Thesis (B.A.Hons.)) -- Dept. of History, University of Adelaide, 1976.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts, University of Zululand in fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 2006. / This thesis seeks to close some lacunae that exists in the historiography of Natal and Zululand. Whereas the activities of the colonials are well documented and widely read, the actions and responses of the Zulu people to colonial expansion in Natal and Zululand have been neglected or only given a cursory glance. The impact of colonialism that resulted in the loss of land and a livelihood among the Zulu, could only be articulated with the necessary sensitivity by the Zulu people themselves. This, therefore, is an attempt to give audience to the Zulu voice. The study focuses on the period 1850 - 1887 which was characterized by a steady immigration, infiltration and penetration of the British into the traditional, social and political life of the Zulu people in Natal and Zululand. The elephant trails charted the way of the traders and hunters into the heart of Zululand and missionaries followed in their footsteps. The initial attempts at evangelization met with fervent resistance from the Zulu, simply because it contrasted with Zulu custom and was too alien to be readily comprehended and accepted by the Zulu, who still owed sole allegiance to their king. Nevertheless, colonial land policies and the establishment of Christian mission reserves led to the rise of an African peasantry which adapted to the white man's ways and flourished. The colonials introduced the "Shepstone system" which crammed the Zulu Into barren reserves and restricted their ownership of land in Natal Colony. This resulted in the steady decline of the peasantry as a recognizable social class. The dominant forces of capitalism and the promulgation of laws prohibiting Zulu freedom of movement eventually destroyed the African peasantry. The destruction of the homestead economy and the loss of land and cattle gave rise to a new class of poor people among the Zulu of Natal Colony. Meanwhile, in Zululand, signs of underdevelopment were already evident during the 1870*s. Federation schemes pursued by the British, with the desire to dominate the southern African region, coupled the suspicions that King Cetshwayo was planning to attack Natal, culminated in the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. Despite Cetshwayo's plea for peace, the British invaded Zululand with the sole purpose of destroying the Zulu dynasty, which they viewed as an obstacle to British overlordship. British victory in the war led to Wolseley's clumsy settlement which unleashed a terribly bloody civil war that left Zululand devastated and the Zulu dynasty permanently weakened. Then came, rather too late, the annexation of Zululand by Britain in 1887.

Abstract not available. / Thesis (M.Ed.) - University of Durban-Westville, 1975.

No description available.

No description available.

MTech. / This study discusses factors that impact on the implementation of sustainable design in KwaZulu-Natal. It aims to establish the interior design profession‟s understanding of sustainable design both nationally and internationally, and to identify factors that influence their sustainable design practices within an identified region in South Africa. A qualitative research approach was employed, and an interpretive paradigm chosen as the theoretical framework of the study. Data comprised of ten discursively orientated semi-structured individual interviews and focus group interviews. The research design consists of the collection, categorisation and analysis of data, as well as a review of the findings in relation to current literature. Conclusions showed that education and experience informs designer‟s understanding and values towards sustainable design. Designers‟ understanding and sustainable design values affect their behaviour, attitudes, and likelihood of practice in accordance with the constitution, legislation, policy and building regulations. These in turn determine whether they are blocked by barriers, by chance overcome barriers to find solutions, or strive to find solutions to overcome barriers. Barriers to sustainable interior design include education, cost, products and materials, rating tools and the client. Solutions that were established include improved knowledge of sustainable design, a change in the cost perception, improved knowledge and scope of products and materials, and educating the client.

A exposição pré-natal ao álcool é uma das principais causas evitáveis de prejuízos ocasionados no nascimento, bem como alterações no desenvolvimento e comportamento do bebê. Ainda não se sabe qual a dose suficiente para causar danos psiconeurobiológicos. Esse fato é preocupante, visto que o consumo de álcool durante a gestação envolve risco de embriotoxicidade e teratogenicidade fetal. Com modelos animais de exposição pré-natal ao álcool é possível evidenciar diferentes tipos de prejuízos. A utilização de uma dieta líquida para administração via oral torna a exposição ao álcool nenos estressante e indolor para o animal. O presente trabalho pretende verificar os efeitos de diferentes doses de etanol, no desenvolvimento, maturação e comportamento de filhotes cujas mães foram expostas ao álcool no período prénatal. Para o experimento principal foram necessários ratos Lister Hooded (93 fêmeas e 31 machos) em idade reprodutiva (45-60 dias) para os acasalamentos. Durante a gestação as ratas do grupo tratado receberam uma dieta líquida nutricionalmente balanceada com duas diferentes doses de álcool (10 e 26%), enquanto os grupos controles receberam a mesma dieta líquida sem álcool ou apenas ração e água. O período de exposição à dieta líquida seguiu-se até o dia do parto. Os testes de desenvolvimento (peso, reflexo postural, geotaxia negativa e força de agarrar), maturação (abertura dos olhos e erupção dos dentes incisivos) e comportamento (campo aberto e labirinto em cruz elevado) foram realizados entre o primeiro dia pós-natal (DPN) e o DPN 60. Após 22 dias de exposição ao álcool cinco ratas foram sacrificadas para a verificação dos níveis de álcool no sangue. Durante os experimentos foi constatada uma alta taxa de mortalidade por canibalismo nas ninhadas. Nos testes, foi observado um atraso no desenvolvimento reflexo nos primeiros dias de vida, em que os ratos expostos à dieta líquida com etanol mostraram-se atrasados em relação aos grupos controles, no entanto, não foi observado diferença de peso ao nascer entre os grupos. Os grupos tratados com álcool demonstraram atraso na erupção dos dentes incisivos quando comparados aos grupos controle. No teste de comportamento labirinto em cruz elevado, o grupo tratado com 26% de álcool apresentou maior número de entradas no braço aberto e no braço fechado, permaneceu mais tempo no braço aberto e fez o maior número de respostas de risco. Os prejuízos causados pelo álcool podem variar de acordo com os fatores envolvidos, como os níveis de alcoolemia, quantidade de álcool ingerida, suscetibilidade da espécie e do ambiente, entre outros. No entanto, mesmo sob doses moderadas foi possível verificar que o etanol administrado no período prénatal pode ocasionar prejuízos motores, maturacionais e comportamentais, não sendo “segura” a ingestão alcoólica durante o período gestacional. / Prenatal alcohol exposure is one of the main avoidable causes of birth defects, including developmental and behavioral dysfunctions. The minimum quantity of alcohol required to develop psyconeurobiological damage is still unknown. However, it is well known that alcohol intake during the gestational period can lead to fetal embryotoxicity and teratogenicity. The present work intends to show the effects of different alcohol doses on development, maturation and behavior of pups whose mothers were exposed to alcohol during gestation. For this we used an animal model of prenatal alcohol exposure. A liquid diet administrated orally was chosen as a painless and stress free exposure to alcohol for the animal. For the main experiment we used Lister Hooded rats (93 females and 31 males) in reproductive age (45-60 days). During the gestational period, two groups of rats were given a nutritionally balanced liquid diet with two different alcohol doses, 10% and 26% respectively. Control groups were delivered the same liquid diet but without alcohol or alternatively dry food and water ad libtum. The exposure period to the liquid diet was suspended on the day of parturition. The developmental tests (weight, righting reflex, negative geotaxis and grip strength), maturational tests (eyes opening and incisors eruption) and behavioral tests (open field and elevated plus maze) were preformed between the first postnatal day (PND) and PND 60. After 22 days of alcohol exposure, five female rats were sacrificed for blood alcohol levels analysis. During the experiment we observed high litter mortality due to cannibalism. Pups from the alcohol group showed delayed righting reflex development in the first days of life compared with control groups. However, no weight difference at birth was found between the groups. Alcohol exposed groups also showed a delay in incisors eruption when compared with controls. In the elevated plus maze test, the alcohol group exposed to 26% of alcohol showed a higher number of entry in open arms and closed arms, spent more time in open arms and had the highest number of risk response. The damages caused by alcohol intake during the gestational period can be different depending on several factors such as, alcohol intake, blood alcohol levels or species susceptibility. Nevertheless, we could show that even a moderate alcohol intake during gestational period is not “safe” and as a result, motor, maturational and behavioral defects can arise.

Contributions to the historiography of Natal’s agricultural development were limited and generally descriptive pre-1980s and fragmented thereafter. This thesis aims to address this by providing a more comprehensive understanding of agrarian land use which recognises not only monocultural dominance in the search for revenue by the colonial state but addresses the struggle of isolated white mixed farming communities in developing a viable agrarian economy. The postannexation years from 1843 was a period of transition marked by financial stringencies which limited the options for the governance of Natal. In particular this determined the nature of state relationships with landowners and Africans within the colony and set the precedents which impacted on agrarian land use during the second half of the nineteenth century. Chapter 1 provides a review of historical literature which considers the contributions of the main ‘schools of historical thought’ which interact in offering theoretical explanation on the aims of the state and settlers and the tensions with the rights of the indigenous people of Natal in relation to land. Natal, in comparison to the Cape was an isolated colony, deemed to have limited agrarian prospects and faced with political and economic challenges which dictated agrarian priorities. Chapter 2 considers the contextual precedents which impacted on settlement. The attraction of emigrants and agricultural settlement from mid-nineteenth century is recounted in Chapter 3 and the determination of such communities in overcoming subsistence conditions, coalescing into distinctive cultural identities, is developed in chapter 4 which highlights the dominance and influence of a landowning society on the direction of the colony in economic, political and social terms. Chapters 5 to 9 shift the focus to a white mixed farming community in the second half of the nineteenth century dependent on a vibrant African peasantry for staples, restricted by infrastructure, markets and the limitations of indigenized science and environmental knowledge. The traumatic events described in chapters 5 and 6 articulate the demand for organized state intervention in mixed agriculture in Natal. The role of the state changed with the Alfred Milner influence on the post bellum reconstruction of South Africa’s government administration from the first decade of the twentieth century. The promotion of science and technological change in South African agriculture and the apparatus for its dissemination marked a ‘tipping point’ in relation to the profile of mixed agriculture. The dominance of white landowner power is portrayed in chapter 7 reflecting the responses of both state and white farmers in the expansion of monocultural commercial land use. Chapters 8 and 9 turn the emphasis to mixed agriculture in providing understanding of the machinery of the state in promoting agricultural modernization and in assessing its assimilation at an individual level of white mixed farming in Natal in pre and post World War II years. This brings distinctiveness to this thesis because it deals with cultural, political as well as the economic and social determinants of change impacting on the agrarian history of Natal and allows conclusions to be drawn on the intensity of state support in promoting white agrarian prosperity.

A bucket sanitation system is being replaced by waterborne sanitation at an apartheid created town called Ekuvukeni near Ladysmith in KwaZulu Natal. This study examines the reasons for upgrading sanitation at Ekuvukeni from a bucket system to a waterborne system, the problems and issues surrounding this project and the likely consequences for Ekuvukeni and the surrounding environment.. The study found that complex political and structural issues and problems have developed around sanitation at Ekuvukeni. These together with other software issues related to sanitation in the South African context have not been adequately considered. The result is that there are many uncertainties which increase the risk of waterborne sanitation system failure and this in turn, would have ' disastrous consequences for the people of Ekuvukeni and the surrounding environment. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1997.

Urbanization in 20th century Brazil has been characterized by a large rural-urban migration. The reinforcement, throughout the national territory, of an urban life-style brought about by this growing urbanization has somehow decreased the cultural distance between the country's urban and rural environments. In spite of that, cultural differences between the two environments do exist, and it is not wrong to assume that a cultural change occurs along the rural-urban migration process. The present research deals with the issue of urbanization and cultural change in Brazil. It focuses specifically on informal urban housing, built by rural immigrants to the city. This was done through a case study of an unplanned settlement, in Natal RN, Northeast Brazil. The study points out the dwellings' physical references to both tradition, that is, to the rural world from where the dwellers have come, and to change due to the urban environment, where they now live. The study also analyzes the socio-cultural causes for tradition and change of the dwellings. Its main finding is that this whole process leads to the formation of a hybrid type of urban house.