Thesis (doctoral)--Universiteit Leiden, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [453]-480) and index.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2002--Bremen.

Boston University. University Professors Program Senior theses. / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / 2031-01-02

IN ENGLISH Iconography and Nationalism: The comparison of the First World War memorials in Budapest and Prague The purpose of the present thesis is to compare the national iconography appearing on Czech and Hungarian WW1 memorials. The political power symbolically occupied the public spaces by the WW1 memorials while expressing its national propaganda after the Great War. It was an attempt inducting sensitive questions since the dead heroes of the nation were dead sons of the families at the same time. For this reason the making of memorials is connected to individual and collective grief. This grief resulted in a glorious narrative in Czechoslovakia, while in Hungary th death of soldiers represented the death of the nation in the discourse on the political level. How can this process be expressed and how can it be researched? On the one hand, commemorations are situated in space, and space is an implicit content of WW1 memorials. As a consequence, it is important to analyse the spatial context of the monuments. On the other hand, the explicit content of the monuments is their visuality. In order to analyse and compare the iconographies, it is useful to transform the symbols into a countable form by applying the content analysis method. Furthermore, for interpreting the symbols, it is necessary to...

Les mandats incluant la protection de populations civiles font-ils naître des obligations dont la violation serait susceptible de générer une responsabilité internationale ?Les OMP dotées de ce type de mandat dit « robuste » doivent-elles respecter les règles du jus ad bellum et du jus in bello durant l’exécution de leur mandat ?À quelle entité internationale, Nations Unies et/ou États fournisseurs, faut-il attribuer la responsabilité en cas de violation du mandat (défaut d'accomplissement du mandat et/ou de dépassement de celui-ci) ou des obligations internationales de la part des OMP dotées de mandat « robuste » étant donné qu’elles sont formées de contingents militaires dépendant, au plan fonctionnel, des Nations Unies et, au plan hiérarchique, des pays d’appartenance ?Dans la présente thèse, après avoir analysé le fondement juridique, les caractéristiques et la structure de commandement des opérations de maintien de la paix ainsi que l’évolution historique du mandat quant à la protection de la population civile, nous avons tenté de répondre à ces questions en démontrant que, même si la protection des civils en danger est une marque distinctive des OMP dotées d’un mandat robuste et, donc, une des conditions légitimant l’emploi de la force, l’usage de la force doit être considérée comme une option laissée au pouvoir discrétionnaire des opérations de maintien de la paix qui, normalement, préfèrent adopter des mesures de prévention et d’atténuation pour protéger la population civile.En cas d’intervention, les OMP doivent respecter les principes de nécessité et proportionnalité de la légitime défense (jus ad bellum) auxquels s’ajoutent les obligations découlant des normes pour la protection des droits de l’homme et des principes du droit international humanitaire lorsque les Forces des Nations Unies « participent activement à des combats » (jus in bello). À la lumière de ces considérations, on démontrera l’illégitimité, au plan du jus ad bellum et du jus in bello, de l’opération militaire de l’ONUCI qui, le 11 avril 2011, en Côte d’Ivoire a conduit à l’arrestation du président Laurent Gbagbo. Elle constitue un cas d’étude intéressant, puisqu’il s’agit d’un épisode exceptionnel qui n’a pas d’équivalent dans d’autres opérations conduites par les OMP dotées de mandat « robuste ».Enfin, compte tenu de la double dépendance des contingents militaires, qui relèvent fonctionnellement de la chaîne de commandement des Nations Unies et hiérarchiquement de l’État d’envoi, et vu les pouvoirs dont ces entités disposent sur ces forces et l’influence qu’elles exercent sur les processus de décision de leurs contingents, on démontrera que la responsabilité pour fait illicite commis par une OMP dotée de mandat robuste pourra être attribuée, selon le cas, aux Nations Unies, aux États fournisseurs ou bien à ces deux entités conjointement. / Doctorat en Sciences juridiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Auburn University. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 377-397).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2005. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 204-221).

This thesis analyses the construction of the modern national identity in Poland following the state’s creation in 1918. Its central aim is to argue that although much of Poland’s national identity was, in fact, the product of the revolutionary eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, in the twentieth century, ethnocultural foundations proved essential in the process of nation building. In order to offer a novel approach to this issue this thesis will evaluate the programmes of the émigré organizations and political parties to demonstrate the role of the two national currents: ethnic/organic and civic/territorial, which developed during the nineteenth century and shaped competing definitions of Polish nation. Furthermore, this study will analyse the role of the pre-modern and early modern symbols in shaping the political currents in modern Poland. Locating and examining elements central to the definition of the nation will allow demonstration of how the distinctive national programmes were defined under successive administrations. This research argues that the rise of competing national identities in East-Central Europe, at the turn of the century, accelerated the dissolution of the common trait or national identity, shared by the elites across the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Deprived of legitimacy the authorities were unable to maintain the democratic system, gradually introducing authoritarianism, and by the late 1930s replacing the inclusive state model with the organic definition of the nation. This exclusive programme resurfaced following the Second World War and became a justification for the construction of an ethnically homogenous Poland. The Communist regime aimed to eradicate the pillars of national identity and to diminish the role of society in the state’s functioning; however, the nucleus of civil society which survived the period of persecution continued to grow in strength outside of the official channels. Effectively, this created a popular definition of the Polish nation in opposition to that of the regime. The competition between the ethnocultural and political definition of the nation remained a central issue over more than two decades following the collapse of the Communist regime.

This practicum examined Indigenous planning as the theoretical framework and foundation of this project. Literature reviews on First Nations on-reserve housing conditions were examined to understand the struggles Indigenous communities face when it comes to housing. Based on the literature reviews, it was determined that housing has been an issue in many First Nation communities, perpetuating a demand for planning to explore remedies to minimize or eradicate this social concern. From understanding Indigenous planning practices, the practicum explored the Indigenous community of Swan Lake First Nation (SLFN) and the housing challenges they experience. Through planning with SLFN community members to determine methods that would address the housing challenges, the development of a community housing plan was suggested. The process and development of SLFN community housing plan was documented in this practicum.