The objective of this work is to develop a novel 3-D biological particulate dynamics framework to simulate blood flow in the micro circulation. This entails the amalgamation of concepts from various fields namely blood flow dynamics, solid mechanics, fluid-structure interaction and computational data structures. It is envisioned that this project will serve as a harbinger for implementing a multi-scale simulation model with applications in a vast array of situations from blood flows in heart valves to studying cancer metastasis. The primary motivation for this work stems from the need for establishing a simple, effective and holistic framework for performing blood flow simulations, taking into account the extremely 3-D nature of flow, the particle interactions and fluid structure interaction between blood and its constituent elements. Many current models to simulate blood cells rely on finite element methods which render large scale simulations extremely computationally intensive. The development of a framework for simulating blood flow is tied together with achieving a framework for performing an investigation of cancer metastasis. Cancer initially develops at a primary site and spreads through the body to secondary sites using the circulatory systems of the body - the blood circulatory system and the lymphatic system. It is known that all the cancer cells that enter into the circulation do not survive the harsh environment, though the exact cause of this is still undetermined. Moreover, the mechanical properties of cancer cells are not well documented and appropriate computational models require that experiments be conducted to determine the same. Thus the end goal of this work is to establish a system to analyze and simulate 3-D blood particulate dynamics, including cancer cells, from a holistic standpoint in order to understand more about the phenomenon of blood flow as a whole, and cancer metastasis in particular.

Thesis consists of theoretical introduction to programming in G-code, underlying mathematical principles and methods how to program general curves and surfaces. There are seven exam

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In any design, the dynamic characteristics of a part are dependent on its geometric and material properties. Identifying vibrational mode shapes within an iterative design process becomes difficult and time consuming due to frequently changing part definition. Although research has been done to improve the process, visual inspection of analysis results is still the current means of identifying each vibrational mode determined by a modal analysis. This research investigates the automation of the mode shape identification process through the use of parametric geometry and machine learning.In the developed method, displacement results from finite element modal analysis are used to create parametric geometry which allows the matching of mode shapes without regards to changing part geometry or mesh coarseness. By automating the mode shape identification process with the use of parametric geometry and machine learning, the designer can gain a more complete view of the part's dynamic properties. It also allows for increased time savings over the current standard of visual inspection

Non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS) methodology is presented, on which the isogeometric analysis is based. T-splines are also introduced as a surface design methodology, which are a generalization of NURBS and permit local refinement. Isogeometric analysis using NURBS and T-splines are applied separately to a structural mechanics problem. The results are compared with the closed-form solution. The desirable performance of isogeometric analysis using T-splines on engineering analysis is demonstrated.

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This research endeavor develops Isogeometric approach for analysis of composite structures and take advantage of higher order continuity, smoothness and variation diminishing property of Nurbs basis for stress analysis of composite and sandwich beams and plates. This research also computes stress concentration factor in a composite plate with a hole. Isogeometric nonlinear/linear finite element code is developed for static and dynamic analysis of laminated composite plates. Nurbs linear, quadratic, higher-order and k-refined elements are constructed using various refinement procedures and validated with numerical testing. Nurbs post-processor for in-plane and interlaminar stress calculation in laminated composite and sandwich plates is developed. Nurbs post-processor is found to be superior than regular finite element and in good agreement with the literature. Nurbs Isgoemetric analysis is used for stress analysis of laminated composite plate with open-hole. Stress concentration factor is computed along the hole edge and good agreement is obtained with the literature. Nurbs Isogeometric finite element code for free-vibration and linear dynamics analysis of laminated composite plates also obtain good agreement with the literature. Main highlights of the research are newly developed 9 control point linear Nurbs element, k-refined and higher-order Nurbs elements in isogeometric framework. Nurbs elements remove shear-locking and hourglass problems in thin plates in context of first-order shear deformation theory without the additional step and compute better stresses than Lagrange finite element and higher order shear deformation theory for comparatively thick plates i.e. a/h = 4. Also, Nurbs Isogeometric analysis perform well for vibration and dynamic problems and for straight and curved edge problems. / Ph. D.

Dans cette thèse, nous identifions et exploitons des similarités partielles dans des objets 3D pour répondre à des besoins courants du domaine de la Conception Assistée par Ordinateur (CAO). De nouvelles méthodes sont introduites, d'une part pour détecter les similarités partielles, d'autre part pour utiliser ces similarités dans des applications spécifiques telles que l'édition de forme, la compression et l'indexation d'objets 3D. Grâce au développement des applications de la modélisation géométrique, ces modèles sont de plus en plus nombreux et sont disponibles à travers plusieurs modalités. Pour augmenter la productivité dans la création de tels objets virtuels, la réutilisation et l'adaptation des modèles existants est un choix prioritaire. Cela exige donc des méthodes facilitant le stockage, la recherche et l'exploitation de ces modèles. Heureusement, les similarités dans des objets 3D est un phénomène fréquent. De nombreux objets sont composés de parties similaires à une rotation, à une translation ou à une symétrie près. De ce fait, la détection des similarités partielles dans ces modèles est capable de répondre aux problématiques courantes : la taille du stockage est réduite en conservant seulement une partie au lieu de toutes les parties répétées d'un modèle; l'indexation des modèles 3D requiert a priori l'orientation canonique des modèles. Or, la symétrie dans un objet 3D est toujours une référence d'orientation cohérente avec la perception humaine. Nous utilisons donc la symétrie partielle pour aligner ces modèles et ainsi renforcer la robustesse des méthodes d'indexation. Dans un premier temps, nous introduisons une approche similaire à la Transformée de Hough pour détecter des similarités partielles dans des modèles BRep-NURBS. Cette approche identifie non seulement les parties similaires mais aussi les transformations qui les lient. À travers la classification des isométries dans l'analyse des transformations, notre approche peut distinguer la nature de transformation liant des parties similaires d'un modèle, c'est-à-dire, les parties similaires à une rotation, à une translation ou à une symétrie près. Dans le deuxième temps, nous proposons deux applications héritées directement des résultats obtenus par la détection. Tout d'abord, pour la compression, un modèle se transforme en un graphe de similarités d'où les faces principales à conserver sont sélectionnées dans la structure compressée. Ensuite, pour l'orientation, le plan de la symétrie dominante et la projection orthographique d'un modèle autour de ce plan permettent de définir un repère canonique pour aligner ce modèle. / In this thesis, we identify and exploit the partial similarities within 3D objects to answer the current needs of the Computer Aided Design field (CAD). Novel methods are introduced, on the one hand to detect the partial similarities, on the other hand to use these similarities for specific applications such as shape editing, compression and indexation of 3D objects. Because of the development of geometric modeling applications, 3D models are getting more numerous and available through many channels. To increase the productivity in creating such 3D virtual objects, the reuse and the adaptation of existing models becomes a prior choice. Thus, it requires methods easing the storage, the searching and the exploitation of these models. Fortunately, similarities within the 3D objects is a popular phenomenon. Many objects are composed of similar patches up to an approximated rotation, translation or symmetry. Hence, detecting the partial similarities within NURBSBRep models is able to solve the current issues : the storage size is reduced by coding a single patch instead of repeated patches of a model ; 3D model indexation requires a canonical orientation of these models. Furthermore, the symmetry within a 3D object is a good orientation reference, coherent with the human perception. Accordingly, we use the partial symmetries to align 3D models and so reinforce the robustness of indexation methods. In a first phase, we introduce an orginal approach similar to the Hough Transform to detect partial similarities within NURBS-BRep models. This approach identifies not only similar patches but also identifies the corresponding transformations that connect them. Additionally, through the classification of isometries in transformations analysis, our approach can distinguish the nature of transformations of similar patches of a model, that is, the patches similar up to an approximated rotation, translation or symmetry. This classification is advantageous for further applications : the similar patches of other transformation natures are considered in compressing ; the symmetric patches are used to normalize 3D models aim at a robust indexation. In the second phase, we propose two applications inherited directly from the obtained results of the detection. Firstly, for the compression, a model is transformed into a similarity graph where the principal faces to be coded are selected to form the compressed structure. Secondly, for the orientation, the plane of the dominant symmetry and the orthographic projection of a model around this plane generate a canonical frame to align this model.

Les environnements CAO fournissent des outils puissants pour la programmation graphique et la manipulation d’entités géométriques complexes. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons d’exploiter ce potentiel dans le domaine de la conception de robots parallèles. Ces robots sont considérés comme une alternative intéressante vis-à-vis de leurs homologues sériels dans différentes applications comme le « pick and place » et l’usinage. Cependant, leur utilisation industrielle est encore restreinte en raison d’un espace de travail limité, de modèles géométriques difficiles à résoudre et l’existence de configurations singulières délimitant leur domaine d’exploitation. L’analyse et la caractérisation de l’espace de travail jouent alors un rôle fondamental dans la phase de conception de robots manipulateurs parallèles. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous proposons des approches géométriques originales donnant lieu à un ensemble de méthodes et techniques basées CAO pour l’analyse et la caractérisation de l’espace de travail de robots parallèles plans et spatiaux. L’espace de travail est généré comme un solide dans l’environnement CAO à partir d’un paramétrage géométrique, d’esquisses et d’opérations élémentaires telles que le balayage hélicoïdal et l’intersection. Nous avons montré que ces méthodes constituent des outils pertinents et efficaces d’aide à la conception des mécanismes parallèles. Ils permettent également la résolution du problème géométrique direct et la génération de trajectoires libres de singularités. Plusieurs types de manipulateurs ont été considérés dans ce travail pour mettre en avant et illustrer les techniques CAO / Géométriques proposées : robots parallèles plans à 3 degrés de mobilité de type 3-RPR, 3-RRR, 3-PPR et 3-PRR, robots parallèles spatiaux à 6 degrés de mobilité de type ou 3-CRS ou 3-PRRS. / CAD environments provide very powerful tools for graphical programming and manipulation of complex geometric entities. In this thesis, we propose to exploit such potential in the design of parallel robots. These robots are considered an attractive and important alternative towards their serials counterparts in various applications, like “pick and place” and machining. However, their industrial applications are restricted due to limited workspace, complexity related to resolution of the direct geometric model, and in addition the existence of the singular configurations which bound their application field. The analysis and the characterization of the workspace therefore play an essential role in the design phase of parallel robotic manipulators. In this thesis, we suggest original geometric approaches giving rise to a set of methodologies and techniques based on the use of CAD in order to analyze and characterize the workspace of planar and spatial parallel robotic manipulators. Workspace is generated as a solid in CAD environment by using a parametric geometric model, sketches, and elementary operations such as helical scanning and performing then Boolean intersection operation. We have shown in this thesis, that the proposed methodologies represent relevant and efficient tools which assist designers of parallel mechanisms. Moreover, they allow us to solve the direct geometric problem and to plan singularity-free trajectories. Several types of robotic manipulators have been considered in this work to highlight and illustrate the proposed CAD / Geometric techniques : planar parallel manipulators having three degree of freedom such as 3-RPR, 3-RRR, 3-PPR, and 3-PRR, and spatial parallel robotic manipulators having six degree of freedom 3-CRS-type.