This research aims at the specifics of Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) market. Through discussion of the digital model’s path since geometric construction till completion of a product the major trends are derived. Evolution of hardware for CAM challenges software developers to come up with new solutions. Growing numbers of CAD/CAM software proved to be considerable factor for incompatibility of data formats among systems. Therefore universal data exchange standards were claimed to enable communication. Also a few gaps of functionality among CAD/CAM software products encourages the development of new application, based on research. The set of functions to be integrated into application is supported theoretically according to researched information and tested practically during the realization of software. The most successful standards and tools are selected as the basis of new software. IGES (The Initial Graphics Exchange Specification) standard along with NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational BSpline) curves and surfaces is used for description of geometric data and OpenGL is used as drawing tool. Model analysis and modification for CAM includes following function description and realization: calculation of volume, non-uniform region scaling, 2D packing, curve control point reduction, curve conversion to lines and arcs. Testing results proves that most of the theoretic assumptions are correct and a development of such or similar software is truly... [to full text]

This paper was presented in WCSMO-9, Shizuoka.

L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est d'étudier l'interaction des ondes électromagnétiques en bande L avec les vagues côtières déferlantes, en particulier pour un observateur situé à proximité de la surface. Le travail s'attache à effectuer une modélisation électromagnétique précise en lien étroit avec le modèle hydrodynamique. Pour modéliser et calculer les champs électromagnétiques diffusés par les vagues déferlantes, nous utilisons une approche numérique par intégrale de frontière, notamment la Méthode des Moments (MdM). Dans ce cadre, nous focalisons le travail sur la problématique de la fiabilité et la convergence du calcul numérique pour des géométries de forte courbure comme peuvent l'être des surfaces de vagues déferlantes. Après une analyse approfondie de la problématique, nous montrons qu'une solution fondée sur la Méthode des Moments d'Ordre Supérieur (MdM-OS) combinée avec la technique de maillage Non Uniform Rational Basis Splines (NURBS) permet d'améliorer les performances de la méthode MdM-Classique. En parallèle du travail de modélisation électromagnétique, nous nous attachons à introduire un modèle hydrodynamique capable de simuler le plus fidèlement possible le mouvement et la déformation des vagues à proximité de la côte. Nous retenons une modélisation hydrodynamique basée sur la Méthode Désingularisée. Cette approche méthodologique nous permet d'étudier l'évolution des vagues en fonction de la pente du fond, de la hauteur relative et de la cambrure des vagues. La combinaison des résultats issus de la modélisation numérique électromagnétique et de la description hydrodynamique permettent ainsi d'évaluer l'évolution des champs électromagnétiques diffusés par les vagues côtières déferlantes en fonction du temps pour trois types de déferlement standard : glissant, plongeant et gonflant.

Various industries have embraced 3D printing for manufacturing on-demand, custom printed parts. However, 3D printing requires intelligent data processing and algorithms to go from CAD model to machine instructions. One of the most crucial steps in the process is the slicing of the object. Most 3D printers build parts by accumulating material layers by layer. 3D printing software needs to calculate these layers for manufacturing by slicing a model and calculating the intersections. Finding exact solutions of intersections on the original model is mathematically complicated and computationally demanding. A preprocessing stage of tessellation has become the standard practice for slicing models. Calculating intersections with tessellations of the original model is computationally simple but can introduce inaccuracies and errors that can ruin the final print. This dissertation shows that a point cloud approach to preprocessing and slicing models is robust and accurate. The point cloud approach to object slicing avoids the complexities of directly slicing models while evading the error-prone tessellation stage. An algorithm developed for this dissertation generates point clouds and slices models within a tolerance. The algorithm uses the original NURBS model and converts the model into a point cloud, based on layer thickness and accuracy requirements. The algorithm then uses a gridding structure to calculate where intersections happen and fit B-spline curves to those intersections. This algorithm finds accurate intersections and can ignore certain anomalies and error from the modeling process. The primary point evaluation is stable and computationally inexpensive. This algorithm provides an alternative to challenges of both the direct and tessellated slicing methods that have been the focus of the 3D printing industry.

Neste trabalho buscou-se consolidar a união entre três áreas do conhecimento: a parametrização de curvas e superfícies do tipo B-spline racionais não-uniformes (NURBS), a otimização matemática e a análise estrutural por elementos finitos. A união destas três áreas é realizada neste trabalho através da otimização de formas de cascas, devido ao fato de que as características mecânicas dos materiais devem refletir-se na forma da estrutura e sua distribuição de espessura expressando um máximo desempenho. Estas variáveis, forma e distribuição de espessura, possuem um rol dominante nos projetos de engenharia, já que mínimas quantidades de materiais, uma frequência específica, um estado puro de tensões de membrana são típicos objetivos de projeto. Neste contexto, obter a forma e a distribuição de espessura adequadas são conceitos intrínsecos à otimização estrutural. Portanto, implementaram-se técnicas para modificar a geometria de cascas, sem perder a parametrização, sem a necessidade de gerar uma nova malha de elementos finitos ao se modificar a forma e ainda ter controle sobre a distorção da malha para evitar erros numéricos inaceitáveis. A modificação de forma é fomentada pelo código de otimização, programação quadrática sequencial (SQP), motivado pelas análises da casca por elementos finitos. A modificação de forma é realizada pela técnica de deformação livre de forma (free-form deformation) com a parametrização NURBS. Nos resultados da otimização de formas de cascas obtiveram-se cascas com alto desempenho estrutural e esteticamente agradáveis. / Consolidation of the link among three fields, curves and surfaces described by non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS), mathematical optimization and finite element structural analysis, applied to shape optimization of shells, is the main objective of this work. Shape optimization of shells are performed taking into account the fact that the material mechanical caracteristics influence the structural shape and the thickness variation in order to obtain the best performace. These two variables, shape and thickness variation, have an essential role considering that the minimum material quantities, a specific frequency and a pure membrane stress state are typical design objectives. Suitable shapes and thickness variation are intrinsic concepts of structural optimization. Therefore, some techniques were implemented to modify the shell geometry conserving the same parameterization without a new finite element mesh generation and controlling mesh distortion in order to avoid relevant numerical errors. The shape modification is conducted by the optimization code and it is based in the data obtained by finite element analysis. In this work the optimization procedure is performed using a Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) algorithm, while the shape modification is carried out by the freeform deformation technique, based on NURBS parameterization. As a consequence of the shape optimization, shells with high structural performance and esthetically beautiful were obtained.

Neste trabalho buscou-se consolidar a união entre três áreas do conhecimento: a parametrização de curvas e superfícies do tipo B-spline racionais não-uniformes (NURBS), a otimização matemática e a análise estrutural por elementos finitos. A união destas três áreas é realizada neste trabalho através da otimização de formas de cascas, devido ao fato de que as características mecânicas dos materiais devem refletir-se na forma da estrutura e sua distribuição de espessura expressando um máximo desempenho. Estas variáveis, forma e distribuição de espessura, possuem um rol dominante nos projetos de engenharia, já que mínimas quantidades de materiais, uma frequência específica, um estado puro de tensões de membrana são típicos objetivos de projeto. Neste contexto, obter a forma e a distribuição de espessura adequadas são conceitos intrínsecos à otimização estrutural. Portanto, implementaram-se técnicas para modificar a geometria de cascas, sem perder a parametrização, sem a necessidade de gerar uma nova malha de elementos finitos ao se modificar a forma e ainda ter controle sobre a distorção da malha para evitar erros numéricos inaceitáveis. A modificação de forma é fomentada pelo código de otimização, programação quadrática sequencial (SQP), motivado pelas análises da casca por elementos finitos. A modificação de forma é realizada pela técnica de deformação livre de forma (free-form deformation) com a parametrização NURBS. Nos resultados da otimização de formas de cascas obtiveram-se cascas com alto desempenho estrutural e esteticamente agradáveis. / Consolidation of the link among three fields, curves and surfaces described by non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS), mathematical optimization and finite element structural analysis, applied to shape optimization of shells, is the main objective of this work. Shape optimization of shells are performed taking into account the fact that the material mechanical caracteristics influence the structural shape and the thickness variation in order to obtain the best performace. These two variables, shape and thickness variation, have an essential role considering that the minimum material quantities, a specific frequency and a pure membrane stress state are typical design objectives. Suitable shapes and thickness variation are intrinsic concepts of structural optimization. Therefore, some techniques were implemented to modify the shell geometry conserving the same parameterization without a new finite element mesh generation and controlling mesh distortion in order to avoid relevant numerical errors. The shape modification is conducted by the optimization code and it is based in the data obtained by finite element analysis. In this work the optimization procedure is performed using a Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) algorithm, while the shape modification is carried out by the freeform deformation technique, based on NURBS parameterization. As a consequence of the shape optimization, shells with high structural performance and esthetically beautiful were obtained.

Neste trabalho buscou-se consolidar a união entre três áreas do conhecimento: a parametrização de curvas e superfícies do tipo B-spline racionais não-uniformes (NURBS), a otimização matemática e a análise estrutural por elementos finitos. A união destas três áreas é realizada neste trabalho através da otimização de formas de cascas, devido ao fato de que as características mecânicas dos materiais devem refletir-se na forma da estrutura e sua distribuição de espessura expressando um máximo desempenho. Estas variáveis, forma e distribuição de espessura, possuem um rol dominante nos projetos de engenharia, já que mínimas quantidades de materiais, uma frequência específica, um estado puro de tensões de membrana são típicos objetivos de projeto. Neste contexto, obter a forma e a distribuição de espessura adequadas são conceitos intrínsecos à otimização estrutural. Portanto, implementaram-se técnicas para modificar a geometria de cascas, sem perder a parametrização, sem a necessidade de gerar uma nova malha de elementos finitos ao se modificar a forma e ainda ter controle sobre a distorção da malha para evitar erros numéricos inaceitáveis. A modificação de forma é fomentada pelo código de otimização, programação quadrática sequencial (SQP), motivado pelas análises da casca por elementos finitos. A modificação de forma é realizada pela técnica de deformação livre de forma (free-form deformation) com a parametrização NURBS. Nos resultados da otimização de formas de cascas obtiveram-se cascas com alto desempenho estrutural e esteticamente agradáveis. / Consolidation of the link among three fields, curves and surfaces described by non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS), mathematical optimization and finite element structural analysis, applied to shape optimization of shells, is the main objective of this work. Shape optimization of shells are performed taking into account the fact that the material mechanical caracteristics influence the structural shape and the thickness variation in order to obtain the best performace. These two variables, shape and thickness variation, have an essential role considering that the minimum material quantities, a specific frequency and a pure membrane stress state are typical design objectives. Suitable shapes and thickness variation are intrinsic concepts of structural optimization. Therefore, some techniques were implemented to modify the shell geometry conserving the same parameterization without a new finite element mesh generation and controlling mesh distortion in order to avoid relevant numerical errors. The shape modification is conducted by the optimization code and it is based in the data obtained by finite element analysis. In this work the optimization procedure is performed using a Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) algorithm, while the shape modification is carried out by the freeform deformation technique, based on NURBS parameterization. As a consequence of the shape optimization, shells with high structural performance and esthetically beautiful were obtained.

Free-form surfaces and implicit surfaces must be tessellated before being rendered with rasterization techniques. However ray tracing provides the means to directly render such objects without the need to first convert into polygonal meshes. Since ray tracing can handle triangle meshes as well, the question of which method is most suitable in terms of performance, quality and memory usage is addressed in this thesis. Bézier surfaces and NURBS surfaces along with basic algebraic implicit surfaces are implemented in order to test the performance relative to polygonal meshes approximating the same objects. The parametric surfaces are implemented using an iterative Newtonian method that converges on the point of intersection using a bounding volume hierarchy that stores the initial guesses. Research into intersecting rays with parametric surfaces is surveyed in order to find additional methods that speed up the computation. The implicit surfaces are implemented using common direct algebraic methods. All of the intersection tests are implemented using the Embree ray tracing API as well as a SIMD library in order to achieve interactive framerates on a CPU. The results show that both Bézier surfaces and NURBS surfaces can achieve interactive framerates on a CPU using SIMD computation, with Bézier surfaces coming close to the performance of polygonal counterparts. The implicit surfaces implemented outperform even the simplest polygonal approximations.

In this work we first introduce the basics of surface study and than we get acquainted with three basic types of surfaces of computer graphics, Bézier, rational Bézier and B-spline surfaces. This is to prepare the reader for the study of the fourth type of surfaces - NURBS. All types of introduced surfaces are accompanied by examples and algorithms with programs implemented in MatLab environment. When studying the NURBS surfaces properties we also introduce the associated important geometric tools. With this base of knowledge we concentrate on examples of common surfaces represented as NURBS, that are again accompanied with representation in programs. i

Isogeometric analysis (IGA) is a numerical method for solving partial differential equations (PDE). In this master thesis we explain a concept of IGA with special emphasis on problems on closed domains created by a single NURBS patch. For them we show a process how to modify the NURBS basis to ensure the highest possible continuity of the function space. Then we solve the minimal surface problem using two different Newton type methods. The first one is based on the classical approach using PDE, in the second one we use unique advantages of IGA to directly minimize the area functional.