It is well recognized that due to customers’ ever-growing material and cultural needs for a better life, an increasing number of people choose to experience premium hotels on their work trips or personal travels to keep top-tier elite membership of premium hotels. Previously, most luxury consumption research showed that higher needs drive consumer behaviour, such as identifying recognition and self-esteem. However, many people still focus on achieving job tasks, increasing income, or saving money by their membership. This phenomenon brings a puzzle about whether keeping top-tier elite membership of premium hotels is driven by spiritual needs or economic needs. To address that, this study drew on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory. It investigates the effects of spiritual needs (higher need) and economic needs (lower need) on consumer willingness to keep top-tier elite membership of premium hotels and how individual education levels moderate these effects. This study administers an online questionnaire-based survey among top-tier elite membership owners of premium hotels in mainland China. It uses the PLS-SEM technique to analyse the 150 valid questionnaires we collected. Our empirical findings indicate that spiritual needs, instead of economic needs, are the key driver to encourage consumers to maintain their top-tier elite membership of premium hotels. Furthermore, we uncover the moderating effect of individual education level and determine that the positive impact of spiritual needs on consumer willingness to keep top-tier elite membership of premium hotels is strengthened among highly educated people. Therefore, this study mainly reinforces the theoretical and practical value of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in luxury consumption research and extends its application, meanwhile, advances the research on luxury consumption and particularly in top-tier elite members of premium hotels.

Public Article / The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Act 108 of 1996) and conclusive Acts record that effective human-resource management, career-development and training practices must be cultivated to maximise human potential. The unique nature and wide range of activities of the South African National Defence Force assign exceptional demands on the management expertise of military commanders. Therefore, the importance of effective training and for the purpose of this article, effective management training for mid-level commanders is indisputable. Against this background, a new management model is presented and the resulting training needs are empirically investigated in this article. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in the survey, targeted 165 mid-level commanders in the South African National Defence Force. The empirical results of the study suggested that the existing management training for mid-level commanders fails to meet expectations primarily because of the non-existence of an appropriate management model. Thus, the article present a contemporary management model as foundation for management training of mid-level commanders in the South African National Defence Force. The management model also sanctions applicable standards for the development of management skills and appropriate competencies of military commanders.

This study focuses on connection between socioeconomic factors and the didactic choices in the English language teaching in lower primary school. The aim of the study is to examine if and how these choices differ between a charity-based school and a non-charity based (private) school in a slum area in Kenya, based on the reflections of teachers. Furthermore the aim is to investigate the motives or reasons behind the didactic choices, as expressed by the teachers during the interviews, and how these are possible to relate to the economic and social situation of the schools and the children. The research questions for the study was what the similarities and the differences are in how the lower primary teachers in an informal school compared with a private school in a rural area in Kenya reflect on their didactic approach in the subject English. The second question is how their reflections and didactic choices can be understood in relation to the economic and social conditions that characterize each school. The method used was a qualitative multi case study where the data collection was made by direct observations of four lessons and semi-structured interviews with four teachers, two in each school. The theoretical perspective used was Maslow’s motivation theory about the hierarchy of basic needs (1970, 1987) and the frame factor theory through Löwing (2004) and Knutas (2008). The main findings were that despite the two schools different economical resources and the childrens’ different socioeconomic backgrounds the overall didactic approach was very similar which partly can be explained with social and cultural norms that affect the way of teaching. Another finding was that the biggest obstacle for the language learning was small amount of pre-knowledge which was connected to poor or no use of English at home, and a lack of basic need. These factors were according to the teachers mostly found among the poor or in some way vulnerable children

Many organizations such as the Institute of Medicine, the World Health Organization and the National Consensus Project for Quality Palliative Care have identified the need for equitable access to palliative and end-of-life care (Ferrell, Coyle, & Paice, 2015). However, in many rural areas of the world, including rural Wyoming, patients at end-of-life are cared for in acute care settings where nurses have not received specialized training and education on evidence based end-of-life care. The aim for this DNP project was to assess rural registered nurses' perceptions of competencies important in end-of-life nursing practice (Coyne & White, 2011). A 32-item survey developed by White and Coyne (2011) was adapted for use in a rural critical access hospital to determine content priorities and educational needs of generalist nurses in a rural setting, regarding providing palliative and end-of-life care. A purposive sample of 16 nurses in a rural critical access hospital in Wheatland, WY, who care for patients at end-of-life, completed the survey. Only one-third of the nurses surveyed reported receiving any type of end-of-life care education in the prior two years. Similar to findings from the study completed in 2011 in an urban area, symptom management, talking to patients and families about death and dying, and pain control were the highest ranking core competencies. Nurses who did report receiving education in end-of-life care still felt inadequately prepared to talk to patients and families about dying, and this needs assessment identified that educational gaps are evident regarding provision of end-of-life nursing care in rural settings. The information gleaned from this survey will be used to design an educational program to disseminate evidence based practice guidelines regarding providing quality end-of-life care using ELNEC (End-of-Life Nursing Education Consortium) modules based on the findings of the needs assessment survey

Background: In Sweden about 19000 people fall victims of sudden death every year. This covers around 20% of all deaths. Relatives are those who are closest to the patient, regardless of the type of relationship. When a patient suddenly dies this affects the relatives and they can suffer from high risk of complicated grief reactions or crises. Being the nearest professional contact in these situations, the nurse has an important role in supporting and guiding the relatives. Aim: The aim of this literature review was to nominate the relatives' needs of support from the nurse when a loved person suddenly dies. Method: The literature review was based on seven articles with a quality approach. Results:The analysis resulted in four themes; "to be seen and confirmed", "information", "take farewell" and "follow-up ". To be able to give support both mentally and physically, it is important for the nurse to give proper attention to the relatives. The nurse supports according to individual circumstances, giving clear and concise information. With privacy, peace and quiet the nurse may create the conditions for a dignified farewell. Afterwards, when the shock phase subsides, many questions need to be answered and a follow-up meeting is important. Conclusion: As nurses we will meet with relatives of patients who have suddenly died. Our results are, however, useful in all types of care, not only in cases of sudden death. The nurse´s attention to the relatives is an important factor in health care. Knowledge about the benefits of taking care of relatives in a situation of sudden death is, currently insufficient. Knowledge of the reactions of relatives who are confronted with sudden death needs to be further explored and existing research needs to be conducted / implemented in health care.

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