Die Einführung des flächendeckenden gesetzlichen Mindestlohns von 8,50 Euro ist ein großes, mit vielen sozialpolitischen Risiken verbundenes Experiment. Im ersten Teil dieses Übersichtsartikels zeigen wir, dass weder die unterschiedlichen theoretischen Erklärungsmodelle noch die große Anzahl empirischer Arbeiten aus anderen Ländern die Hoffnung rechtfertigen, der Mindestlohn würde in Deutschland keine substantiellen Beschäftigungsverluste mit sich bringen. Im zweiten Teil verwenden wir dann aktuelle Daten zur Lohnverteilung in Deutschland, um mit Hilfe einer Simulationsrechnung für die unterschiedlichen theoretischen Szenarien zu untersuchen, welche Beschäftigungsrisiken für unterschiedliche Zielgruppen durch die Einführung eines flächendeckenden Mindestlohns von 8,50 Euro drohen. Besonders stark betroffen sind die heutigen „Aufstocker“, die von der Mindestlohnerhöhung kaum etwas mit nach Hause nehmen können, aber in Zukunft einem ungleich höheren Arbeitsplatzrisiko ausgesetzt sind. Diese Befunde lassen zweifeln, dass die Politik mit dem Mindestlohn ihre erklärten Ziele einer erhöhten Verteilungsgerechtigkeit und der Entlastung der öffentlichen Haushalte erreichen kann.

京都大学 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第13438号 / 論医博第2237号 / 新制||医||1054(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 川上 浩司, 教授 滝田 順子, 教授 万代 昌紀 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Although higher dietary intake of MUFA has been shown to improve glycaemic control and lipid profiles, whether MUFA consumption from different sources is linked to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains unclear. We aimed to prospectively assess the associations of plant-derived MUFA (P-MUFA) and animal-derived MUFA (A-MUFA) intakes with T2D risk in a nationwide oriental cohort. Overall, 15 022 Chinese adults, aged andhe;20 years, from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS 1997-2011) were prospectively followed up for a median of 14 years. Consumption of MUFA from plant and animal sources was assessed using 3-d 24-h recalls in each survey, and the cumulative average of intake was calculated. Multivariable-adjusted Cox models were constructed to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) of T2D according to quartiles of MUFA intake. P-MUFA were mainly consumed from cooked vegetable oils, fried bread sticks and rice, while A-MUFA were mainly consumed from pork, lard and eggs. Intake of P-MUFA was associated with a higher risk of T2D (HRQ4 v. Q1 1-50 (95 % CI 1-18, 1-90); Ptrend = 0-0013), whereas A-MUFA showed no significant association (HRQ4 v. Q1 0-84 (95 % CI 0-59, 1-20); Ptrend = 0-30). When further considering the cooking method of food sources, consumption of P-MUFA from fried foods was positively associated with T2D risk (HRQ4 v. Q1 1-60 (95 % CI 1-26, 2-02); Ptrend = 0-0006), whereas non-fried P-MUFA were not associated. Intake of MUFA from fried plant-based foods may elevate T2D risk among the Chinese population.

Bakgrund. Närvaron på sociala medier är hög bland Sveriges befolkning och tidigare forskning tyder på att intensiv användning kan ha en negativ effekt på välbefinnandet, samtidigt har självförtroende visat sig vara en viktig faktor för individens välbefinnande. Vidare finns det begränsad forskning om hur självförtroende samvarierar med användningen av sociala medier, detta pekar på att det finns mycket att utforska inom detta område. Material och metod. För att besvara studiens syfte och frågeställning om hur användningen av sociala medier samverkar med upplevt självförtroende hos den svenska befolkningen, användes den nationella SOM-undersökningen från 2015. 3400 personer i åldrarna 16 till 85 blev slumpmässigt utvalda från befolkningsregistret. Totalt var det 1685 respondenter som svarade på samtliga frågor, inklusive kontrollvariablerna. För att undersöka sambandet mellan sociala medier och självförtroende med hänsyn till bakgrundsvariablerna, användes multipel regressionsanalys. Resultat. Resultatet visade på ett svagt negativt samband mellan sociala medier och självförtroende, däremot kvarstod inte sambandet under kontroll för kön, utbildning och ålder.Slutsats. Graden av sociala medieanvändning är en av flera faktorer som kan ha en negativ påverkan på självförtroendet. Dessutom påverkas användningen av sociala medier och självförtroendet av faktorer som kön, utbildning och ålder. / Background: The presence on social media is high among the Swedish population, and previous research suggests that intensive use can have a negative effect on well-being. At the same time, self-confidence has been shown to be an important factor for individual well-being. Furthermore, there is limited research on how self-confidence correlates with social media use, indicating that there is much to explore in this area. Materials and Methods. To adress the aim and research question of how social media usage interacts with perceived self-confidence among the Swedish population, the national SOM survey from 2015 was utilized. 3400 individuals aged 16 to 85 were randomly selected from the population register. A total of 1685 respondents answered all questions, including control variables. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between social media and self-confidence, taking into account background variables. Results. The results showed a weak negative correlation between social media and self-confidence, but this correlation did not persist when controlling for gender, education, and age. Conclusion. The degree of social media usage is one of the several factors that can have a negative impact on self-confidence. Additionally, the influence of gender, education, and age should be considered when examining the relationship between social media and self-confidence.

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Background Screening by cytology has been highly effective in reducing the incidence and mortality from squamous invasive cervical cancer (ICC), but the effectiveness is less established regarding non-squamous ICC and regarding women above screening ages and below 30 years of age. Cervical cancer still occurs despite the presence of an organised screening programme. A substantial proportion of screened women with ICC are reported to have had previous abnormal cytology findings. The significance of negative cytology with limited evaluation is not quite determined, the most effective management of women with low-grade abnormalities is controversial, and evaluation of long-term effect of different treatment methods is limited. Aims To identify possible areas of improvements in the prevention of cervical cancer by evaluating the effectiveness of the Swedish cervical screening programme, and by exploring risk factors for ICC in the cytological screening histories and in the management of women with abnormal cytology findings. Methods The screening histories of all ICC cases in Sweden 1999-2001 (n=1230) and of five population-based control women per case were reviewed, using data from the Swedish Cancer Registry, the national population register, the Swedish national cervical screening quality register, histopathological reports and questionnaires to clinicians. The risk of cervical cancer according to screening histories 0.5-6.5 years before cancer diagnosis was estimated as odds ratios (ORs) in logistic regression models with 95% confidence interval (CI) (Paper I). Risk related to different cytological reports was assessed in women below 67 years of age with cytology (n=572, n=3569) in Paper II. The initial follow-up of women with abnormal or unsatisfactory cytology reports (n=159, n=258) was evaluated in Paper III, and further investigation and treatment of abnormalities (n=143 cases, n=176 controls) in Paper IV. Results The cancer cases were above screening ages (31%), had not been screened according to recommendations (33%), had negative cytology (23%), or had previous positive screening tests (13%). No screening within the recommended interval increased the risk of squamous (OR 2.97, 95% CI 2.51-3.50) as well as non-squamous cancer (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.20-2.11), and increased the risk in all ages. Negative cytology with partially obscuring factors and unsatisfactory cytology increased the risk of subsequent early stage ICC. All cytological abnormalities increased the risk of ICC, and women with glandular atypia or atypia in cells of uncertain origin carried a particularly high risk (OR 11.69, 95% CI 7.02-19.46). After a low-grade squamous abnormal smear finding, further investigation with biopsy was more effective than repeated cytology (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.24-0.89). Lack of biopsy increased the risk in women with both low-grade and high-grade squamous abnormalities. Neither repeat cytology, nor biopsy, decreased the risk in women with glandular atypia or atypia in cells of uncertain origin. Treatment decreased the risk, even when the biopsy before treatment was negative or showed low-grade atypia only. Ablative therapy was less effective than excision and laser conisation was the most effective therapy. Conclusions Improved adherence to screening recommendations and including older women at increased risk in the programme would have significant cancer preventive gains. Women with negative cytology with limited evaluation and with unsatisfactory cytology may need further evaluation. Assessment with biopsy should be recommended for women with low-grade as well as high-grade squamous abnormalities. The diagnosing of precancer lesions and the identification of women in need of treatment warrant improvements, in particular in cases of glandular or “other” atypia in cytology. Treatment techniques need further evaluation.

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Thesis (M. En.)--Miami University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 35 [1st set of paginations]).

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