The goal of this work was to quantify the effects of eucalypt woodland blocks on the productivity of native pastures. This research was conducted on the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales. Tree planting or retention is seen by many as an important tool in addressing the problems of soil degradation resulting from clearing and pasture improvement that threaten the sustainability of pasture systems. In particular these are dry land salinity and erosion, both of which affect large areas of agricultural lands in the south east of Australia. Whilst native tree cover remains over substantial portions of Australian pasture lands, mainly on steeper slopes and poorer soils, little has been done to measure the effects of trees on pasture productivity and soil fertility on the Southern Tablelands. Previous studies in other areas have shown a range of effects�from facilitation to inhibition�of pasture growth in the presence of trees. Soil fertility beneath trees has been shown by a number of workers to be elevated in comparison with situations in the open. Given that the range of effects may be highly site dependent, application of results from one area to another may not be valid. Thus it is necessary to measure tree effects on a regional scale if results are to be reliable. Pasture productivity was assessed over a two year period on four sites in the vicinity of Bungendore, New South Wales. A pair of plots was selected on each site, one plot in a block of eucalypt woodland, and the other nearby in an exposed, open situation. Plots were chosen to be as similar to each other as possible with the exception of tree cover. Treed plots had a tree basal area of between 10 and 20 m2 ha-1 and plots had an area of 900 m2. Two of the sites were on granitic soils and had a tree cover consisting predominantly of Eucalyptus pauciflora. The remaining two sites were on soil derived from sedimentary rocks with tree cover consisting mainly of E. mannifera, E. dives and E. melliodora. Perennial native pasture species present were similar across all sites, although their relative contributions to standing biomass varied between sites. As the plots were grazed during the period of measurement, productivity and offtake were measured seasonally using exclosure cages on each plot. Pasture standing biomass was assessed using the comparative yield technique. Microclimate was monitored in each plot by automatic weather stations. Soil moisture to a depth of 45 cm was measured by time domain reflectometry using permanent probes in each plot. Ten additional survey plots on each site, covering the range of tree basal area from 0 - 30 m2 ha-1, were assessed each season in the second year for standing biomass, soil fertility and pasture quality; expressed by nitrogen content and dry matter digestibility. Pasture floristics were measured using the dry-weight-rank method. These additional plots were chosen to be as representative of the paddocks as possible. Over the two years that productivity was measured, it was found to be higher under trees than in the open. This was predominantly due to higher winter and spring growth within treed plots. Grazing offtake was also found to be higher under trees, partly accounting for lower standing biomass found in the treed plots. Wind run, evapotranspiration and photosynthetically active radiation were all reduced by the presence of trees. Beneficial effects of shelter from winds may largely explain the higher productivity observed in the treed plots, and could outweigh negative effects of below ground competition and radiation interception by tree canopies at low to moderate tree densities. Soil moisture was not affected by the presence of trees. Soil fertility also did not differ between treed and open plots nor was there any difference in pasture nitrogen content or dry matter digestibility. On the sites where soils were derived from sedimentary rocks, pasture floristics were found to be related to tree basal area. Themeda ausfralis biomass was negatively related to tree basal area, and was partially replaced by large tussock species such as Poa sieberiana and Chionochloa pallida. A reduction of pasture quality resulted, particularly as the latter species is not grazed to any significant extent. Given the desirability of having deep rooted perennial components in grazing lands, the results of this study indicate that it may be possible to utilise trees to assist in preventing or reducing a range of adverse environmental consequences arising from agricultural activities, without unduly compromising pasture productivity. Additionally, the wide range of environmental conditions provided by a mix of treed and open pasture promotes a higher degree of heterogeneity of the herbaceous layer. This may assist in maintaining productivity over a greater range of climatic conditions than would be the case with a more homogeneous pasture.

Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2018-03-07T13:14:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCS16MA147.pdf: 1188975 bytes, checksum: 7fb2079dde5dc53eb4de7d465ebc2539 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-07T13:14:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCS16MA147.pdf: 1188975 bytes, checksum: 7fb2079dde5dc53eb4de7d465ebc2539 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-23 / Water erosion is the main soil degradation factor, which is influenced by rain, soil, relief, land use and management and coverage and conservation practices. The land use, coverage and soil management is not always adequate, resulting in significant erosion due also to the lack of cultivation and conservation practices adapted systems. As a result, the water and soil loss by water erosion were quantified in Haplumbrept soil in two experiments. In one, the treatments without replicate were differentiated by doses of fertilizer applied to the soil surface in no-tillage condition. In another experiment, with a replicate, the treatments consisted of no-tillage, burned natural pasture and native pasture. In no-tillage treatments were cultivated radish, black beans, vetch, corn, oats and soybeans in rotation. Treatments with crops, with natural pasture and burned natural pasture were compared to a control treatment where the soil was kept uncultivated and unfertilized. Increases fertilizer dose applied on the soil surface cultivated by direct seeding condition increased the production of plant biomass and grain and reduced water loss and soil erosion by water. Increases fertilizer dose applied on the soil surface cultivated by direct seeding condition increased the phosphorus content in the soil surface and, thus, increased the content of the erosion sediments, but decreased the total amount of the element lost by water erosion. The loss of soil and water erosion by water related exponentially decreasing manner with the amount of fertilizer applied on the soil surface in no-tillage condition. The loss of soil by erosion is changed with the change of land use; It were lower in the native field condition, intermediate in native pasture submitted to the annual and largest growing native field in which the aerial biomass is regularly burned; water losses are not modified. The water losses by runoff are less influenced than soil loss by water erosion, both in different conditions of soil management, as in different forms of land use / A erosão hídrica é o principal fator de degradação do solo, a qual é influenciada pela chuva, solo, relevo, uso da terra e manejo e cobertura e práticas de conservação. O uso da terra, a cobertura e manejo do solo nem sempre é adequado, o que resulta em grande erosão, devido, ainda, à falta de sistemas de cultivo e de práticas conservacionistas adaptadas. Em função disso, as perdas de água e solo pela erosão hídrica foram quantificadas num Cambissolo Húmico alumínico léptico, em dois experimentos. Em um, os tratamentos, sem repetição, foram diferenciados por doses de adubo aplicado na superfície do solo em condição de semeadura direta. Em outro experimento, com uma repetição, os tratamentos consistiram de semeadura direta, campo nativo queimado e campo nativo. Nos tratamentos de semeadura direta foram cultivados nabo forrageiro, feijão preto, ervilhaca comum, milho, aveia preta e soja, em rotação. Os tratamentos com cultivo e os de campo foram comparados a um tratamento testemunha em que o solo foi mantido sem cultivo e sem adubação. O aumento da dose de adubos aplicados na superfície do solo cultivado em condição de semeadura direta aumentou a produção de biomassa vegetal e de grãos e diminui as perdas de água e solo por erosão hídrica. O aumento da dose de adubos aplicados na superfície do solo cultivado em condição de semeadura direta aumentou o teor de fósforo na superfície do solo e, com isso, aumenta o teor nos sedimentos da erosão, mas diminuiu a quantidade total do elemento perdido por erosão hídrica. As perdas de solo e de água por erosão hídrica se relacionaram exponencialmente, de modo decrescente, com a quantidade de adubos aplicados na superfície do solo em condição de semeadura direta. A perda de solo por erosão hídrica foi modificada com a mudança de uso da terra; foi menor na condição de campo nativo, intermediária em campo nativo submetido ao cultivo anual e maior em campo nativo em que a biomassa da parte aérea é regularmente queimada; as perdas de água não foram modificadas. As perdas de água por escoamento superficial foram menos influenciadas do que as perdas de solo por erosão hídrica, tanto em diferentes condições de manejo do solo, quanto, em distintas formas de uso da terra

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-15T12:44:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jorge Serrao Pinto Filho.pdf: 1255280 bytes, checksum: b96b8cb8323e3c90862fc8d89ce64c78 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-15T12:44:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jorge Serrao Pinto Filho.pdf: 1255280 bytes, checksum: b96b8cb8323e3c90862fc8d89ce64c78 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The objective was to evaluate the carcass characteristics and components non-carcass of sheep kept on native pasture semiarid region subjected to different offer levels forage (2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 kg DM / kg BW). The pasture was made up of Caatinga, enriched with grass búffel (Cenchrus ciliares L. cv Biloela) and grass corrente (Urochloa mosambicensis (Hack.) Dandy.), with the predominance of mainly native species such as mororó (Bauhinia cheilantha (Bong.) Steud.) and the Feijão bravo (Capparis flexuosa L.). The grazing season was held at two years (2013 and 2014) with a duration of 39 and 84 days, respectively, being animals slaughtered above after these periods. It was made skinning and gutting and then it was obtained the absolute weights not carcass components, the empty body weight (EBW), hot carcass weights (HCW). After the carcass were placed in a cold chamber at 4 ° C for 24 hours. The still entire carcass were evaluated its morphometry. In the left half carcass It was made the cuts commercials shoulder, neck, hand saw, rib, loin and ham. Was used a completely randomized designing in split plot. Occurred quadratic effect (P<0,05) between herbage allowance levels of the consumption of dry matter (CDM), the consumption of organic matter (COM), the consumption of neutral detergent fiber (CNDF), the consumption of acid detergent insoluble protein (CADIP), digestibility of dry matter (DDM), the total weight gain, the average daily gain weight, body weight at slaughter (BWS), the the empty body weight (EBW), hot carcass weight (HCW), the cold carcass weight (CCW) and cut loin showing better values between the average level of 2.83 (kg DM / kg BW). The herbage allowance levels of (kg DM / kg BW) do not alter the characteristics of the weight of components not sheep carcasses kept on native pasture Semiarid. / Objetivou-se avaliar as características de carcaça e os componentes não-carcaça de ovinos mantidos em pasto nativo do Semiárido submetidos a diferentes níveis de oferta de forragem (2,0; 2,5; 3,0; 3,5 kg MS/ kg PC). O pasto era constituído de Caatinga, enriquecida com capim búffel (Cenchrus ciliares L. cv Biloela) e capim corrente (Urochloa mosambicensis (Hack.) Dandy.), com o predomínio principalmente das espécies nativas como o mororó (Bauhinia cheilantha (Bong.) Steud.) e o Feijão bravo (Capparis flexuosa L.). A estação de pastejo foi realizada em dois anos (2013 e 2014) com duração de 39 e 84 dias, respectivamente, sendo os animais abatidos logo após estes períodos. Foi feito a esfola e evisceração, em seguida foi obtido os pesos absolutos dos componentes não carcaça, o peso corporal vazio (PCVZ), pesos de carcaça quente (PCQ). Após as carcaça foram colocadas em um câmara fria a 4 ºC por 24 horas. As carcaça ainda inteiras foram avaliadas sua morfometria. Na meia carcaça esquerda foi feito os cortes comerciais paleta, pescoço, serrote, costela, lombo e pernil. Utilizou-se o desenho experimental interiamente casualizado em parcelas subdivididas. Ocorreu efeito quadrático (P<0,05) entre os níveis de oferta de forragem sobre o consumo de matéria seca (CMS), o consumo de matéria orgânica (CMO), o consumo de fibra em detergente neutro (CFDN), o consumo de proteína insolúvel em detergente ácido (CPIDA), a disgestibilidade da matéria seca (DMS), o ganho de peso total, o ganho de peso médio diário, o peso corporal ao abate (PCA), o peso corporal vazio (PCVZ), o peso de carcaça quente (PCQ), o peso de carcaça fria (PCF) e o corte lombo apresentando melhores valores entre o nível médio de 2,83 (kg de MS/ kg de PC). Os níveis de oferta de forragem (kg de MS/ kg de PC) não alteraram nas características dos componentes não carcaça de ovinos mantidos em pasto nativo do Semiárido.

O trabalho foi conduzido na EEA-UFRGS, em Eldorado do Sul/RS, entre dez/2011 e nov/2013 com o objetivo de estudar o efeito da estrutura do pasto no consumo de matéria seca e na emissão de metano e relacionar essa emissão com o desempenho animal em pastagem nativa submetida a níveis de oferta diária de forragem de 4, 8, 8.12, 12 e 16 kg de MS/100 kg de PV, ou %PV. Esses tratamentos foram distribuídos num delineamento experimental de blocos com duas repetições. Em pastoreio contínuo foram utilizadas novilhas mestiças com 24 meses de idade e 223 ± 24 kg em 2012 e 12 meses e 274 ± 17 kg em 2013 quando da entrada dos animais no protocolo experimental. As variáveis para descrever a estrutura do pasto foram: massa de forragem, taxa de acúmulo de forragem, altura do pasto e frequência de touceiras. Na avaliação de consumo de matéria seca utilizou-se a técnica dos n-alcanos a partir da teoria do duplo n-alcano. As emissões de metano foram estimadas pela técnica do marcador hexafluoreto de enxofre. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental de blocos com duas repetições. As ofertas 4 e 8% emitiram menores quantidades de CH4/animal que as ofertas de forragem 16, 12 e 8.12% do PV. Os modelos estudados demonstraram que a variabilidade das emissões é explicada, em maior proporção, pelo conjunto de estrutura do pasto (R2=0.53), e que a relação entre emissão de CH4 e consumo de matéria seca foi altamente significativa (P<0.001), porém o consumo explicou a variância dos dados em proporção limitada (R2= 0.20). Anualmente a emissão de CH4 foi determinada por mudanças no consumo e na estrutura do pasto, principalmente, na taxa de acúmulo de forragem. Com baixa taxa de acúmulo, principalmente no inverno, há maior gasto de energia para realização da metanogênese. A relação observada entre a quantidade de CH4 emitido por kg de MS consumida em função do consumo diário de MS apresentou comportamento inversamente proporcional. O aumento da OF até níveis moderados de intensidade de pastejo proporcionam maiores GPV e maiores emissões de CH4 por animal que oferta de forragem baixa. Porém as ofertas de forragens alta e moderadas (16,12 e 8.12 ) emitiram menor quantidade de metano por área e por kg de peso vivo produzido. Portanto a busca por estruturas de pasto ideal através de manejos com intensidades de pastejo moderadas aliada a altas taxas de acúmulo do pasto, formam ambientes de pastejos na qual os bovinos mitigam metano por kg de MS consumida, por ha e por kg de PV produzido. / The study was conducted at the EEA-UFRGS, in Eldorado do Sul/ RS, from Dec/2011 to Nov/2013 in order to study the effect of the structure and dry matter intake in methane emissions and relate that to animal performance in native grassland. The treatments consisted of the following forage allowance levels: 4, 8, 8:12, 12 and16 kg DM / 100 kg live weight (LW), or % LW. The animal testers were crossbred heifers with 24 months of age and 223 ± 24 kg in 2012 and 12 months and 274 ± 17 kg in 2013 when the entry of animals in the experimental protocol. The variables to describe the pasture structure were: herbage mass, herbage accumulation rate, pasture height and frequency of tussocks. For the dry matter intake evaluation, it was used the technique of nalkanes technique based on the double alkane teory. Methane emissions were measured by the sulfur hexafluoride tracer technique. The experimental design was a randomized block design with two replications (paddocks) was used. The 4 and 8% LW herbage allowance treatments emited less CH4/animal than 16, 12 and 12.8% LW. The models showed that the variability of the emission is explained in a greater proportion, the set of pasture structure (R2 = 0,53), and that the relationship between emission of methane emission and dry matter intake was highly significant (P <0.001). On the other hand, consumption explained a smaller amount of the data variance (R2 = 0.20). Annuall methane emission was determined by changes in herbage consumption and sward structure, mainly herbage accumulation rate. With low herbage accumulation rate, especially in winter, there was a greater, waste of energy for methanogenesis. There was an inverse relationship between the amount of methane emitted per kg dry matter intake as a function of daily dry matter consumption. Increasing herbage allowance to moderate grazing intensity levels resulted in a greater LW gain and also higher CH4 emission per animal. However, high to moderate herbage allowance tratments (16, 12 and 8-12) emited less methane per area and per kg of LW produced. Managing native grasslands under moderate levels of herbage allowance can creat canopy strutures that favor both consumption and herbage accumulation rate, and also mitigate beff cattle methane emissions per kg of DM, per area and per kg LW produced.

O trabalho foi conduzido na EEA-UFRGS, em Eldorado do Sul/RS, entre dez/2011 e nov/2013 com o objetivo de estudar o efeito da estrutura do pasto no consumo de matéria seca e na emissão de metano e relacionar essa emissão com o desempenho animal em pastagem nativa submetida a níveis de oferta diária de forragem de 4, 8, 8.12, 12 e 16 kg de MS/100 kg de PV, ou %PV. Esses tratamentos foram distribuídos num delineamento experimental de blocos com duas repetições. Em pastoreio contínuo foram utilizadas novilhas mestiças com 24 meses de idade e 223 ± 24 kg em 2012 e 12 meses e 274 ± 17 kg em 2013 quando da entrada dos animais no protocolo experimental. As variáveis para descrever a estrutura do pasto foram: massa de forragem, taxa de acúmulo de forragem, altura do pasto e frequência de touceiras. Na avaliação de consumo de matéria seca utilizou-se a técnica dos n-alcanos a partir da teoria do duplo n-alcano. As emissões de metano foram estimadas pela técnica do marcador hexafluoreto de enxofre. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental de blocos com duas repetições. As ofertas 4 e 8% emitiram menores quantidades de CH4/animal que as ofertas de forragem 16, 12 e 8.12% do PV. Os modelos estudados demonstraram que a variabilidade das emissões é explicada, em maior proporção, pelo conjunto de estrutura do pasto (R2=0.53), e que a relação entre emissão de CH4 e consumo de matéria seca foi altamente significativa (P<0.001), porém o consumo explicou a variância dos dados em proporção limitada (R2= 0.20). Anualmente a emissão de CH4 foi determinada por mudanças no consumo e na estrutura do pasto, principalmente, na taxa de acúmulo de forragem. Com baixa taxa de acúmulo, principalmente no inverno, há maior gasto de energia para realização da metanogênese. A relação observada entre a quantidade de CH4 emitido por kg de MS consumida em função do consumo diário de MS apresentou comportamento inversamente proporcional. O aumento da OF até níveis moderados de intensidade de pastejo proporcionam maiores GPV e maiores emissões de CH4 por animal que oferta de forragem baixa. Porém as ofertas de forragens alta e moderadas (16,12 e 8.12 ) emitiram menor quantidade de metano por área e por kg de peso vivo produzido. Portanto a busca por estruturas de pasto ideal através de manejos com intensidades de pastejo moderadas aliada a altas taxas de acúmulo do pasto, formam ambientes de pastejos na qual os bovinos mitigam metano por kg de MS consumida, por ha e por kg de PV produzido. / The study was conducted at the EEA-UFRGS, in Eldorado do Sul/ RS, from Dec/2011 to Nov/2013 in order to study the effect of the structure and dry matter intake in methane emissions and relate that to animal performance in native grassland. The treatments consisted of the following forage allowance levels: 4, 8, 8:12, 12 and16 kg DM / 100 kg live weight (LW), or % LW. The animal testers were crossbred heifers with 24 months of age and 223 ± 24 kg in 2012 and 12 months and 274 ± 17 kg in 2013 when the entry of animals in the experimental protocol. The variables to describe the pasture structure were: herbage mass, herbage accumulation rate, pasture height and frequency of tussocks. For the dry matter intake evaluation, it was used the technique of nalkanes technique based on the double alkane teory. Methane emissions were measured by the sulfur hexafluoride tracer technique. The experimental design was a randomized block design with two replications (paddocks) was used. The 4 and 8% LW herbage allowance treatments emited less CH4/animal than 16, 12 and 12.8% LW. The models showed that the variability of the emission is explained in a greater proportion, the set of pasture structure (R2 = 0,53), and that the relationship between emission of methane emission and dry matter intake was highly significant (P <0.001). On the other hand, consumption explained a smaller amount of the data variance (R2 = 0.20). Annuall methane emission was determined by changes in herbage consumption and sward structure, mainly herbage accumulation rate. With low herbage accumulation rate, especially in winter, there was a greater, waste of energy for methanogenesis. There was an inverse relationship between the amount of methane emitted per kg dry matter intake as a function of daily dry matter consumption. Increasing herbage allowance to moderate grazing intensity levels resulted in a greater LW gain and also higher CH4 emission per animal. However, high to moderate herbage allowance tratments (16, 12 and 8-12) emited less methane per area and per kg of LW produced. Managing native grasslands under moderate levels of herbage allowance can creat canopy strutures that favor both consumption and herbage accumulation rate, and also mitigate beff cattle methane emissions per kg of DM, per area and per kg LW produced.

O trabalho foi conduzido na EEA-UFRGS, em Eldorado do Sul/RS, entre dez/2011 e nov/2013 com o objetivo de estudar o efeito da estrutura do pasto no consumo de matéria seca e na emissão de metano e relacionar essa emissão com o desempenho animal em pastagem nativa submetida a níveis de oferta diária de forragem de 4, 8, 8.12, 12 e 16 kg de MS/100 kg de PV, ou %PV. Esses tratamentos foram distribuídos num delineamento experimental de blocos com duas repetições. Em pastoreio contínuo foram utilizadas novilhas mestiças com 24 meses de idade e 223 ± 24 kg em 2012 e 12 meses e 274 ± 17 kg em 2013 quando da entrada dos animais no protocolo experimental. As variáveis para descrever a estrutura do pasto foram: massa de forragem, taxa de acúmulo de forragem, altura do pasto e frequência de touceiras. Na avaliação de consumo de matéria seca utilizou-se a técnica dos n-alcanos a partir da teoria do duplo n-alcano. As emissões de metano foram estimadas pela técnica do marcador hexafluoreto de enxofre. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental de blocos com duas repetições. As ofertas 4 e 8% emitiram menores quantidades de CH4/animal que as ofertas de forragem 16, 12 e 8.12% do PV. Os modelos estudados demonstraram que a variabilidade das emissões é explicada, em maior proporção, pelo conjunto de estrutura do pasto (R2=0.53), e que a relação entre emissão de CH4 e consumo de matéria seca foi altamente significativa (P<0.001), porém o consumo explicou a variância dos dados em proporção limitada (R2= 0.20). Anualmente a emissão de CH4 foi determinada por mudanças no consumo e na estrutura do pasto, principalmente, na taxa de acúmulo de forragem. Com baixa taxa de acúmulo, principalmente no inverno, há maior gasto de energia para realização da metanogênese. A relação observada entre a quantidade de CH4 emitido por kg de MS consumida em função do consumo diário de MS apresentou comportamento inversamente proporcional. O aumento da OF até níveis moderados de intensidade de pastejo proporcionam maiores GPV e maiores emissões de CH4 por animal que oferta de forragem baixa. Porém as ofertas de forragens alta e moderadas (16,12 e 8.12 ) emitiram menor quantidade de metano por área e por kg de peso vivo produzido. Portanto a busca por estruturas de pasto ideal através de manejos com intensidades de pastejo moderadas aliada a altas taxas de acúmulo do pasto, formam ambientes de pastejos na qual os bovinos mitigam metano por kg de MS consumida, por ha e por kg de PV produzido. / The study was conducted at the EEA-UFRGS, in Eldorado do Sul/ RS, from Dec/2011 to Nov/2013 in order to study the effect of the structure and dry matter intake in methane emissions and relate that to animal performance in native grassland. The treatments consisted of the following forage allowance levels: 4, 8, 8:12, 12 and16 kg DM / 100 kg live weight (LW), or % LW. The animal testers were crossbred heifers with 24 months of age and 223 ± 24 kg in 2012 and 12 months and 274 ± 17 kg in 2013 when the entry of animals in the experimental protocol. The variables to describe the pasture structure were: herbage mass, herbage accumulation rate, pasture height and frequency of tussocks. For the dry matter intake evaluation, it was used the technique of nalkanes technique based on the double alkane teory. Methane emissions were measured by the sulfur hexafluoride tracer technique. The experimental design was a randomized block design with two replications (paddocks) was used. The 4 and 8% LW herbage allowance treatments emited less CH4/animal than 16, 12 and 12.8% LW. The models showed that the variability of the emission is explained in a greater proportion, the set of pasture structure (R2 = 0,53), and that the relationship between emission of methane emission and dry matter intake was highly significant (P <0.001). On the other hand, consumption explained a smaller amount of the data variance (R2 = 0.20). Annuall methane emission was determined by changes in herbage consumption and sward structure, mainly herbage accumulation rate. With low herbage accumulation rate, especially in winter, there was a greater, waste of energy for methanogenesis. There was an inverse relationship between the amount of methane emitted per kg dry matter intake as a function of daily dry matter consumption. Increasing herbage allowance to moderate grazing intensity levels resulted in a greater LW gain and also higher CH4 emission per animal. However, high to moderate herbage allowance tratments (16, 12 and 8-12) emited less methane per area and per kg of LW produced. Managing native grasslands under moderate levels of herbage allowance can creat canopy strutures that favor both consumption and herbage accumulation rate, and also mitigate beff cattle methane emissions per kg of DM, per area and per kg LW produced.

Esta tese objetiva investigar a gestão local e as características significativas do desenvolvimento rural em comunidades de pecuaristas familiares nos municípios de São Jerônimo, Butiá e arredores, região Centro Sul do RS. Nesta tese, as dinâmicas do desenvolvimento rural na pecuária familiar são compreendidas como movimentos de transição ou contracorrente à marcha de consolidação e aprofundamento da agricultura convencional assentada em parâmetros do paradigma técnico-científico moderno. Na realidade estudada os pecuaristas familiares foram elevados da posição de marginalizados e periféricos à condição de segmento central na rede rural de desenvolvimento, reavaliados pela sua importância social, ambiental e econômica na relação que estabelecem com a sociedade local e regional, e com os ecossistemas campestres riograndenses, atualmente fortemente impactados por processos de degradação. Entendendo o DR como um movimento transicional e contracorrente esta tese utiliza componentes analítico-metodológicos fornecidos pela Perspectiva Multinível-PMN, em especial a ferramenta Gestão Estratégica de Nicho-GEN, e os elementos para pensar o desenvolvimento rural contemporâneo, tais como o seu caráter multinível, a noção de rede rural multidimensional, a multifuncionalidade da agricultura e o papel dos agricultores camponeses. Os procedimentos metodológicos são realizados através de revisão bibliográfica, coleta de dados secundários, entrevistas semi-estruturadas com informantes-chave e observação participante da paisagem rural, unidades produtivas, e das práticas e trajetórias, incluindo registro fotográfico. O referencial teórico utilizado fornece aportes para tratar a experiência local na perspectiva de uma dinâmica de DR que ocorre no nível micro, metodologicamente definida como um espaço protegido de desenvolvimento da pecuária familiar, posicionada sob condicionantes estruturais mais amplos e influentes compostos pelos regimes sociotécnicos prevalentes e paisagens sociotécnicas. Apesar da consolidação e maior estruturação dos níveis elevados, existe interdependência e mutua interação entre o que acontece nos níveis micro e macro. Quanto à gestão identificam-se três alinhamentos principais na rede rural: infraestrutura e qualidade de vida; melhoria genética dos animais e do manejo do campo e dos rebanhos; e agregação de valor e governabilidade dos mercados. Avalia-se que apesar dos alinhamentos notáveis existem dissensos e incongruências. Mesmo nos alinhamentos de estratégias e expectativas mais vigorosos que ocorrem em melhoramento genéticos dos ovinos e bovinos; criação de novos mercados; e na percepção do campo nativo como um recurso valioso, produtivo e barato, acontecem incongruências importantes. As transformações mais marcantes do DR são identificadas como: novidades; práticas e trajetórias em governabilidade dos mercados; aspectos atinentes à sustentabilidade e endogeneidade; e questões relativas à dimensão social da rede rural. Nesta tese, os agricultores familiares que se dedicam à pecuária são avaliados como capazes de conciliar de maneira proveitosa a conservação e o uso sustentável dos recursos forrageiros nativos, enfatizando o caráter multifuncional dos seus estilos de agricultura baseados, primordialmente, em recursos da natureza, em co-produção e co-evolução. Apesar desta destacada característica positiva, deficiências em capacitação, práticas de manejo e intensificação no emprego de alguns insumos exógenos industriais modernos impedem que estes impactos positivos sejam mais fortes sobre o ambiente e sociedade. No final, são tecidas considerações sobre possíveis estratégias e políticas públicas para o aprimoramento da experiência local, as quais se esperam possam servir também em outros casos e situações. / This thesis aims to investigate local management and significant features of rural development in family beef cattle breeders’ communities in the municipalities of São Jerônimo, Butiá and surroundings, Central South region of RS. In this thesis, the dynamics of rural development in the family livestock are understood as transitional or counter-current movements to the consolidation and deepening of conventional agriculture seated on parameters of the modern technical-scientific paradigm. In the studied reality, family beef cattle breeders were elevated from a marginalized and peripheral position to a central segment condition in the rural development web, reassessed for their social, environmental and economic importance in the relationship they establish with the local and regional society and native grassland ecosystems of the Rio Grande do Sul State, currently heavily impacted by degradation processes. Understanding RD as a transitional or counter-current movement this thesis uses analytical and methodological components provided by Multilevel Perspective, particularly the Strategic Management Niche, and the elements to think contemporary rural development, such as its multilevel character, the notion of multidimensional rural web, multifunctional agriculture and role of peasant farmers. Methodological procedures are performed through literature review, secondary data collection, semi-structured interviews to key informants and participant observation of countrysides, farms, and practices and trajectories. The theoretical framework utilized provides contributions to treat local experience in a dynamic perspective of RD occurring at the micro level, methodologically defined as a development niche of family farming, positioned under broader and more influential structural constraints, such as prevalent socio-technical regimes and socio-technical landscape. Despite the consolidation and greater structuring of the higher levels, there is interdependence and mutual interaction between what happens at micro and macro levels. Related to management there are three major alignments in the rural web: infrastructure and quality of life; genetic improvement of livestock and of natural grassland and domestic flocks management; the adding value and governability of markets. It’s considered that even though the notable alignments there are disagreements and inconsistencies as well. Even in the alignments most vigorous strategies and expectations, such as genetic improvement of sheep and cattle; creation of new markets, and in perception of natural pasture as valuable, productive and cheap resource, there are important inconsistencies. The most striking changes of RD are identified as: novelties; governability of markets; aspects referent to sustainability and endogeneity; and issues relating to social dimension of rural web. In this thesis, family farmers dedicated to livestock are assessed as able to reconcile profitably conservation and sustainable use of natural forage resource, emphasizing the multifunctionality of their farming styles based primarily on natural resources, on co-production and co-evolution. Despite this remarkable positive feature, deficiencies in training, management practices, and increased use of some modern industrial exogenous inputs prevent these positive impacts to be stronger on the environment and society. In the end, considerations are made about possible strategies and public policies for the improvement of local experience, which are expected to be also used in other cases and situations.

Submitted by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2016-09-23T20:43:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) FABIANE QUEVEDO DA ROSA.pdf: 623070 bytes, checksum: d6e7ed987a04d5ad296d7f91b6123a7d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2016-09-23T20:44:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) FABIANE QUEVEDO DA ROSA.pdf: 623070 bytes, checksum: d6e7ed987a04d5ad296d7f91b6123a7d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-23T20:44:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) FABIANE QUEVEDO DA ROSA.pdf: 623070 bytes, checksum: d6e7ed987a04d5ad296d7f91b6123a7d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-26 / Com o objetivo de avaliar a proteína bruta fecal como indicador de consumo e digestibilidade de bovinos alimentados com pastagem nativa situada no Bioma Pampa e inclusões de azevém e avaliar a qualidade nutricional dessas pastagens foram realizados dois experimentos em gaiolas de metabolismo. No experimento I, os animais recebiam diferentes níveis de oferta de pastagem nativa onde os tratamentos consistiam em níveis de1,5 e 2,25% do peso vivo de matéria seca e um nível ad libitum, com pelo menos 20% de sobras diárias onde foram realizados seis períodos experimentais, O experimento II consistia em diferentes níveis de inclusão de azevém na dieta de bovinos alimentados com campo nativo, os tratamentos eram 33%, 66% e 100% de azevém em substituição ao campo nativo, em dois períodos experimentias. Os experimentos foram realizados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 3 tratamentos e 2 repetições por tratamento em cada período. Os períodos experimentais consistiram de 10 dias de adaptação e 5 dias de coletas, durante o período de coletas foram amostradas as sobras do cocho, a forragem ofertada e ainda a produção total de fezes a cada 24 horas. Realizou-se as medidas de produção fecal, concentração de componentes fecais, consumo de nutrientes e digestibilidade dos componentes da dieta. No capítulo I foram traçadas relações entre digestibilidade e a concentração da proteína bruta fecal (PBf), sendo testados dois modelos não lineares, o exponencial e o hiperbólico gerando as equações de digestibilidade da matéria orgânica(DMO) = 0,709-9,506* exp(-0,041*PBf) com R2 0,61 e DMO = 0,942-38,619/PBf (R2 0,62), respectivamente. A relação de consumo de matéria orgânica (CMO) com a quantidade de PBf, possui comportamento linear, foi então realizada a análise de stepwise para saber quais outras variávies poderiam explicar melhor o modelo junto com a PBf gerando uma equação CMO = -6724,30 + 39*PBf + 2,55*FDNf + 11591,44*DMO com R2 0,95. Determinou-se a relação da proteína bruta (PB) da dieta (g/kg MO) x PBfecal (g/kg MO), PB dieta = 1,346x - 47,63 R² = 0,931 (modelo linear). No capítulo II, foram testados dois modelos para todas as relações traçadas no experimento II, um modelo linear e um modelo quadrático, as relações foram consumo de matéria orgânica (CMO (g/UTM)) x digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro (DFDN), DMO x CMO (g/UTM), DMO x CMO (g/dia), consumo de folhas (g/UTM) x DMO e CMO (g/UTM) x relação proteína/energia. As relações que não foram estatisticamente significativas para nenhum modelo foram CMO (g/UTM) x relação proteína/energia e consumo de folhas (g/UTM) x DMO. Após essas relações, verificou-se que a PBf tem um bom potencial para a estimativa de consumo e a digestibilidade por bovinos alimentados com pastagens nativas ou associadas a forragem cultivada como o azevém anual, mas estes parâmetros também são afetados por diferentes variáveis. / In order to evaluate the fecal crude protein as intake and digestibility marker of cattle fed with natural pasture from Pampa Biome and annual ryegrass inclusions and evaluate the nutritional quality of these pastures it was conducted two experiments in metabolic cages. In the first experiment, the animals received different native pasture offer levels where treatments consisted of 1.5 and 2.25% of the live weight of dry matter and ad libitum with at least 20% of daily leftovers which were carried out six experimental periods. The second experiment consisted of annual ryegrass inclusion levels in the diet of cattle fed with natural pasture, the treatments were 33%, 66% and 100% of ryegrass to replace the native pasture in two experimental periods. The experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 2 replicates per treatment in each period. The experimental period consisted of 10 days of adaptation and 5 days of collection during the period of the trough collects the forage offered have been sampled, the leftovers and also the total fecal production in each 24 hours. It was measured the fecal productions, concentration of faecal components, nutrient intake and digestibility of diet components. In the Chapter I were study the relationship between digestibility and fecal concentration of crude protein (CPf), being tested exponential and hyperbolic equations generating the digestibility of organic matter (OMD) = 0.709 - 9.506 * exp (- 0.041 * CPf) with R2 = 0.61 and OMD =0.942 - 38.619 / CPf (R2 0.62), respectively. The ratio of organic matter intake (OMI) with the amount of CPf, has a linear relation, it was then carried out stepwise analysis to find out what other variables could explain better the model along with the CPf generating a equation OMI = -6724.30 + 0,998 * CPf + 2.55 * NDFf + 11591.44 * OMD with R2= 0.95. It was determined the ratio of crude protein (CP) of the diet (g/kg of OM) x CPf (g/kg of OM), CPdiet = 1,346*CPf - 47.63 R² = 0.931 (linear model). In the Chapter II were tested two models for all relationships outlined in experiment II, a linear model and a quadratic model, relations were organic matter intake (OMI) x digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (DNDF), OMD x OMI, leaves intake x OMD and OMI x protein/energy ratio. The relationships that were not statistically significant for either model were OMI x protein/energy and leaves intake x OMD. After these relationships, it was found that the CPf has a good potential to estimate intake and digestibility in cattle fed native pastures or associated with annual ryegrass, but these parameters are also affected by different variables.

Studies were conducted to determine basic aspects of intake and digestion of native pastures by young sheep in the Falkland Islands, and to evaluate practical methods to improve the productivity of these animals. The studies were conducted in support of Industry and Government initiatives to reinvigorate Falklands’ agriculture. The current industry is based on broad diameter wools harvested from sheep grazing poor quality native pastures, and sheep suffer low growth rates, poor productivity and high mortality, and farmers rely on small flocks to produce a single commodity for their total income. The dramatic collapse of wool markets in the 1980’s crippled the Falklands’ wool industry and farmers have relied heavily on subsidies for more than 12 years. The studies in this thesis were initiated to support the efforts to reinvigorate Falklands’ agriculture, and they examined basic aspects of the nutrition provided to sheep by native pastures and evaluated practical methods to improve the survival of sheep, their subsequent rate of growth and productive value to the economy. Five studies examined specific hypotheses posed at the outset of the research programme and they were broadly supported by the data presented in the thesis: · A wether trial was used to benchmark the productivity of wool sheep in the Islands, and the trial demonstrated that substantial genetic variation exists within the national flock that may be exploited in the future to improve the productivity of the wool industry, · Microhistological techniques were used in conjunction with n-alkane marker technology to investigate the diets consumed by sheep grazing native pastures. The diet studies concluded that the low quality of native pasture in the Falklands during autumn, winter and spring restricts growth and productivity of young sheep, · Studies with weaner sheep treated with controlled release anthelmintics established that infection with gastrointestinal nematodes exacerbates poor nutrition of young sheep consuming native pastures, · A short-term metabolism study demonstrated that native pasture hay fortified with molasses and urea, or winter forage crops may be used as supplements to enhance sheep productivity, and · Forage crops were grown and evaluated under Falklands’ conditions, and when lambs were fed the resulting highly productive and nutritious forages, the study demonstrated that lamb growth can be increased significantly, and lamb carcasses offer local farmers the potential to diversify farm income by using existing Falklands’-bred lambs to develop an export meat industry The data presented in this thesis demonstrate that the potential to improve the productive and financial position of Falklands’ farmers is substantial. If both the local Industry and Government maintain their joint commitment to industry-restructure, pastoral development and enterprise diversification, the Falklands’ agricultural economy stands to benefit considerably by adopting low risk solutions to address widespread problems.

Studies were conducted to determine basic aspects of intake and digestion of native pastures by young sheep in the Falkland Islands, and to evaluate practical methods to improve the productivity of these animals. The studies were conducted in support of Industry and Government initiatives to reinvigorate Falklands’ agriculture. The current industry is based on broad diameter wools harvested from sheep grazing poor quality native pastures, and sheep suffer low growth rates, poor productivity and high mortality, and farmers rely on small flocks to produce a single commodity for their total income. The dramatic collapse of wool markets in the 1980’s crippled the Falklands’ wool industry and farmers have relied heavily on subsidies for more than 12 years. The studies in this thesis were initiated to support the efforts to reinvigorate Falklands’ agriculture, and they examined basic aspects of the nutrition provided to sheep by native pastures and evaluated practical methods to improve the survival of sheep, their subsequent rate of growth and productive value to the economy. Five studies examined specific hypotheses posed at the outset of the research programme and they were broadly supported by the data presented in the thesis: · A wether trial was used to benchmark the productivity of wool sheep in the Islands, and the trial demonstrated that substantial genetic variation exists within the national flock that may be exploited in the future to improve the productivity of the wool industry, · Microhistological techniques were used in conjunction with n-alkane marker technology to investigate the diets consumed by sheep grazing native pastures. The diet studies concluded that the low quality of native pasture in the Falklands during autumn, winter and spring restricts growth and productivity of young sheep, · Studies with weaner sheep treated with controlled release anthelmintics established that infection with gastrointestinal nematodes exacerbates poor nutrition of young sheep consuming native pastures, · A short-term metabolism study demonstrated that native pasture hay fortified with molasses and urea, or winter forage crops may be used as supplements to enhance sheep productivity, and · Forage crops were grown and evaluated under Falklands’ conditions, and when lambs were fed the resulting highly productive and nutritious forages, the study demonstrated that lamb growth can be increased significantly, and lamb carcasses offer local farmers the potential to diversify farm income by using existing Falklands’-bred lambs to develop an export meat industry The data presented in this thesis demonstrate that the potential to improve the productive and financial position of Falklands’ farmers is substantial. If both the local Industry and Government maintain their joint commitment to industry-restructure, pastoral development and enterprise diversification, the Falklands’ agricultural economy stands to benefit considerably by adopting low risk solutions to address widespread problems.