Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) has proven itself in previous studies to be a successful therapeutic treatment for surface tumors, but its effectiveness is limited to only shallow depths that allow for the penetration of light. This study demonstrates that we have improved upon the conventional method of PDT and have overcome the previous depth limitation by creating the light at the location of the tumor in situ. We conjugated a bioluminescent protein, Luciferase, to a semiconductor nanoparticle, TiO2, and with a cell specific antibody, anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody C225. The nanoconjugate, TiDoL-C225, was then activated by ATP and Luciferin in a reaction that creates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induces apoptosis in the tumor cells. We created the optimal nanoconjugate synthesis protocol to make TiDoL and TiDoL-C225 for use in the PDT treatment. The TiDoL-C225 nanoconjugate is able to bind specifically to colon caner cells as the C225 antibody recognizes EGFR expressed at the surface of the cells, and further, when activated it will react only with the tumor cells. The optimal cell staining protocols were developed to visualize the treatment process and later analyze with the laser confocal microscope. The TiDoL nanoconjugate was found to only be operational and effective at killing tumor cells after being activated by Luciferin and ATP, which then enhances the control we have over the therapy. The TiDoL-C225 nanoconjugate increases the efficacy of binding to tumor cells and the speed of the reaction in the cells to begin apoptosis, even in lower concentrations when compared to the free TiDoL nanoconjugate. Finally, our PDT technique allowed us to monitor the tumor cells as they begin to undergo apoptosis in less than five minutes after the Luciferin was added to activate the reaction. The advantage of our method of PDT with the TiDoL-C225 nanoconjugate is that it can be used for early detection as well as developed into an effective treatment for cancers in all depths of tissue.

Near-infrared dyes can be used as theranostic agents in cancer management based on their optical imaging and localized hyperthermia capabilities. However, their clinical translatability is limited by issues such as photobleaching, short circulation times, and non-specific biodistribution. We studied the applications of IR820 in optical imaging and hyperthermia, and we prepared nanoconjugate formulations to overcome some of the aforementioned limitations. Free IR820 can be used for optical imaging, with a strong signal still present 24 hours after i.v. injection, an elimination plasma half-life in the order of hours, and primary biodistribution to liver, lung, and kidneys. After 808-mn laser exposure, IR820 can also raise in vitro temperatures to the 41-43°C range that can selectively inhibit cancer cell growth. We conjugated IR820 with PEG-diamine via ionic interactions to create nanoconjugates (IR820-PDNCs) with diameters of approximately 50-nm per SEM and a zeta potential of 2.0±0.9 mV. IR820-PDNCs enhanced cellular internalization compared to IR820 for imaging in SKOV-3, MES-SA, and Dx5 cancer cells. The nanoconjugates also significantly enhanced hyperthermia-mediated cytotoxicity in MES-SA and Dx5 compared to the free dye (p

A crescente prevalência de hipertensão arterial na população mundial e os riscos por ela apresentados nas doenças coronarianas eleva a importância de seu controle. Sendo sua causa, frequentemente multifatorial, o tratamento da patologia é dificultado. Fatores ambientais associados à predisposição genética levam o indivíduo a apresentar índices pressóricos elevados de pressão arterial quando comparados a indivíduos que não apresentam tal predisposição. Identificar a predisposição genética seria ideal para amenizar ou, até mesmo, evitar o desenvolvimento da patologia. As nanopartículas estão cada vez mais associadas com biomoléculas, uma vez que suas propriedades associadas às questões médicas podem criar novos métodos potencialmente eficientes, tanto no diagnóstico como na terapêutica. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a conjugação de nanopartículas de ouro, estabilizadas com dendrímero poli(amidoamina) de geração 4, com oligonucleotídeo para obtenção de genossensores capazes de detectar o polimorfismo de inserção e deleção do gene da enzima conversora de angiotensina I, o qual está intimamente relacionado com a predisposição à hipertensão arterial sistêmica. As nanopartículas foram caracterizadas por Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (TEM), potencial zeta e Espectroscopia no Ultravioleta-Visível (UV-VIS). A formação do conjugado entre a nanopartícula e o oligonucleotídeo foi confirmada por UV-VIS, Espalhamento Dinâmico de Luz (DLS) e Espectroscopia no Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Foram construídos três sistemas de detecção diferentes, nos quais as técnicas empregadas foram Espectroscopia de Impedância Elétrica, Espectroscopia de Impedância Eletroquímica e Transistor de Efeito de Campo de Porta Estendida e Separada (SEGFET). O polimorfismo foi detectado em concentrações da ordem de 1 nM. Com destaque para aqueles em que o emprego do conjugado amplificou o sinal pelas propriedades das nanopartículas de ouro. Os genossensores propostos são promissores e futuramente poderão contribuir com a medicina preventiva. / The increasing prevalence of hypertension in the world population and the risks presented by it in coronary heart disease reveals the importance of their control. Due to its multifactorial causes, the treatment of this disease is difficult. Environmental factors associated with genetic predisposition lead the individual to present high indexes of blood pressure when compared to individuals who do not have a predisposition. To identify the genetic predisposition would be ideal to minimize or even to prevent the pathology development. Nanoparticles are increasingly associated with biomolecules, their properties added with medical questions, can create new methods potentially efficient, both in diagnosis and therapy. This study aims at developing of poly(amidoamine) dendrimer-stabilized gold nanoparticles, conjugated with oligonucleotides to obtain genosensors able to detect the polymorphism of insertion and deletion of angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) gene, which is closely related with the predisposition to systemic blood hypertension. The nanoparticles were characterized by Transmission Electronic Microscopy (TEM), Zeta potential and Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-VIS). The formation of the conjugate formed by the nanoparticle and the oligonucleotide was confirmed by UV-VIS, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Three different detection systems were built, in which the following techniques were applied: Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Separative Extended Gate Field Effect Transitor (SEGFET). For all systems polymorphism - related sequences were detected at concentrations down to nanomolar. The use of the conjugate amplified the signal of the genosensor due to the nanoparticles. The proposed genosensors may contribute to preventative medicine.

A crescente prevalência de hipertensão arterial na população mundial e os riscos por ela apresentados nas doenças coronarianas eleva a importância de seu controle. Sendo sua causa, frequentemente multifatorial, o tratamento da patologia é dificultado. Fatores ambientais associados à predisposição genética levam o indivíduo a apresentar índices pressóricos elevados de pressão arterial quando comparados a indivíduos que não apresentam tal predisposição. Identificar a predisposição genética seria ideal para amenizar ou, até mesmo, evitar o desenvolvimento da patologia. As nanopartículas estão cada vez mais associadas com biomoléculas, uma vez que suas propriedades associadas às questões médicas podem criar novos métodos potencialmente eficientes, tanto no diagnóstico como na terapêutica. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a conjugação de nanopartículas de ouro, estabilizadas com dendrímero poli(amidoamina) de geração 4, com oligonucleotídeo para obtenção de genossensores capazes de detectar o polimorfismo de inserção e deleção do gene da enzima conversora de angiotensina I, o qual está intimamente relacionado com a predisposição à hipertensão arterial sistêmica. As nanopartículas foram caracterizadas por Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (TEM), potencial zeta e Espectroscopia no Ultravioleta-Visível (UV-VIS). A formação do conjugado entre a nanopartícula e o oligonucleotídeo foi confirmada por UV-VIS, Espalhamento Dinâmico de Luz (DLS) e Espectroscopia no Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Foram construídos três sistemas de detecção diferentes, nos quais as técnicas empregadas foram Espectroscopia de Impedância Elétrica, Espectroscopia de Impedância Eletroquímica e Transistor de Efeito de Campo de Porta Estendida e Separada (SEGFET). O polimorfismo foi detectado em concentrações da ordem de 1 nM. Com destaque para aqueles em que o emprego do conjugado amplificou o sinal pelas propriedades das nanopartículas de ouro. Os genossensores propostos são promissores e futuramente poderão contribuir com a medicina preventiva. / The increasing prevalence of hypertension in the world population and the risks presented by it in coronary heart disease reveals the importance of their control. Due to its multifactorial causes, the treatment of this disease is difficult. Environmental factors associated with genetic predisposition lead the individual to present high indexes of blood pressure when compared to individuals who do not have a predisposition. To identify the genetic predisposition would be ideal to minimize or even to prevent the pathology development. Nanoparticles are increasingly associated with biomolecules, their properties added with medical questions, can create new methods potentially efficient, both in diagnosis and therapy. This study aims at developing of poly(amidoamine) dendrimer-stabilized gold nanoparticles, conjugated with oligonucleotides to obtain genosensors able to detect the polymorphism of insertion and deletion of angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) gene, which is closely related with the predisposition to systemic blood hypertension. The nanoparticles were characterized by Transmission Electronic Microscopy (TEM), Zeta potential and Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-VIS). The formation of the conjugate formed by the nanoparticle and the oligonucleotide was confirmed by UV-VIS, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Three different detection systems were built, in which the following techniques were applied: Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Separative Extended Gate Field Effect Transitor (SEGFET). For all systems polymorphism - related sequences were detected at concentrations down to nanomolar. The use of the conjugate amplified the signal of the genosensor due to the nanoparticles. The proposed genosensors may contribute to preventative medicine.