Being a scholar of International Politics, David Mitrany has both the fortune and misfortune. It is his fortune that we can not ignore his thought when talking about the early construction of European Union. It is his misfortune that his functionalism is simplified to be a theory of economic integration by some scholars without probing into his core of thought. The purposes of this article are to make a complete discussion of David Mitrany and his functionalism and to review some critics with bias made by some scholars. Besides, we can know functionalism deeper by reviewing Mitrany¡¦s attitude toward the two Great Debates in theory of International Relations.

After World War I, a significant change for the concepts of culture and art occurred in France, which eventually causes a cultural revolution. Francis Poulenc (1899-1963) experienced such a transformation and became one of the most important French composers and pianists in the twentieth century. He was a member of the French group Les Six; his music was therefore often considered informal. However, those who had ever listened to his music were impressed deeply by the graceful melodies and rich harmonies presented in his works. Poulenc was prolific, producing a total number of 34 opuses for piano. In particular, he finished most of his outstanding works in the 1930s, of which Nocturnes is the most representative. Nocturnes is characterized by two main elements generally found in Poulenc¡¦s works, referred to as Neo-classicism and Popular Music, from which the characteristics of his piano music can be realized comprehensively. The primary purpose of this thesis is to thoroughly discuss Poulenc¡¦s famous piano pieces Nocturnes. The thesis is organized as follows. Firstly, the development of French cultures in the early twentieth century is introduced particularly with a historical perspective. In Chapter 2, Poulenc¡¦s life and his composition style are presented, followed by an emphasis on the unique characteristics of his piano music. Chapter 3 describes the background when Poulenc composed Nocturnes, with a discussion of the skills required for the interpretation. It is anticipated that this study is capable of offering the understanding of Poulenc¡¦s piano music.

Russia has abundant natural resources, and also has the broadest land distribution in the world. Geographically Russia has the benefit in transportation with the European Union, and also has high complementarities in economics and trade fields. Therefore, both sides maintain a close cooperation. Under the European Union expansionist policy, not only have Russia and European Union further regional cooperation, but also the recruitment of Eastern European countries to the European Union, causes an enhancement of conflicts of interest between Russia and European Union. Under the globalization and the regionalization process, Russia creates huge amount of foreign exchange earnings by exporting energy sources. However, in order to achieve the bilateral dialog and mutual recognition, Russia has to achieve domestic market mechanism multiplication to reach the European Union open market standard, as well as domestic politics democratization that conforms to the European Union free democracy definition. This article uses Neo-functionism to discuss the developmental direction of Russia under the European Union policy. Based on the interaction between Russia and the European Union, this article analyzes how Russia seeks the balance between the national sovereignty localization and regional cooperation while at the same time it faces national interest conflicts during the process of the regional conformity. The article also predicts the short and medium term relationship between Russia and the European Union.

The collapse of the USSR has caused the vacuum of power and ideology in the Middle Asian region; therefore, such situation has resulted in the coveat from the world power and terrorism.The discovery of natural resource (petroleum in particular) assures the strategic value of this region, which is a crucial factor of causing pivotal change if this region.The region of sovereignty is always interrelated to the geological location.In other words, the shift of sovereignty also restructures the relationship between the power and geological location.The establishment of Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) was jointly organized by China and Russia on the basis of such political and geological background.However, after the tragedy of 911, globalwide anti-terrorism has reached to its peak, which provides an opportunity to the US taking a position in this region. Due to this dramatic change, Middle Asian area has become a region of competition for the USA, Russia and China. This paper starts with the discussion of the development of Realism, followed by the comparison of Realism and the correction of Neo-Realism. The basis of analysis on the historical background of Shanghai Cooperation Organization(SCO)is from the Neo-Realism perspective.SCO is not a military alliance but an organization to maintain regional safety and economic development, which also exclude the possibility of sole power in one region and result to certain type of power balance in one region.Since its establishment, SCO has played an influential role; however, China and Russia are the two leading countries that may change the current balanced situation. Many countries in Middle Asian area would like to use SCO as a diplomatic leverage and both Russia and China also try to make SCO as a tool to expand its power, which change the features of international order in 21th century. This kind of change is vital to Taiwan. If the relationship among China and Russia or other countries in this area is stable, China will not have to worry about the threats from the north and be able to concentrate on the problems in Taiwan Strait and South Sea.For this reason,it is worthy for us to pay close attention to this issue.

published_or_final_version / Chinese / Master / Master of Arts

published_or_final_version / Chinese / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

The document examines Hugo Distler’s organ solo works within the context of performance. Chapter One contains relevant biographical information primarily based on the work of Ursula Herrmann. Chapter Two discusses the cultural, academic, and career influences on Distler’s compositional output. Chapter Three has analyses of select organ works and a discussion as to how these relate to performance. Chapter Four provides information about the playing and physical execution of Distler’s music at the organ console, with much of the information coming from primary sources written by Distler himself. Distler was born out of wedlock in Nürnberg. His early childhood was fraught with bad experiences. Under the guardianship of his maternal grandparents, he attended a Gymnasium and a music academy. When he was later unable to complete his studies at the Leipzig Conservatory, his teachers provided him with excellent recommendations, and Distler became the new organist at St. Jakobi in Lübeck in 1931. In this new environment, he became famous as a church musician, organist, conductor, and composer - the par excellence of German music. His other positions were in academia in Stuttgart and Berlin, and he eventually became a full professor. Due to the repression by the Nazi party, constantly being overworked, and the impact of his early childhood upon his psyche, Distler committed suicide on All Saints Day, November 1, 1942. Distler became the first person to compose music for the organ in a modern style that was suited for the sound of the Baroque organ. His organ music is based on vocal techniques, experiments with rhythm, uses a variety of scales and modes, and is generally pentatonic. The ideology of clarity in Distler’s works is of utmost importance. It should be apparent that this dictates the performer’s choices regarding how to interpret them. Registration, tempi, and articulation are servants to the composition. Performers of his music need to remain cognizant of this.

This study examines ideas of self and self-cultivation as developed during the first half of the Choson Dynasty (1392-1911) by focusing on introductory texts or commentaries, diagrams, or Korean annotations on the Great Learning. Moreover, given that much of this material is pedagogical, how and to whom these ideas were presented will also be examined. The scholars examined here were leading thinkers during the first half of the Choson Dynasty— Kwon Kun (1352-1409) helped introduce and lay the intellectual framework of Ch'eng-Chu Neo-Confucianism in the early period of the Choson Dyansty. T'oegye (1501-1570) is often seen as the foremost Confucian scholar of the Choson period. His ideas served as the foundation of a major school of thought during the Choson Dyansty, the Yongnam school. The last scholar, Yulgok (1536-1584), is also seen as one of the great scholars of the period. His ideas form the basis of the other major school of thought in Korean Neo-Confucianism- the Kiho school. Examining the ideas of these thinkers will reveal how ideas of human nature and self-cultivation developed and changed over the early course of the Choson Dynasty and how and to whom these ideas were presented.

The aim of the thesis is to investigate the main stages of the physical development of Härnösand. The investigation includes not only buildings, but also streets, quays, bridges and other establishements which form an essential part of the physical environment. Since comparatively few buildings from the period have been preserved, the material for the theses has mainly been collected from archives, it has been the author's ambition to find a material which can be used in antiquarian contexts as much as possible. The theses is mainly arranged as follows: 1. Historical background. An outline of the economic, administrative and so cial development. 2. The physical development of the town. The development of the inhabited areas of the town is described on the basis of preserved maps. In particular, suggested revisions of existing town plans are studied, and to what extent these were effected. In addition the development of the stipulations for buildings, such as the fire stipulations and the architectural stipulations are studied. 3. Public buildings and establishements. A technical and historical description of the church, the town hall, streets, bridges, etc is given. Particular attention is paid to monumental buildings which are interesting from the point of view of the history of art, especially the county governor's house by Olof Tempelman built in 1790 in neo-classistic style, and the »gymnasium« from 1791 with its unique, round pillared hall. The old hospital from 1788 is also stressed as an example of neo-classistic stone architecture »translated« into wood. In a subsequent Part II private buildings will be treated. There the social and geographical distribution of buildings of defferent kinds (dwelling-house, wash-house, cowshed etc) will be studied. The physical shape of these different buildings will also be described - main types and variants of these. A special chapter will be devoted to the development of building techniques. A description will be given of the development of wooden panelling, house-paints, tiled roofs etc. Part II will also include an aesthetic analysis of the town milieu with special emphasis on local traditions of style. / <p>Diss. Umeå : Univ., 1980</p> / digitalisering@umu

This thesis considers the extent to which the hegemonic, socially and economically hierarchical principles of private enterprise were channelled through school-business links. School-business links take many forms, and the one I have highlighted is a neo-vocationalist programme which was aimed at rendering low-achieving senior secondary students 'employable'. In the process, the importance of private enterprise as generators of wealth is emphasised, while that of labour is overlooked. That is, the interests of employers are paramount in the programme, while those of the students are marginalised. In my discussion and conclusion, I find that the programme can be seen to be exploitative, because the rhetoric that legitimates it obscures the ways in which the interests of unequal social classes are met in an hierarchically differential fashion.