Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-07-14T19:17:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Helena Rodrigues Lopes.pdf: 2227987 bytes, checksum: f197869caa16f7480da47dcf823527b2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-14T19:17:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Helena Rodrigues Lopes.pdf: 2227987 bytes, checksum: f197869caa16f7480da47dcf823527b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-31 / CNPq / This study analyses the structuring and reproduction of social practices associated to the use of pesticides, developed by horticultural family farmers in the region of Barbacena/MG . It departs from the assumption that these practices cannot be explained solely through the experience of individual actors or as a mere reflection of the pressure of social structures, external to individuals, adopting an approach that seeks to understand actors and social practices, considering the network of relationships in which they are involved. The institutionalization, in the studied region, of the use of pesticides, improved seeds and chemical fertilizers, arising from the1960s through the so-called Green Revolution, was, in a large extent, imposed upon family farmers. A number of mechanisms such as agricultural credit and public rural extension programs, enabled the legitimation and naturalization of pesticides, over time, as an inherent part of vegetable production processes in the region under study. However, despite the coercive forces and the naturalization of the use of pesticides, family farmers emerge, according to their capacities, as active agents in the production and reproduction of social practices. Pesticides are considered, in this research, in their material and symbolic dimension, as an outcome of socio-technical networks that organize the manufacturing, sale, use and legitimation of these products. Networks ensure the circulation of such technologies and try cease, or minimize, the controversies associated with their use, turning pesticides, as proposed by Latour (2000; 2004), into a black-box , protected against risks and uncertainties. The mainfocus of the current research is the investigation of farmers? practices as pesticide users. The work adopted an ethnographic approach aiming to apprehend the relations established by family farmers with pesticides in a specific ecological, social and economic context. It also resorted to documentary research, secondary data analysis and semi-structured interviews to supplement information from the field. The work showed that the uncertainties related to pesticides are an integral part of the social practices activated by family farmers. In the region of Barbacena/MG, at the same time that we perceived the legitimation and naturalization of pesticides, as well as the incorporation of ?safe use? practices, we were able, also, to indentify the agency of family farmers and local organizations, building knowledge and relightening controversies, in the midst of institutionalized rules and naturalization. According to their own parameters, farmers select pesticides to be used in their farming units and build security strategies in their relationship with these technologies, establishing relationships with various agents that influence pesticide use practices in everyday life, including inspection bodies, agricultural defense agencies, rural workers' unions, agricultural supply stores, agricultural technicians and other agents involved in the marketing of agricultural production in different markets. It is in this web of relationships that pesticides are legitimate and questioned. Another important point is the relationship established by farmers in the domestic sphere, particularly family relationships. Fear of contamination of children, wife or husband, is an important factor that, in some situations, contributes to reorganize practices in relation to these products. The practices associated with pesticides reveal thus uncertainty, in an environment in which these technologies are both legitimate and reorganized according to the conditions and strategies of family farmers and the different agents with whom they relate. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo central analisar as din?micas de estrutura??o e reprodu??o das pr?ticas associadas ao uso de agrot?xicos desenvolvidas por agricultores familiares, produtores comerciais de oler?colas, na regi?o de Barbacena/MG. Parte-se do pressuposto de que essas pr?ticas n?o podem ser explicadas, unicamente, nem atrav?s da experi?ncia individual dos atores e nem como um mero reflexo das press?es de uma estrutura social externa aos indiv?duos, adotando-se, portanto, uma abordagem que busca compreender os atores e suas pr?ticas levando em considera??o a trama de rela??es nas quais est?o envolvidos. A institucionaliza??o do uso de agrot?xicos, sementes melhoradas e adubos qu?micos, a partir, principalmente, dos anos 1960, atrav?s da chamada Revolu??o Verde, apresentou-se, em boa medida, na regi?o estudada, como uma imposi??o para os agricultores familiares. Uma s?rie de mecanismos como o cr?dito agr?cola e os programas p?blicos de extens?o rural, possibilitaram que os agrot?xicos fossem legitimados ao longo do tempo e naturalizados como parte inerente ao processo de produ??o de oler?colas. Entretanto, apesar das for?as coercitivas e da naturaliza??o do uso dos agrot?xicos, os agricultores familiares revelam-se, de acordo com suas possibilidades, como agentes ativos na produ??o e reprodu??o destas pr?ticas. Os agrot?xicos foram pensados neste trabalho, na sua dimens?o material e simb?lica, como tecnologias que ganham exist?ncia atrav?s de redes sociot?cnicas. A rede na qual o agrot?xico est? imerso organiza as condi??es de fabrica??o, venda, uso e legitima??o desses produtos. Uma das fun??es da rede ? garantir a circula??o dessas tecnologias e cessar ou minimizar as controv?rsias associadas ? sua utiliza??o, transformando o agrot?xico, nos termos propostos por Latour (2000; 2004), em uma caixa-preta, resguardada de riscos e incertezas. A pesquisa tomou como principal foco de investiga??o as pr?ticas dos agricultores como usu?rios destas tecnologias. Utilizou-se para isso de uma perspectiva etnogr?fica, procurando apreender as rela??es que os agricultores familiares estabelecem com os agrot?xicos na vida cotidiana em um contexto econ?mico, social e ecol?gico espec?fico. Recorreu-se, ainda, ? pesquisa documental, ? an?lise de fontes secund?rias e ? realiza??o de entrevistas semi-estruturadas como forma de complementar as informa??es obtidas a campo. O trabalho evidenciou que as incertezas relativas aos agrot?xicos s?o parte integrante das pr?ticas acionadas pelos agricultores familiares. Na regi?o de Barbacena/MG, ao mesmo tempo em que se percebe a legitima??o e naturaliza??o do uso dos agrot?xicos e tamb?m a ado??o de algumas pr?ticas associadas ao chamado ?uso seguro?, identifica-se a ag?ncia, tanto dos agricultores familiares como das organiza??es locais, construindo conhecimentos e reacendendo controv?rsias em meios ?s regras e ? naturaliza??o. De acordo com seus pr?prios par?metros, os agricultores familiares selecionam os agrot?xicos a serem utilizados em suas unidades e constroem estrat?gias de seguridade na sua rela??o com estas tecnologias, estabelecendo rela??es com diversos agentes que influenciam as pr?ticas de uso dos agrot?xicos no cotidiano, incluindo os ?rg?os de fiscaliza??o e defesa agropecu?ria, sindicatos de trabalhadores rurais, casas agropecu?rias, t?cnicos agr?colas e agentes envolvidos na comercializa??o da produ??o agr?cola em diferentes mercados. ? nessa trama de rela??es que os agrot?xicos s?o legitimados e questionados. Outro ponto importante s?o as rela??es estabelecidas pelos agricultores na esfera dom?stica, particularmente as rela??es familiares. O medo da contamina??o dos filhos, da esposa ou do marido, ? um fator importante que, em algumas situa??es, contribui para reorganizar as pr?ticas em rela??o a esses produtos. As pr?ticas associadas aos agrot?xicos revelam, assim, incertezas, em um ambiente no qual essas tecnologias s?o ao mesmo tempo legitimadas e reorganizadas de acordo com as condi??es e estrat?gias dos agricultores familiares e dos diferentes agentes com os quais se relacionam.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-04-05T20:22:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Laila Thomaz Sandroni.pdf: 1078751 bytes, checksum: 13644c723f6b656012ad433b93ca1f81 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-05T20:22:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Laila Thomaz Sandroni.pdf: 1078751 bytes, checksum: 13644c723f6b656012ad433b93ca1f81 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-17 / CNPq / This study attempts to identify the main issues under discussion in the Brazilian social sciences on the subject of biodiversity conservation. The research started from a systematic review of the literature accessed by a careful survey of the articles published in the leading journals of social sciences in Brazil between 1992 and 2010. It was observed that the late inclusion of social sciences in this context is pervaded by their relationship with the natural sciences, since it is an inherently multidisciplinary theme built from various epistemological. The goal is to make an investigation that serve the social sciences as a means of reflection and self-knowledge, in an attempt to explain the discursive specificity of this type of knowledge in the setting of the arguments about the biodiversity conservation. Making a cross-sectional analysis of the main arguments advanced by the authors in the survey, it was revealed that there is heterogeneity in the formulation of problems and research procedures used, which is linked to a variety of disciplinary training, the research centers where they work and context of the field. This heterogeneity has demanded a greater reflection on the relationship between social sciences and natural sciences and on the practical consequences of forms of representation used. / A presente pesquisa objetiva identificar as principais quest?es em debate nas ci?ncias sociais brasileiras sobre o tema da conserva??o da biodiversidade. Partiu-se de uma revis?o sistematizada da bibliografia proveniente de um levantamento criterioso dos artigos publicados nos principais peri?dicos de ci?ncias sociais brasileiros entre 1992 e 2010. Observou-se que a inser??o tardia das ci?ncias sociais neste contexto ? perpassada pela rela??o destas com as ci?ncias naturais, posto que se trata de uma tem?tica intrinsecamente multidisciplinar constru?da a partir de variados fundamentos epistemol?gicos. A meta ? fazer uma investiga??o que sirva ?s ci?ncias sociais como forma de reflex?o e autoconhecimento, numa tentativa de explicita??o da especificidade discursiva deste tipo de conhecimento no cen?rio dos argumentos sobre a conserva??o da biodiversidade. Fazendo uma an?lise transversal dos principais argumentos propostos pelos autores no levantamento, foi poss?vel perceber que h? uma heterogeneidade na formula??o de problem?ticas e nos procedimentos de pesquisa utilizados, que est? ligada ? variedade de forma??o disciplinar dos autores, aos centros de pesquisa onde trabalham e ao contexto do campo na contemporaneidade. Essa heterogeneidade exigiu uma reflex?o maior sobre as rela??es entre as ci?ncias sociais e as ci?ncias naturais e sobre as consequ?ncias pr?ticas das formas de representa??o utilizadas.