Esse estudo se configura como um intento de deslindar uma mirada sobre a arquitetura brasileira a partir das estratégias discursivas postas em curso no processo de sua objetivação. Mais especificamente, nos interessa problematizar os discursos e representações que entre meados do século XIX e a década de 1930 se elaboraram em torno do tópico da identidade arquitetônica, inextricável das questões de formação nacional no sentido mais amplo dessa ideia, cultural, racial e histórica, e que se apresentaram em dados momentos e sob certas contingências como interpretações legítimas do que seria nacional, brasileiro, próprio e peculiar em arquitetura, buscando assim assegurar-lhes um lugar privilegiado de enunciação. Para tanto, consideramos oportuna e profícua uma aproximação dos debates no campo arquitetônico àqueles conduzidos em torno da questão da nação e da identidade nacional, na perspectiva da investigação dos diálogos, deslizamentos conceituais e imbricações entre arquitetura e pensamento social brasileiro em temas como nação, identidade, influência do meio, raça, herança portuguesa, etc., e seu sentido formativo nas representações da arquitetura brasileira, arranjados no esforço de fixação de uma feição peculiarmente brasileira na arquitetura.Operando de forma produtiva uma investigação assente no reconhecimento das imbricações, diálogos, afinidades conceituais e teóricas entre, de um lado, um campo disciplinar com elementos historicamente constituídos como a arquitetura e a vasta e rica produção intelectual desdobrada das inquietações de artistas, arquitetos, engenheiros, historiadores, pensadores sociais, etc., acerca da formação brasileira, em cujo cerne do emaranhado teórico e conceitual daí resultante se pode entrever a centralidade que o discernimento de uma identidade constituída ocupou historicamente nas reflexões sobre o país. / This study is designed as an attempt to unravel a glance on Brazilian architecture from the discursive strategies put in their way in the process of objectification. More specifically interested in questioning the discourses and representations between the mid-nineteenth century and the 1930s was developed around the topic of architectural identity, inextricable from questions of national training in the broadest sense of this idea, cultural, racial, historical, and who performed at certain times and under certain contingencies as legitimate interpretations of what is \"national\", \"Brazilian\", \"own\" and \"peculiar\" in architecture, thus seeking to ensure them a privileged place of enunciation. To this end, we consider an approach and fruitful discussions in the architectural field to those conducted on the issue of nation and national identity from the perspective of research of the dialogues, landslides and conceptual overlaps between architecture and Brazilian social thought on issues such as nation, identity Influence of environment, race, Portuguese heritage, etc. Operating productively a research based on recognition of superposes, dialogues, conceptual and theoretical affinities between, on the one hand, a disciplinary field consisting of elements like architecture, manipulating formal languages within a universe of possibilities, and on the other hand, the vast and rich intellectual production of sawn of anxieties, architects, engineers, artists, historians, social thinkers, etc., about the \"Brazilian\" nation-building in the heart of the theoretical and conceptual tangle resulting can glimpse the centrality that wisdom of an identity formed historically occupied in reflections on the nation.

Esse estudo se configura como um intento de deslindar uma mirada sobre a arquitetura brasileira a partir das estratégias discursivas postas em curso no processo de sua objetivação. Mais especificamente, nos interessa problematizar os discursos e representações que entre meados do século XIX e a década de 1930 se elaboraram em torno do tópico da identidade arquitetônica, inextricável das questões de formação nacional no sentido mais amplo dessa ideia, cultural, racial e histórica, e que se apresentaram em dados momentos e sob certas contingências como interpretações legítimas do que seria nacional, brasileiro, próprio e peculiar em arquitetura, buscando assim assegurar-lhes um lugar privilegiado de enunciação. Para tanto, consideramos oportuna e profícua uma aproximação dos debates no campo arquitetônico àqueles conduzidos em torno da questão da nação e da identidade nacional, na perspectiva da investigação dos diálogos, deslizamentos conceituais e imbricações entre arquitetura e pensamento social brasileiro em temas como nação, identidade, influência do meio, raça, herança portuguesa, etc., e seu sentido formativo nas representações da arquitetura brasileira, arranjados no esforço de fixação de uma feição peculiarmente brasileira na arquitetura.Operando de forma produtiva uma investigação assente no reconhecimento das imbricações, diálogos, afinidades conceituais e teóricas entre, de um lado, um campo disciplinar com elementos historicamente constituídos como a arquitetura e a vasta e rica produção intelectual desdobrada das inquietações de artistas, arquitetos, engenheiros, historiadores, pensadores sociais, etc., acerca da formação brasileira, em cujo cerne do emaranhado teórico e conceitual daí resultante se pode entrever a centralidade que o discernimento de uma identidade constituída ocupou historicamente nas reflexões sobre o país. / This study is designed as an attempt to unravel a glance on Brazilian architecture from the discursive strategies put in their way in the process of objectification. More specifically interested in questioning the discourses and representations between the mid-nineteenth century and the 1930s was developed around the topic of architectural identity, inextricable from questions of national training in the broadest sense of this idea, cultural, racial, historical, and who performed at certain times and under certain contingencies as legitimate interpretations of what is \"national\", \"Brazilian\", \"own\" and \"peculiar\" in architecture, thus seeking to ensure them a privileged place of enunciation. To this end, we consider an approach and fruitful discussions in the architectural field to those conducted on the issue of nation and national identity from the perspective of research of the dialogues, landslides and conceptual overlaps between architecture and Brazilian social thought on issues such as nation, identity Influence of environment, race, Portuguese heritage, etc. Operating productively a research based on recognition of superposes, dialogues, conceptual and theoretical affinities between, on the one hand, a disciplinary field consisting of elements like architecture, manipulating formal languages within a universe of possibilities, and on the other hand, the vast and rich intellectual production of sawn of anxieties, architects, engineers, artists, historians, social thinkers, etc., about the \"Brazilian\" nation-building in the heart of the theoretical and conceptual tangle resulting can glimpse the centrality that wisdom of an identity formed historically occupied in reflections on the nation.

Theses (MTech (Business Information Systems))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / This paper describes the redesigning processes of the National Building Regulations of South Africa. These processes are administered by the National Regulator for Compulsory Specifications (NRCS) in terms of the National Building Regulations and Building Standards Act 103 of 1977 (The Act). The application of the business processes and the Building Control Officers from various local authorities nation-wide who enforce the National Building Regulations and Building Standards Act, 103 of 1977 (hereinafter referred to as “the Act”) with particular reference to implementation of core regulatory business processes within the building industry in Southern Africa. The investigation was largely motivated by the high number of injuries, deaths and/or human lives affected adversely and reported due to collapsing and defective buildings. These disasters occurred at various Local Authorities, in private residential homes, government-owned buildings, abandoned and commercial buildings, such as shopping malls, have been investigated and reported by the Building Regulator, i.e. the NRCS in collaboration with the Department of Labour’s Commission of Enquiry between the years 2012 and 2014. The reports show that in those sectors of building, the local authorities’ Building Control Officers, as the legislated enforcers of the Building Regulations (with the oversight role played by the NRCS), experienced the highest levels of non-compliance by various parties who are affected by the Building Regulations, i.e. building owners or their legal representatives, built-environment professional practitioners and builders. This study applies the interpretive approach underpinned by qualitative methodology where interviews were used to collect data from building owners, prospective building owners, building occupants, built-environment practitioners, Local Authorities’ building control officers and The Regulator of the National Building Regulations. The empirical findings revealed that there is a critical need for business process review and strategy shifts that advance objectivity and benefits to compliance, visibility and awareness of regulatory process, the highlights of possible endangerment of human life due to non-compliance, the outlining of sanctions for failure to comply, and stakeholder liaison. The output is a re-module of business processes that will enforce and maintain compliance of the building regulations of South Africa.

The study investigates two aspects that arise when an application is made for building plan approval to the Building Control Officer (BCO) in the Department of Building Control at a local authority (LA). Firstly, the uniform application of the minimum requirements for building plan approval is studied. Secondly, while keeping the original goal of the National Building Regulations (NBR) in mind, the inclusion of passive design requirements is considered as part of the minimum requirements. In the Republic of South Africa (South Africa), the National Building Regulations and Building Standards Act, 1977 (Act 103 of 1977) determines the minimum requirements of any building. Although the NBR are in the process of being rewritten, the amended 1990 version is still being used. On 15 June 2010, the South African National Standard (SANS) 10400-XA: The Application of the National Building Regulations Part X: Environmental Sustainability Section A: Energy Usage in Buildings, was published for public comment. However, the current version of the NBR does not address sustainability. Therefore, it is argued that the planning and erection of structures within the South African built environment do not currently conform to any minimum sustainability requirements. A series of ‘Deemed-to-Satisfy Rules’ constitutes an integral part of the NBR. Should a development in the built environment comply with these prerequisites, it is observing the statutory requirements of Act 103 of 1977. The regulations are implemented by the Department of Building Control of the different LAs (or municipalities). Act 103 of 1977 also prescribes the appointment, qualifications and functions of the BCO who should head the department. However, it is the LA’s responsibility to appoint the BCO. An LA’s Department of Building Control uses guidelines (as determined by Act 103 of 1977) to approve applications for new buildings and alterations to existing ones. A series of prescribed inspections should be conducted during the construction phase of a building. Before a building can be used for its intended purpose, the BCO has to sign a Certificate of Occupancy. Although the NBR provide prescriptions, the requirements are implemented in different ways by the various LAs. After determining the origin and examining the goals and implementation methods of Act 103 of 1977 and its Regulations (together with the Code of Application (SANS 10400:1990)), this study demonstrates that the current edition of the NBR is not uniformly implemented in the Republic of South Africa. Additionally, the study links the original goal of the NBR to limit inflationary tendencies with current practice to use passive design principles to combat building operation costs. Lastly, a pro forma application form is included as an addendum (although it is not officially part of the study). This proposed pro forma could assist in the uniform implementation of NBR, while at the same time promoting sustainability. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Architecture / unrestricted

Armut ist kein statisches, isoliertes oder nur materielles Phänomen, sondern reproduziert sich strukturell und mit verstärkter Ausprägung in den nächsten Generationen. Ihre Ursache ist nicht rein wirtschaftlich, sondern die Konsequenz eines langen historischen Prozesses der Negierung und Ausbeutung, auch rassiell und geschlechtsspezifisch bedingt. Daher muss man das Problem der Indianer in Bolivien als Ergebnis der historischen und sozialen Verachtung und Annullierung von Seiten der Elite und Oligarchie verstehen, die ihre politische und ökonomische Teilnahme begrenzt haben. Leider hat dabei sogar die Bildung als Instrument gedient, um das dominante System zu rechtfertigen und die indianische Bevölkerung abzuwerten. Als Konsequenz dieser rassiellen Diskriminierung und Marginalisierung in Verbindung mit der wachsenden Armut ist ein sehr komplexes Phänomen entstanden, das man strukturelle Gewalt nennt. Unter der Betrachtung solcher Bedingungen im bolivianischen Kontext wird mit dieser Arbeit der Versuch unternommen, neue Bildungspolitiken vorzuschlagen, die als Fundament für eine bessere und gleichmäßige Verteilung der Möglichkeiten zur menschlichen Entwicklung und für die Konstruktion einer demokratischen Gesellschaft (Nation Building Prozess) dienen könnten. Dafür wird die Philosophie des Ordens der Salesianer als Referenz für neue Ansätze gewählt, bei denen die Bildung ein gemeinsames Konzept des Landes formuliert, das Vorurteile, Stereotypen und innere Grenzen, die sich von Generation zu Generation übertragen, ausräumt. Die Bedeutung der Bildung soll mit anderen Worten in deren Nutzung als Werkzeug für die Errichtung einer Friedenskultur liegen, die auf Toleranz, Solidarität und den Menschenrechten basiert, wobei die zwischeninstitutionelle Annäherung, Kooperation und der gegenseitige Austausch von Informationen und Erfahrungen in der Bildungsgemeinschaft (z.B. zwischen Don Bosco, Unicef oder Unesco) eine wichtige Rolle spielen.

Armut ist kein statisches, isoliertes oder nur materielles Phänomen, sondern reproduziert sich strukturell und mit verstärkter Ausprägung in den nächsten Generationen. Ihre Ursache ist nicht rein wirtschaftlich, sondern die Konsequenz eines langen historischen Prozesses der Negierung und Ausbeutung, auch rassiell und geschlechtsspezifisch bedingt. Daher muss man das Problem der Indianer in Bolivien als Ergebnis der historischen und sozialen Verachtung und Annullierung von Seiten der Elite und Oligarchie verstehen, die ihre politische und ökonomische Teilnahme begrenzt haben. Leider hat dabei sogar die Bildung als Instrument gedient, um das dominante System zu rechtfertigen und die indianische Bevölkerung abzuwerten. Als Konsequenz dieser rassiellen Diskriminierung und Marginalisierung in Verbindung mit der wachsenden Armut ist ein sehr komplexes Phänomen entstanden, das man strukturelle Gewalt nennt. Unter der Betrachtung solcher Bedingungen im bolivianischen Kontext wird mit dieser Arbeit der Versuch unternommen, neue Bildungspolitiken vorzuschlagen, die als Fundament für eine bessere und gleichmäßige Verteilung der Möglichkeiten zur menschlichen Entwicklung und für die Konstruktion einer demokratischen Gesellschaft (Nation Building Prozess) dienen könnten. Dafür wird die Philosophie des Ordens der Salesianer als Referenz für neue Ansätze gewählt, bei denen die Bildung ein gemeinsames Konzept des Landes formuliert, das Vorurteile, Stereotypen und innere Grenzen, die sich von Generation zu Generation übertragen, ausräumt. Die Bedeutung der Bildung soll mit anderen Worten in deren Nutzung als Werkzeug für die Errichtung einer Friedenskultur liegen, die auf Toleranz, Solidarität und den Menschenrechten basiert, wobei die zwischeninstitutionelle Annäherung, Kooperation und der gegenseitige Austausch von Informationen und Erfahrungen in der Bildungsgemeinschaft (z.B. zwischen Don Bosco, Unicef oder Unesco) eine wichtige Rolle spielen.

5 Abstract Diploma thesis deals with the topic of the Belarusian national movement in the late Soviet period. After the end of the Stalinist terror in the 70th-80th of the 20th century civic movements have been reborn in the Soviet Belarus. A rising national movement continued the national- building process, started in 20th years with the program of Belorusisation, which was interuppted by Soviet government in the late 20th. The research subject of the thesis is the Belarusian national idea in samizdat periodicals during 1970-1985. Content analysis of samizdat journals allows to define and understand the period's thinking. Since Soviet samizdat at that time was the only media environment, independent from the ideology and censorship. The thesis as well includes analysis and development of Belarusian national idea from its beginning; characteristic of the political, economic and social context of the Soviet period; appearance and analysis of dissent and democratic activities in 1970-1985.