O material SiO2/Nb2O5 (SiNb) foi preparado pelo método sol-gel e empregado como adsorvente para remoção do corante Violeta Cristal. O material foi caracterizado utilizando isotermas de adsorção/dessorção de nitrogênio, espectroscopia FTIR, pHpzc, e SEM-EDS. A análise isotérmica de N2 revelou a presença de micro e mesoporos na amostra de SiNb com área superficial específica de 747 m2g−1. No processo de adsorção do corante foram avaliados parâmetros como pH, temperatura, tempo de contato, e concentração do corante no processo. O valor de pH inicial da solução do corante que levou a uma máxima adsorção foi 7. A cinética de adsorção e equilíbrio para a adsorção do corante foram representadas por ordem-geral e Liu, respectivamente. A capacidade máxima de adsorção do corante com o adsorvente SiNb, na temperatura de 303K, foi de 116mg g-1. Dois efluentes de corantes foram simulados e usados para verificar a aplicabilidade do material SiNb para tratamento de efluentes, sendo que o adsorvente se mostrou muito eficiente na descoloração desses efluentes. / In this dissertation, SiO2/Nb2O5 (SiNb) material was prepared using sol–gel method and employed as adsorbent for removal of crystal violet dye (CV). The material was characterized using nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, FTIR spectroscopy, pHpzc, and SEM-EDS. The analysis of N2 isotherms revealed the presence of micro- and mesopores in the SiNb sample with specific surface area 747 m2 g−1. For the dye adsorption process, variations of parameters such as of pH, temperature, contact time, and concentration of dye of the process were evaluated. The optimum initial pH of the CV dye solution was 7.0. The adsorption kinetic and equilibrium data for CV adsorption were suitably represented by the general-order and Liu models, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity of the CV dye by SiNb was achieved at 303 K, which attained 116 mg g−1at this temperaure. Dye effluents were simulated and used to check the applicability of the SiNb material for treatment of effluents – the material showed very good efficiency for decolorization of dye effluents.

<p>Materials prepared on the nanoscale often exhibit many different properties compared to the same materials in their bulk-state. Interest in nanostructured materials has increased because of these properties in fields such as microelectronics, catalysis, optics and sensors. This increased interest in nanostructured materials calls for new and more precise fabrication techniques.</p><p>This thesis describes how to use the porous anodic aluminium oxide as a template for the fabrication of a variety of nanostructured materials. Palladium and copper nanoparticles were deposited along the pore walls in anodic aluminum oxide using electroless deposition and atomic layer deposition. In both cases, it was possible to control the size of the nanoparticles by carefully monitoring the deposition parameters. The thesis also describes how Prussian blue nanoparticles and nanotubes can be fabricated using the anodic aluminium oxide as a template. The deposition of Prussian blue was performed by a sequential wet-chemical method. By using atomic layer deposition, it was also possible to deposit thin films of amorphous Nb2O5 on the pore walls. When the template was removed by etching, freestanding nanotubes were obtained. The anodic aluminium oxide membrane was also used as a mask for high energy (MeV) ion irradiation of an underlying substrate. The tracks produced were etched away with hydrogen fluoride. In this way, it was possible to transfer the highly ordered porous pattern from the mask onto other oxides such as SiO2 and TiO2.</p><p>All fabricated structures were characterized using a variety of analysis techniques: scanning electron microscopy for evaluating sample morphology; transmission electron microscopy for better resolved investigations of the morphology; X-ray diffraction to assess crystallinity; energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy to determine the elemental composition and identify possible contaminants.</p><p>The general aim of the work described in this thesis has been to create a set of tools for use in the fabrication of a variety of nanostructured materials, whose dimensions composition can be tailored by selecting appropriate fabrication methods and parameters.</p>

Materials prepared on the nanoscale often exhibit many different properties compared to the same materials in their bulk-state. Interest in nanostructured materials has increased because of these properties in fields such as microelectronics, catalysis, optics and sensors. This increased interest in nanostructured materials calls for new and more precise fabrication techniques. This thesis describes how to use the porous anodic aluminium oxide as a template for the fabrication of a variety of nanostructured materials. Palladium and copper nanoparticles were deposited along the pore walls in anodic aluminum oxide using electroless deposition and atomic layer deposition. In both cases, it was possible to control the size of the nanoparticles by carefully monitoring the deposition parameters. The thesis also describes how Prussian blue nanoparticles and nanotubes can be fabricated using the anodic aluminium oxide as a template. The deposition of Prussian blue was performed by a sequential wet-chemical method. By using atomic layer deposition, it was also possible to deposit thin films of amorphous Nb2O5 on the pore walls. When the template was removed by etching, freestanding nanotubes were obtained. The anodic aluminium oxide membrane was also used as a mask for high energy (MeV) ion irradiation of an underlying substrate. The tracks produced were etched away with hydrogen fluoride. In this way, it was possible to transfer the highly ordered porous pattern from the mask onto other oxides such as SiO2 and TiO2. All fabricated structures were characterized using a variety of analysis techniques: scanning electron microscopy for evaluating sample morphology; transmission electron microscopy for better resolved investigations of the morphology; X-ray diffraction to assess crystallinity; energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy to determine the elemental composition and identify possible contaminants. The general aim of the work described in this thesis has been to create a set of tools for use in the fabrication of a variety of nanostructured materials, whose dimensions composition can be tailored by selecting appropriate fabrication methods and parameters.

This dissertation concerns the development, fabrication and integration in a gas sensing microdevice of a novel 3-dimensional (3D) nanostructured metal-oxide semiconducting film that effectively merges the benefits of inorganic nanomaterials with the simplicity offered by non-lithographic electrochemistry-based preparation techniques. The film is synthesized via the porous-anodic-alumina-assisted anodizing of an Al/Nb metal bilayer sputter-deposited on a SiO2/Si substrate and is basically composed of a 200 nm thick NbO2 layer holding an array of upright-standing spatially separated Nb2O5 nanocolumns, being 50 nm wide, up to 900 nm long and of 8109 cm2 population density. The nanocolumns work as semiconducting nano-channels, whose resistivity is greatly impacted by the surface and interface reactions. Either Pt or Au patterned electrodes are prepared on the top of the nanocolumn array using an innovative sensor design realized by means of microfabrication technology or via a direct original point electrodeposition technique, followed by selective dissolution of the alumina overlayer. For gas-sensing tests the film is mounted on a standard TO-8 package using the wire-bonding technique. Electrical characterization of the 3D niobium-oxide nanofilm reveals asymmetric electron transport properties due to a Schottky barrier that forms at the Au/Nb2O5 or Pt/Nb2O5 interface. Effects of the active film morphology, structure and composition on the electrical and gas-sensing performance focusing on sensitivity, selectivity, detection limits and response/recovery rates are explored in experimental detection of hydrogen gas and ammonia. The fast and intensive response to H2 confirms the potential of the 3D niobium-oxide nanofilm as highly appropriate active layer for sensing application. A computer-aided microfluidics simulation of gas diffusion in the 3D nanofilm predicts a possibility to substantially improve the gas-sensing performance through the formation of a perforated top electrode, optimizing the film morphology, altering the crystal structure and by introducing certain innovations in the electrode design. Preliminary experiments show that a 3D nanofilm synthesized from an alternative Al/W metal bilayer is another promising candidate for advanced sensor applications. The techniques and materials employed in this work are advantageous for developing technically simple, cost-effective and environmentally friendly solutions for practical micro- and nanodevices, where the well-defined nano-channels for charge carriers and surface reactions may bring unprecedented benefits.

In this work, thin and compact films of TiO2, Nb2O5 and WO3 nanoparticles were prepared to be used as contact/blocking layer in dye sensitized solar cells (DSCs). The films were produced by deposition of 30 bilayers of TiO2(ac)/TiO2(bas), TiO2(ac)/Nb2O5(bas) and TiO2(ac)/WO3(bas) using the layer-by-layer technique (LbL) from nanoparticle sols of TiO2 (pH = 2 and 10), Nb2O5 (pH = 10) and WO3 (pH 10) prepared by sol-gel method. The TiO2/TiO2 and TiO2/Nb2O5 underlayers resulted in an increase of 25% and 87% respectively, in the efficiency of DSCs when compared to those without the contact/blocking layers. The application of TiO2/WO3 films did not result in any improvement of DSC efficiency. Factors such as thickness, nanoparticles homogeneity, oxides concentration on the films and roughness directly influence on the efficiency of such films as contact/blocking layer. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) images, confirmed that all films are constituted by spherical nanoparticles with homogeneous diameters smaller than 20 nm, resulting on compact and low porous surfaces. This morphology ensures a physical barrier between the electrolyte and the conductive glass used as electrode in DSCs. The TiO2/TiO2 and TiO2/Nb2O5 films also exhibited higher roughness than the surface of the conductive glass without the bilayers, which increases the interaction with the mesoporous TiO2 film. The molar ratios of the species present on the films are controlled by the pH employed during deposition, and were determined by X- ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The Ti4+/Nb5+ and Ti4+/W6+ ratios were 1.6 and 19 respectively, which evidences a higher concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles on the films. For a better understanding of the role of the bilayers on the charge transfer processes, the substrates were analyzed by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The electronic properties of the oxides also influence the efficiency of the LbL films as contact/blocking layers. Due to its higher band gap, Nb2O5 nanoparticles impose an electronic barrier to the electrons transfer from the conductive substrate to the electrolyte, additionally to the physical barrier. / Neste trabalho foram preparados filmes finos e compactos de óxidos nanoparticulados de TiO2, Nb2O5 e WO3 para a aplicação como camada de contato/bloqueio em células solares sensibilizadas por corante (DSCs). Os filmes foram produzidos pela deposição de 30 bicamadas de TiO2(ác)/TiO2(bás), TiO2(ác/Nb2O5(bás) e TiO2(ác)/WO3(bás) utilizando a técnica de automontagem (Layer-by-Layer ou LbL), a partir dos sóis nanoparticulados de TiO2 (pH = 2 e 10), Nb2O5 (pH = 10) e WO3 (pH = 10) sintetizados pelo método sol-gel. A presença das bicamadas de TiO2/TiO2, TiO2/Nb2O5 gerou aumentos relativos na eficiência das DSCs de 25% e 87% respectivamente, quando comparadas às DSCs sem as bicamadas. Já o filme de TiO2/WO3 não gerou nenhuma melhoria na eficiência das DSCs. Fatores como a espessura, homogeneidade das nanopartículas, concentração dos óxidos nos filmes e a rugosidade influenciam diretamente na eficiência dos filmes como camada de contato/bloqueio. Imagens de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura com Emissão de Campo (MEV-FEG) e Microscopia de Força Atômica (MFA) confirmaram que todos os filmes apresentaram nanopartículas esféricas com diâmetros homogêneos e menores que 20 nm, o que acarreta na formação de superfícies compactas e pouco porosas. Esta morfologia garante uma barreira física entre o eletrólito e a superfície do vidro condutor utilizado como eletrodo nas DSCs. Os filmes de TiO2/TiO2 e TiO2/Nb2O5 apresentaram também rugosidades maiores que a da superfície do vidro condutor sem as bicamadas, o que aumenta a interação entre com o filme de TiO2 mesoporoso. As razões molares das espécies presentes nos filmes são controladas pelo pH empregado durante as deposições, e foram determinadas por Espectroscopia de Fotoelétrons Excitados por raios-X (XPS). As razões Ti4+/Nb5+ e Ti4+/W6+ foram de 1,6 e 19 respectivamente, o que evidencia uma maior quantidade de nanopartículas de TiO2 nos filmes. Para melhor entender o papel das bicamadas nos processos de transferência de cargas, os substratos foram analisados por Espectroscopia de Impedância Eletroquímica (EIE). As propriedades eletrônicas dos óxidos também influenciam na eficiência dos filmes automontados como camada de contato/bloqueio. Devido ao seu maior valor de band gap, as nanopartículas de Nb2O5 impõem, além de uma barreira física, uma barreira eletrônica para a transferência dos elétrons do substrato condutor para o eletrólito. / Mestre em Química