente ohne zusätzliches Verbindungselement durch die Profilierung der Welle und Nabe. Axiale Verschiebbarkeit unter Last, Profilverschiebungsmöglichkeit, einfache Montage und Demontage sowie die Herstellung mit hochleistungsfähigen umformenden und spanenden Massenfertigungsverfahren, die die Herstellungskosten verhältnismäßig niedrig halten, sind technisch bedeutsame Eigenschaften, die zum ansteigenden Einsatz von ZWVen führen (z.B. /N1/, /Vil84/, /Koh86/ und /Wes96/). Starke Kerbwirkung und erhebliche Überdimensionierung benachbarter Gestaltungszonen sind die wesentlichen Schwachpunkte der Profilverbindungen. Eine große Anzahl (ca. 80 %) von Ausfällen im Maschinenbau ist auf Schäden an Achsen und Wellen infolge konstruktiv bedingter Kerben zurückzuführen (z.B. /N3/ und /Hai89/). Speziell im Bereich der hochbeanspruchten Profilwellen-Verbindungen kommt es auf Grund der starken Querschnittsveränderungen und der häufig angewandten Ausläufe und Formelemente, z. B. Zahn- und Keilwellen zu Kerbwirkungen, die erhebliche örtliche Spannungskonzentrationen sowohl im Zahnfußbereich und Zahnlückenauslauf als auch im Bereich der Verbindung selbst verursachen. Diese Beanspruchungskonzentrationen sind fast in der Hälfte aller Zahnwellenbrüche die häufigste Ursache für Dauerbrüche (Ermüdungs- bzw. Schwingungsbrüche) und für Schäden (bleibende Verformung, Anriss, Gewaltbruch) infolge Maximalbelastung. Hier trifft die Lastüberhöhung am Welle-Nabe-Verbindungsrand mit dem Steifigkeitssprung des Verzahnungsendes auf der Welle zusammen /Die93/. Die erwähnten Schadensfälle belegen, dass der heutige Kenntnisstand über eine beanspruchungsgerechte Auslegung von Zahnwellen noch recht lückenhaft ist. Deshalb sind neue Erkenntnisse über Form- bzw. Kerbwirkungszahlen bei Einzel- und Mehrfachkerben von scharf und weniger scharf gekerbten Zahnwellen mit Auslauf für eine treffsichere Festigkeitsberechnung erforderlich und stellen damit die Hauptschwerpunkte dieser Arbeit dar. Das vorliegende Forschungsprojekt, welches sich erstmals mit der Ermittlung der Beanspruchungen in torsions-, und biegebelasteten Zahnwellen mit freiem und gebundenem Auslauf befasst, wurde im Rahmen der Forschungsvereinigung für Antriebstechnik e.V. (FVA) unter der Nummer T 467 und dem Forschungsthema „ Ermittlung der Kerbwirkung bei Profilwellen für die praktische Getriebeberechnung von Zahnwellen“ initiiert und untersucht.

This diploma thesis deals with finding the minimal countercurrent distance of the water surface sensors used in practice for use with a V-notch weir. The thesis complements the previously obtained results of measurements in the longitudinal vertical plane of symmetry of the inlet channel with measurements on the whole countercurrently located plane of the inlet channel. The measurements are obtained experimentally in the water management research laboratory at the Department of the Water Structures Faculty of Civil Engineering in Brno. Measurements on each individual weir with top angle cutouts of 90°, 53°8´ and 28°4´ are taken at five possible positions of the sensor towards the plane of the measuring weir. All measurements are also repeated for three different vertical distances between the lowest level of the spillway edge and the bottom of the inlet channel. The obtained data are evaluated and subsequently the minimal distances for the location of the water surface sensor in front of a counter weir is determined. The thesis also includes recommendations for practical application presented in the form of text, tables and also graphically.

Neste trabalho foi medida a tenacidade à fratura de quatro ligas fundidas com composição química base do aço AISI M2 – uma de composição química convencional (liga I), e as demais modificadas por adições de nitrogênio (liga II), cério (liga III) e antimônio (liga IV) – submetidas a tratamentos térmicos visando a decomposição do carboneto M2C, a esferoidização e engrossamento dos carbonetos produto M6C e MC, em altas temperaturas e por diversos tempos. A metodologia empregada nesta avaliação da tenacidade à fratura foi a dos corpos de prova curtos com entalhe chevron segundo ASTM E 1304-97, de forma a superar a necessidade do pré-trincamento por fadiga, procedimento de difícil controle e custoso em materiais como os aços rápidos temperados e revenidos. Verificou-se que a metodologia utilizada para obtenção e ensaio de corpos de prova chevron foi de fácil execução (comparada à metodologia convencional) permitindo grande número de experimentos. Para verificar a consistência dos resultados, em algumas condições, também se utilizou a metodologia convencional segundo a ASTM E 399-90, cujo pré-trincamento foi feito utilizando os procedimentos propostos por Harris e Dunegan. Os resultados obtidos para os aços fundidos foram correlacionados com os obtidos para outros aços rápidos convencionais (VM2, M2 Thyssen) e um aço rápido sinterizado (SINTER 23). A microestrutura foi caracterizada utilizando-se técnicas de ataques metalográficos diferenciais, metalografia quantitativa manual e computadorizada e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A avaliação microestrutural indica que não ocorreu precipitação eutética do carboneto M6C, em nenhuma das ligas fundidas. O carboneto M2C apresenta morfologia tanto irregular (plaquetas – tipo 1) quanto regular-complexa (lamelas – tipo 2). As ligas I, III e IV, apresentaram a predominância da morfologia tipo 1 enquanto que a liga II modificada pelo nitrogênio, apresentou apenas a morfologia tipo 2. O carboneto MC apresentou-se com morfologia regular-complexa. Medidas do espaçamento interdendrítico indicam que não houve influência significativa dos elementos modificadores sobre este parâmetro. Ensaios de resistência à flexão, indicam pouca influência dos elementos modificadores, mas forte influência dos tratamentos térmicos sobre o limite de resistência à ruptura transversal do aço fundido. Em todas as ligas, a resistência à flexão cresceu com o tempo de tratamento a 1200°C, bem como com a temperatura de decomposição em tratamentos por 2 horas. Análise das fraturas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura indicou que o crescimento das trincas se deu na região interdendrítica. O aço convencional apresentou resistência à ruptura transversal muito superior à dos aços fundidos. Os ensaios de tenacidade à fratura apresentaram resultados compatíveis com a literatura para os aços AISI M2 convencional e SINTER 23. Os resultados obtidos para o aço fundido, indicam queda nos valores de tenacidade à fratura nos materiais tratados a 1050°C com o avanço do tempo de tratamento; pouca variação dos valores com o tempo nas amostras tratadas a 1150°C; e aumento significativo da tenacidade à fratura com o tempo de tratamento a 1200°C. Os valores de tenacidade obtidos para os aços rápidos fundidos foram mais elevados que os obtidos para os materiais trabalhados e para o material sinterizado. / Fracture Toughness of four cast alloys with chemical composition based on the High-Speed Steel AISI M2 were measured. One of the alloys (alloy I) had the conventional AISI M2 composition, while the other three were modified by the addition of N (alloy II), Ce (alloy III) and Sb (alloy IV). The cast alloys were heat-treated in order to promote the decomposition of the M2C carbide as well as spheroidize and coarsen the product M6C e MC carbides. The method chosen for measuring fracture toughness was based on the use of short rod and bar chevron notched samples, according to ASTM E1304 – 97, in order to evade the need for fatigue pre-cracking, notoriously difficult for High Speed Steels quenched and tempered. The chevron-notch method proved straightforward and allowed for successful testing a great number of specimens. Conventional compact sample fracture toughness, according to ASTM E 399-90, with pre-cracking obtained using Harris-Dunegan drop-weight procedure, was used to validate the results. The results for cast alloys were compared with conventionally produced High Speed Steels (VM2, M2 Thyssen) and with a powder metallurgy High Speed Steel (SINTER 23). Microstructural characterization was performed using selective etching of polished surfaces, manual and automated quantitative metallography and SEM. Microstructural evaluation of as-cast alloys showed that there was no eutectic precipitation of M6C carbides. The M2C carbides show an irregular eutectic morphology (Type 1- plates) as well as a regular-complex eutectic morphology. Measurements of interdendritic spacing did not detect any effect of the modification. The bending test rupture strengths did not vary with the addition of modifying elements, but increased with the time and temperature of decomposition, spheroidization and coarsening of carbides. Rupture strengths increased with the heat-treatment time at 1200°C as well as with increasing temperatures for 2 h heat-treatments. SEM examination of the fracture surfaces showed that crack preferential growth path was interdendritical. Conventional High Speed Steels tested in bending presented better results for the rupture strength than cast steels. Fracture toughness results for M2 conventional steels and for the SINTER 23 steel were similar to the results from the literature. Fracture toughness results obtained for cast steels diminished with increasing decomposition time at 1050°C, did not change much with increasing decomposition time at 1150°C, increased markedly withy increasing decomposition times at 1200°C. The fracture toughness results for the as-cast steels were higher than the results obtained for the wrought steels and for the powder metallurgy steel.

No description available.

Ces travaux de thèse portent sur l‟étude de filtres « multi-fonctions » dont l‟objectif serait de réduire les dimensions des circuits réalisant les fonctions de filtrage dans les systèmes aéroportés. Ces travaux ont donc conduit à la réalisation de filtres large bande (2 – 18 GHz) réjecteurs développés en technologie MMIC utilisant la filière GaN, ainsi que des filtres large bande développés suivant la filière AsGa en technologie MMIC. Les différents filtres réjecteurs ont été conçus suivant deux principes :- Le premier basé sur une structure à résonateurs à lignes couplées. Les différents prototypes réalisés ont permis de montrer l‟accordabilité en fréquence grâce à une charge variable placée à l‟extrémité non court-circuité de la ligne couplée. Celle-ci peut être réalisée par une diode varactor ou par un transistor froid. Ces prototypes ont également permis de montrer la possibilité de fonctionner suivant un mode passe-tout ou un mode réjecteur par simple polarisation de transistors chargés à l‟extrémité de la ligne couplée.- Le second est basé sur l‟accordabilité de filtres actifs par commutation entre plusieurs canaux à l‟aide d‟une structure distribuée. Un prototype a été développé et réalisé en technologie AsGa. Cette structure permet à la fois une accordabilité en fréquences, ainsi qu‟en largeur de bande passante (par activation de plusieurs canaux de bandes passantes adjacentes), et une adaptation large bande. Cette structure réunit à la fois des fonctions d‟accordabilité en fréquences (entre 8,7 et 15,6 GHz) par polarisation d‟éléments actifs, ceux-ci permettant même d‟obtenir du gain (de l‟ordre de 10 dB). / The aim of this work is to study “multi-functions” filters with an objective to reduce the dimensions of the circuits used for filtering functions in airborne systems. This work allows to obtain wide band notch filters (from 2 to 18 GHz) developed in MMIC technology using theEtude de Filtres MMIC Hyperfréquences en Technologies GaN et AsGa. 152GaN process and wide band filters developed in GaAs technology. The notch filters have been realized with two principles:- The first one based on coupled lines resonators structure. The prototype manufactured allow to validate the frequency tunability thanks to a variable load placed at the end of the coupled line. This can be realized with a varactor diode or with a cold transistor. These prototypes allow also validating the possibility for the circuit to work as an “allpass” filter or as a notch filter by applying a bias voltage on the transistors placed at the end of the coupled line.- The second one is based on the tenability of active filters by commuting between several channels thanks to a distributed structure. A prototype has been developed and manufactured in GaAs technology. This structure allow a frequency tunability with also the possibility to tune the bandwidth (by activating seeral channels with edge bandwidth), and a wide band matching. This structure allows to obtain frequency tunability (between 8.7 and 15.6 GHz) by applying a bias voltage on the active elements which brin gain (around 10 dB).

The cerebral cortex is one of the most complex and divergent of all biological structures and is composed of hundreds of different types of highly interconnected neurons. This complexity underlies its ability to perform exceedingly complex neural processes. One of the most important questions in developmental neurobiology is how such a vast degree of diversity and specificity is achieved during embryogenesis. Furthermore, understanding the cellular and genetic basis of cortical development may yield insights into the mechanisms underlying human disorders such as mental retardation, autism, epilepsies and brain tumors. <p>During this Phd-project, we set out to identify novel transcription factors involved in cortical neurogenesis. Therefore, we initially took advantage of a model of in vitro embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived corticogenesis that was previously established in the lab (Gaspard et al. 2008) and from several previously generated ESC lines that allow overexpression of specific transcription factors potentially involved in corticogenesis (van den Ameele et al. 2012). <p>Among the genes tested, Bcl6, a B-cell lymphoma oncogene known to be expressed during cortical development but without well-characterized function in this context, displayed a strong proneurogenic activity and thus became the main focus of this thesis. <p><p>During neurogenesis, neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) undergo an irreversible fate transition to become neurons. The Notch pathway is well known to be important for this process, and repression of Notch-dependent Hes genes is essential for triggering differentiation. However, Notch signalling often remains active throughout neuronal differentiation, implying a change in the transcriptional responsiveness to Notch during the neurogenic transition.<p>We showed that Bcl6 starts to be expressed specifically during the transition from progenitors to postmitotic neurons and is required for proper neurogenesis of the mouse cerebral cortex. Bcl6 promotes this neurogenic conversion by switching the composition of Notch-dependent transcriptional complexes at the Hes5 promoter. Bcl6 triggers exclusion of the co-activator Mastermind-like 1 and recruitment of the NAD+-dependent deacetylase Sirt1, which we showed to be required for Bcl6-dependent neurogenesis in vitro. The resulting epigenetic silencing of Hes5 leads to neuronal differentiation despite active Notch signalling. These findings thus suggest a role for Bcl6 as a novel proneurogenic factor and uncover Notch-Bcl6-Sirt1 interactions that may affect other aspects of physiology and disease (Tiberi et al. 2012a). <p><p>A subsequent yet unpublished part of this Phd-project focused on unraveling roles for Bcl6 in regionalization of the cerebral cortex. In all mammals, the three major areas of the neocortex are the motor, somatosensory and visual areas, each subdivided in secondary domains and complemented with species-specific additional areas. All these domains comprise of neurons with different functionality, molecular profiles, electrical activity and connectivity. Spatial patterning of the cortex is mainly under the control of diffusible molecules produced by organizing centers, but is also regulated by intrinsic, cell-autonomous programs (Tiberi et al. 2012b). <p>Since Bcl6 expression is confined to frontal and parietal regions of the developing cerebral cortex and remains high in postmitotic neurons, also after completion of neurogenesis, we hypothesized it would be involved in acquisition of motor and somatosensory identity. As expected from the neurogenesis defect in these regions, we observed a trend towards a reduced size of the frontal areas in the Bcl6 mutant cortex. Preliminary data from cDNA microarray profiling after gain- and loss-of-function of Bcl6 and from in situ hybridization on mouse cortex however do not show dramatic changes in molecular markers of different cortical areas. Similarly, the coarse-grained pattern of thalamocortical and efferent projections of motor and somatosensory neurons appears to be spared. These preliminary findings thus suggest that Bcl6 is not strictly required for proper acquisition of motor and somatosensory areal identity. / Doctorat en Sciences médicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The presented diploma thesis deals with the problem of determining the stress singularity exponent of the V-notch. This task can be divided into two parts. The first deals with the theoretical background, that means the basic relations of mechanics and the basic concepts of fracture mechanics. The second part deals with the elaboration of the Williams method and the creation of a program for calculating the stress singularity exponent.

The thesis deals with the study of the influence of concentration and different types of surfactants (Igepal CO-520, Arkopal N110, Igepal CO-890, sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide and Dehyton PL) on the environmental stress cracking resistance of high-density polyethylene by means of Full Notch Creep Test. Furthermore, the influence of ligamental stress (3,5; 4,0 a 4,5 MPa), pH of the prepared active environment and type of the water used as a solvent for the surfactants on the time to failure was monitored. An accelerating effect was observed at increased concentration, stress and molecular weight. Faster failure was achieved after exposure to ionic types compared to nonionic. The rate of the notch opening was determined. The brittle and ductile behavior during the process of failure was evaluated by microscopic analysis of the morphology of the fracture surfaces. Based on the pH change after the test, the stability of the active environment was evaluated. Deteriorating quality of surfactant solutions was observed. Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to detect the surfactant on the surface of the test specimen after the test.

This thesis deals with detection of the natural frequencies in the material structures using algorithms working in real-time. It is used for detection of material damage. Is described physic of material, issue of discrete signals and their spectrums and methods for the calculation of the spectral components of the signal. These metods are implemented to Matlab programming environment. Methods are tested with simulated data and real signal.

The presented diploma thesis deals with a problem of a generalized stress intensity factor determination and a consecutive study of stress distribution around the bimaterial notch tip, combining analytical and numerical methods. This task is possible to sectionalize into three parts. The first part is dedicated to the fundamentals of the linear fracture mechanics and the mechanics of composite materials. The second part deals with methods of anisotropic plane elasticity solution. Pursuant to the solution the computational models in the third part are created. The first model makes for determination of a singularity exponent eigenvalue by dint of Lekhnitskii-Eshelby-Stroh formalism. The second model makes for determination of the generalized stress intensity factor using psi-integral method, which is based on the Betti reciprocal theorem. All needed calculation are performed in the software ANSYS 12, Maple 12 and Silverforst FTN95. Results will be compared with the values obtained from a direct method of the generalised stress intensity factor determination.