Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:45:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07001.pdf: 7200749 bytes, checksum: 0e1f6048601e9f064dff652c5c25590a (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Este estudo comparou a ingestão de flúor (F) através da dieta e do dentifrício bem como a excreção urinária de F de 24 horas de crianças recebendo diferentes fontes de F sistêmico: água artificialmente fluoretada (A-Bauru, SP-Brasil, 0,6-0,8 mgF/L, água naturalmente fluoretada (B-Brejo dos Santos, PB-Brasil, 0,6-0,9 mgF/L), sal fluoretado (C-Lima, Peru, 180-200 mgF/Kg) e leite fluoretado (D-Trujillo, Peru, 250 mL de leite contendo 1,0 mgF/L). Crianças de 4-6 anos (n=21-26) participaram em cada comunidade. Uma comunidade com água não fluoretada (<0,1 mgF/L) (E-Pirajuí, SP-Brasil) foi incluída como controle (n=24). A quantidade de F ingerida através da dieta foi determinada pela \"dieta duplicada\", considerando seus diferentes constituintes (água, outros líquidos e sólidos). A ingestão de F através do dentifrício foi determinada pela escovação simulada. A excreção urinária de F de 24 h e a concentração de F das unhas das mãos e dos pés também foram avaliadas. O F foi analisado por eletrodo, depois de difusão facilitada por hexametildiloxano ou após tamponameno com TISAB. A análise estatística foi feita pelos teste de Kruskall-Wallis, Dunn e regressão linear (p<0,05). A média (±DP) da ingestão total de F (mg/Kg peso corporal/ dia) foi 0,065±0,030a,, 0,084±0,029a, 0,088±0044a,, 0,088±0,052a e 0,027±0,022b para A, B, C, D e E, respectivamente. Considerando somente a dieta, a média foi de 0,042±0,012b, 0,058±0,016a,b, 0,048±0,023a,b, 0,059±0,012a e 0,007±0,004c, respectivamente. A maior contribuição através da dieta para A/B e C/D/E foram a água e os sólidos, respectivamente. A média da quantidade F ingerida através do dentifrício variou entre 0,020 (E) e 0,040 (C) mg/Kg peso corporal/ dia e não foi significativamente diferente entre as comunidades. A média (±DP) da excreção urinária de F (mg) de 24 horas foi 0,693±0,198a, 0,625±0,297a,b, 0,808±0,305a, 0,666±0,194a e 0,478±0,321b para A, B, C, D e E, respectivamente. Houve uma correlação significativa entre a excreção urinária de F e a ingestão de F através da dieta (r=0,355, p<0,0001) e ingestão total (dieta mais dentifrício) e excreção urinária (r=0,278, p=0,002). Houve uma correlação significativa entre a excreção urinária de F e concentração de F nas unhas das mãos (r=0,237, p=0,010) e dos pés (r=0,221, p=0,016) e uma forte correlação entre as concentrações de F nas unhas das mãos e dos pés (r=0,730, p<0,0001). Os resultados indicam que a ingestão total de F de crianças deve ser determinada antes que um método de fluoretação sistêmica seja implementado. / This study compared the fluoride (F) intake from diet and dentifrice, as well as 24-hour urinary F excretion of children receiving systemic F from different sources: artificially fluoridated water (A-Brazil, 0.6-0.8 mgF/L), naturally fluoridated water (B-Brazil, 0.6-0.9 mgF/L), fluoridated salt (C-Peru, 180-200 mgF/Kg) and fluoridated milk (D-Peru, 250 mL of milk containing 1.0 mgF/L). Children (n=21-26) aged 4-6 years old participated in each community. A non-fluoridated (<0.1 mgF/L) Brazilian community (E) was evaluated as control (n=24). Children had their F intake from diet monitored by the \"duplicate plate\" method, considering its different constituents (water, other liquids and solids). F ingested from dentifrice was determined by simulated toothbrushings. Twenty-four hour urinary F excretion was also evaluated. F was analyzed with the electrode, after hexamethyldisiloxane-facilitated diffusion or after buffering with TISAB. Data were tested by Kruskall-Wallis and Dunn´s post hoc tests and linear regression (p<0.05). Mean (±SD) total F intake (mg/Kg b.w./day) was 0.065±0.030a, 0.084±0.029a, 0.088±0.044a, 0.088±0.052a and 0.027±0.022b for A, B, C, D and E, respectively. Considering diet only, it was 0.042±0.012b, 0.058±0.016a,b, 0.048±0.023a,b, 0.059±0.012a and 0.007±0.004c, respectively. The main dietary contributors for A/B and C/D/E were water and solids, respectively. Mean F intake from dentifrice ranged between 0.020 (E) and 0.040 (C) mg/Kg b.w./day and was not significantly different among the communities. Mean (±SD) 24-h urinary F excretion (mg) was 0.693±0.198a, 0.625±0.297a,b, 0.808±0.305a, 0.666±0.194a and 0.478±0.321b for A, B, C, D and E, respectively. There was a significant correlation between daily F intake from diet and urinary F excretion (r=0.355, p<0.0001) and total intake (diet and dentifrice) and urinary F excretion (r=0.278, p=0.002). There was a significant correlation between urinary F excretion and fluoride concentration in fingernails (r=0.237, p=0.010) and toenails (r=0.221, p=0.016) and a strong correlation between F concentration from fingernails and toenails (r=0.730, p<0.0001). The results indicate that the total F intake of children must be taken into account before a systemic method of fluoridation is implemented.

Parallel and Allegory is a series of four pieces that look deeper into specific Christian beliefs. Most directly addressed those that dealt with specific parallels and allegorical relationships. Specific symbols such as nails, hammers, wood, trees, people, fruit, a cup, knife a rope and a stone were the focus of the pieces in the exhibition. Four combinations of these symbols were created to create dialogue and introspection.

no / Degradation of nuclear DNA is a hallmark of programmed cell death. Epidermal keratinocytes die in the course of cornification to function as the dead building blocks of the cornified layer of the epidermis, nails, and hair. Here, we investigated the mechanism and physiological function of DNA degradation during cornification in vivo. Targeted deletion of the keratinocyte-specific endonuclease DNase1-like 2 (DNase1L2) in the mouse resulted in the aberrant retention of DNA in hair and nails, as well as in epithelia of the tongue and the esophagus. In contrast to our previous studies in human keratinocytes, ablation of DNase1L2 did not compromise the cornified layer of the epidermis. Quantitative PCRs showed that the amount of nuclear DNA was dramatically increased in both hair and nails, and that mitochondrial DNA was increased in the nails of DNase1L2-deficient mice. The presence of nuclear DNA disturbed the normal arrangement of structural proteins in hair corneocytes and caused a significant decrease in the resistance of hair to mechanical stress. These data identify DNase1L2 as an essential and specific regulator of programmed cell death in skin appendages, and demonstrate that the breakdown of nuclear DNA is crucial for establishing the full mechanical stability of hair.

The theory of a rigid-perfectly plastic solid when impact loaded was used to relate the dynamic yield strength and MIBANT bend angle of driven steel fasteners. Static yield strength values for pallet nails were found to values (p > 0.0001 be linearly related to the dynamic 2 and R² = 0.950) and hence MIBANT bend angles. Static yield strength values were also related to MIBANT bend angles (p > 0.209 and R² = 0.896) for staples. The Vickers hardness number and carbon content of pallet nails are related to material properties. Vickers hardness number was found to be linearly related to static yield strength(? > 0.0001 and R² = 0.835). Vickers hardness number was also related to and MIBANT bend angle ( P > 0.0001 and R² = 0.845). Carbon content was logarithmically related to static 2 yield strength of hardened nails (P > 0.0001 and R² = C.93) and linearly related to static yield strength of non-hardened nails (P > 0.0001 and R²) Carbon content was related to logarithm of the bend angle of hardened nails (P > 0.0001 and R² = 0.781) and non-hardened nails (P > 0.0081 and R² = 0.486). Problems emanating from the impact test procedure are discussed. Recommendations include utilizing the BRAT tester for impact tests on driven fasteners for wood. / M.S.

Phthalate esters (PEs) and alternative plasticizers used as additives in numerous consumer products are continuously released into the environment leading to subsequent human exposure. The ubiquitous presence and potential adverse health effects (e.g. endocrine disruption and reproductive toxicity) of some PEs are responsible for their bans or restrictions. This has led to increasing use of alternative plasticizers, especially cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH). Human exposure data on alternative plasticizers are lacking and clear evidence for human exposure has previously only been found for di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP) and DINCH, with increasing trends in body burdens. In this thesis, a study population of 61 adults (age: 20–66; gender: 16 males and 45 females) living in the Oslo area (Norway) was studied for their exposure to plasticizers. Information on sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics that potentially affect the concentrations of PE and DINCH metabolites in adults was collected by questionnaires. Using the human biomonitoring approach, we evaluated the internal exposure to PEs and DINCH by measuring concentrations of their metabolites in urine (where metabolism and excretion are well understood) and using these data to back-calculate daily intakes. Metabolite levels in finger nails were also determined. Since reference standards of human metabolites for other important alternative plasticizers apart from DINCH (e.g. DEHTP, di(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP), di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) and acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC)) are not commercially available, we further investigated the urine and finger nail samples by Q Exactive Orbitrap LC-MS to identify specific metabolites, which can be used as appropriate biomarkers of human exposure. Many metabolites of alternative plasticizers that were present in in vitro extracts were further identified in vivo in urine and finger nail samples. Hence, we concluded that in vitro assays can reliably mimic the in vivo processes. Also, finger nails may be a useful non-invasive matrix for human biomonitoring of specific organic contaminants, but further validation is needed. Concentrations of PEs and DINCH were also measured in duplicate diet, air, dust and hand wipes. External exposure, estimated based on dietary intake, air inhalation, dust ingestion and dermal uptake, was higher or equal to the back-calculated internal intake. By comparing these, we were able to explain the relative importance of different exposure pathways for the Norwegian study population. Dietary intake was the predominant exposure route for all analyzed substances. Inhalation was important only for lower molecular weight PEs, while dust ingestion was important for higher molecular weight PEs and DINCH. Dermal uptake based on hand wipes was much lower than the total dermal uptake calculated via air, dust and personal care products, but still several research gaps remain for this exposure pathway. Based on calculated intakes, the exposure risk for the Norwegian participants to the PEs and DINCH did not exceed the established tolerable daily intake and reference doses, and the cumulative risk assessment for combined exposure to plasticizers with similar toxic endpoints indicated no health concerns for the selected population. Nevertheless, exposure to alternative plasticizers, such as DPHP and DINCH, is expected to increase in the future and continuous monitoring is required. Findings through uni- and multivariate analysis suggested that age, smoking, use of personal care products and many other everyday habits, such as washing hands or eating food from plastic packages are possible contributors to plasticizer exposure. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

At least 64 shipwrecked stone transports have been discovered throughout the Mediterranean region dating primarily to the Roman period. Few have been excavated and even fewer have had more than scant hull remains recovered. None have been thoroughly examined with a focus on the construction of the vessel. Consequently, little is known about stone transport or the construction of stone transport ships from archaeological contexts or ancient historical sources. In 1993, on an Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA) shipwreck survey along the western Turkish coast, the Kızılburun column wreck was discovered. At present, excavated ceramics suggest the date of the Kızılburun shipwreck lies in the first century B.C.E.; the Late Hellenistic period (323-31 BCE). Analyses of the marble consignment have revealed that the ship carried a primary cargo of architectural elements quarried on the island of Proconnesus. Subsequent investigations point to a likely destination of the ancient city of Claros on the Karian coast of Asia Minor (modern day Turkey). Between 2005 and 2011 excavations were carried out on the column wreck by an international team of archaeologists, INA staff members, and graduate students led by Donny Hamilton and Deborah Carlson, both of Texas A&M University. The 2005 excavation season produced the first, albeit scant, hull remains, with more timbers being recovered between 2006 and 2009. The most substantial hull remains were recovered in 2007 following the removal of the eight large marble column drums to a more remote part of the site. The intense weight and pressure exerted by the heavy cargo on the hull remains aided the preservation by creating an environment that was unfavorable for wood consuming organisms and other biological agents. Recording and detailed examination of the hull remains was conducted during the summer of 2008, fall of 2009, and fall of 2010. This thesis presents the analyses and interpretation of the Kızılburun ship’s wooden hull remains and copper fasteners. Additionally, after discussing the methods of recording and cataloging of the ship’s extant remains, I place the ship in its historical and technological contexts, demonstrating that it was of contemporaneously common dimensions and construction, as opposed to a more robust construction that is often assumed of ancient stone-carrying vessels.

Vertical and inclined soil nails under footings as settlement &ndash / reducing elements is investigated using a physical 1g model in the laboratory. Nails are not connected to footing, they are not so long and vertical settlement of nails is very large compared to usual limits encountered for piles or micropiles. Following the settlement of footing, they share the load together with the footing. The skin friction is mostly mobilized and end-bearing failure occurs continuously during the settlement. The system of footing- soil nail is studied by model square footings of 30 mm x 30 mm and 50 mm x 50 mm breadth dimensions and remoulded kaolin clay consolidated under constant controlled stress of 50 kPa in 200 mm cube boxes. In the first section of the testing series 4, 5, 9 and 12 nails were inserted into soil in 3B, 2.4B, 1.33B and B lengths, respectively. In the second section, 4 and 6 nails in 1.5B and 2B lengths were tested for vertical and 15 degrees and 30 degrees inclined cases. Settlements of footings were measured under constant footing pressure for all groups. Several tests were repeated in each group of testing series. It is concluded that keeping the total nail length constant, decreasing the nail number thus using longer individual nails is more effective in decreasing the footing settlements. 15 degrees inclined nails decrease total settlements more.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:55:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 9629705 bytes, checksum: 1ee5abbb0d5f91527d23dc1c13b2aa88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the effect of pH and fluoride concentration in liquid dentifrices in the control of dental caries in early childhood, in non-fluoridated area. In addition, this study evaluated the influence of pH and fluoride concentration in toenails and in the fluoride uptake in plaque. The sample comprised 212 children aged 2-4 years old and was divided into three groups according to the liquid dentifrices used over 12 months: G1 (n = 39-Active/38-Inactive): 550&#956;gF/g-pH 4.5; G2 (n = 33-Active/35-Inactive): 1100&#956;gF/g-pH 7.0; G3 (n = 33- Active/34- Inactive): 550&#956;gF/g-pH 7.0. Clinical examination was performed at baseline and after 12 months of study, using the diagnostic criteria for caries activity (active, inactive) and surface integrity of the lesion (intact, surface discontinuity, cavity). The lesions that progressed or regressed and the net increment (progression - regression) were recorded for each child. Data were checked for normality and homogeneity using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Bartlett tests, respectively. The data failed the normality test, even after logarithmic transformation, and the effect of dentifrice on the progression of lesions in caries-inactive, as well as progression, regression, and net increment of injuries in children caries activity was evaluated by Kruskal-Wallis test. For toenails, the data failed the normality test and were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test, after logarithmic transformation, followed by Dunn´s test for individual comparisons. For the plaque, the data were analyzed by ANOVA and Bonferroni test for individual comparisons. In all cases, the level of significance was set at 5%. The acidic and neutral liquid dentifrice with low fluoride concentration showed to be effective for the control of dental caries since the results were similar to those found for conventional one (1100&#956;gF/g). Despite a numerical difference in caries increment after 12 months (G3> G2> G1), no statistical significant difference between groups. Fluoride concentrations in toenails were significantly lower when children used the liquid dentifrice with low concentration of fluoride and low pH (p<0.05).The reduction of pH was able to enhance the incorporation of fluoride in the plaque, and the levels of fluoride in the plaque is not decreased over time. It can be concluded that a low fluoride concentration dentifrice can be effective for controlling dental caries without increasing the risk of dental fluorosis in young children. / O objetivo do presente estudo clínico randomizado foi avaliar o efeito do pH e da concentração de flúor presente em dentifrícios líquidos no controle de cárie dentária em crianças na primeira infância, em área não fluoretada. Em adição, este estudo avaliou a influência do pH e da concentração de flúor nas unhas e na incorporação de flúor no biofilme dental. A amostra foi composta por 212 crianças na faixa etária de 2-4 anos de idade e foi dividida em 3 grupos de acordo com o dentifrício utilizado ao longo de 12 meses: G1 (n= 39-Ativos/38-Inativos): 550 ppmF- pH 4,5; G2 (n= 33-Ativos/35-Inativos): 1100 ppmF- pH 7,0; G3 (n= 33-Ativos/34-Inativos): 550 ppmF pH 7,0. O exame clínico foi realizado no baseline e após 12 meses de estudo, usando-se o critério de diagnóstico de atividade de cárie (ativa, inativa) e integridade da superfície da lesão (intacta, superfície com descontinuidade, cavidade). As lesões que progrediram ou regrediram e o incremento líquido (progressão - regressão) foram verificados para cada criança. Os dados foram verificados quanto à normalidade e homogeneidade usando os testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e Bartlett, respectivamente. Em função da não normalidade dos dados, mesmo quando estes foram submetidos à transformação logarítmica, o efeito dos dentifrícios sobre a progressão das lesões nas crianças cárie-inativas, bem como sobre a progressão, regressão e incremento líquido das lesões em crianças cárie-ativas foi avaliado pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Para as unhas dos pés, os dados não atingiram padrão de normalidade, sendo analisados por Kruskal-Wallis, após transformação logarítmica, seguido pelo teste de Dunn, para comparações individuais. Para o biofilme dental, os dados foram analisados por ANOVA e teste de Bonferroni, para comparações individuais. Em todos os casos, o nível de significância foi fixado em 5%. Os dentifrícios líquidos acidulado e neutro com baixa concentração de flúor mostraramse eficazes para o controle da cárie dentária, já que os resultados foram semelhantes àqueles encontrados para o dentifrício convencional (1100ppmF). Apesar de uma diferença numérica no incremento de cárie após 12 meses (G3>G2>G1), não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos. Concentração de flúor nas unhas foi significantemente menor quando as crianças usaram os dentifrícios fluoretados de baixa concentração e baixo pH (p<0,05). A redução do pH foi capaz de aumentar a incorporação de flúor no biofilme dental, e os níveis de fluoreto no biofilme não diminuíram ao longo do tempo. Conclui-se que dentifrício líquido com baixa concentração de flúor pode ser eficaz para o controle da cárie dentária, sem aumentar o risco de fluorose dentária em crianças pequenas.

This diploma thesis is focused on testing of Electronic Control Units, especially functional testing in which hardware and software is verified and also Model in the Loop, Software in the Loop, Processor in the Loop and Hardware in the Loop testing methods. Within practical part of this thesis testing stand for functional test of the ECU was developed and manufactured. It is connected to PC via Input/Output card, testing is controlled by MATLAB script. Whole process of testing is automated from initial upload of testing firmware to tested ECU over all phases of test up to bootloader flashing. Hardware in the Loop test was also created, in which ECU works as controller and DC motor is simulated in real time with PC in MATLAB environment.