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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-02-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:47:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 toledo_lm_dr_jabo.pdf: 782304 bytes, checksum: 596fcc0d38c03737b5833f9cb589c806 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os fatores ambientais que modulam o comportamento materno-filial nas primeiras horas após o parto, período essencial para desenvolver os laços da mãe com o bezerro. Os dados foram obtidos durante sete anos de pesquisa com o rebanho da Estação Experimental de Zootecnia de Sertãozinho, SP, com quatro raças de bovinos de corte: Nelore, Guzerá, Gir e Caracu. No primeiro artigo destaca-se uma análise dos principais fatores ambientais e seus efeitos no comportamento de vaca e bezerro e a relação do comportamento do bezerro com sua sobrevivência até os 120 dias de idade. O segundo artigo mostra as diferenças nos comportamentos exibidos pelas vacas e pelos bezerros da raça Nelore em função da experiência materna e o terceiro trata da descrição de um potencial predador, o urubu (Coragyps atratus) e sua influência no comportamento materno-filial nas primeiras horas após o parto. Nessas três abordagens os principais fatores considerados foram: ano do parto, raça, número de partos da fêmea, local do parto, hora do parto, tempo que a mãe passa em contato com a cria, agilidade do bezerro e presença do predador. Os resultados sugeriram ser necessário acompanhamento mais detalhado dos partos, monitorando as causas que prejudicaram a relação vaca e bezerro e mostraram que a latência para ficar em pé pode ser utilizada como indicador de vigor do bezerro recém nascido. / The objective of this study was to determine the environmental factors that modulate maternal-offspring behaviour during the first hours after parturition, period, in which, the bond between mother and calf is developed. The data were recorded during seven years at Estação Experimental de Zootecnia de Sertãozinho, located in São Paulo State, Brazil. Four breeds of beef cattle (Nelore, Guzerá, Gir and Caracu) were studied. In the first article the main environmental factors and their effects upon cow and calf behaviour is analyzed as well as he relationship between calf behaviour and its survival up to 120 days of age. The second article shows behavioural differences of Nelore cows and calves induced by the mother's experience and, finally, the third article is related to the presence the black vulture (Coragyps atratus), a potential predator, at calving site, as well as its influence upon maternal-offspring first hours after the birth. The main factors considered in these three studies were: year of birth, breed, cow's parturition number, birth site, birth time, grooming time devoted of mother to its calf, calf agility and predator presence. These results suggest the need of more detailed birth keep up, monitoring cow and calf relationship's harmful causes. Furthermore suggests that latency so stand up could be used as an indicator of calf vigour.

Orientador: Fábio Rogério / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T07:22:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Assis_CarlosViniciusAlmeidade_M.pdf: 1210366 bytes, checksum: f2d46d6b8c16b1647290224d152e20d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A busca por estratégias para o tratamento de doenças neurodegenerativas e neurotraumas tem sido realizada mediante o emprego de moléculas que possam atuar impedindo a morte de células nervosas e/ou estimulando a regeneração axonal e dendrítica. Dentre elas se encontram os fatores neurotróficos e, em especial, o fator neurotrófico ciliar (CNTF), membro da família das neurocinas que promove a sobrevivência de uma variedade de populações de neurônios, além de desempenhar papel importante na resposta do tecido nervoso à lesão. Seu mecanismo de ação se dá através da via Janus Quinase/Proteína Transdutora de Sinal e Ativadora de Transcrição (JAK/STAT), conhecidamente envolvida na expressão de diversos genes implicados na neuroproteção através da fosforilação da STAT3. Outra via de sinalização intracelular também relacionada com mecanismos de neuroproteção e regeneração axonal é aquela dependente da concentração citoplasmática do monofosfato de adenosina cíclico (cAMP), cuja concentração intracelular também pode ser modificada farmacologicamente através da interferência nos seus processos de síntese e degradação. O cAMP está envolvido em diversos eventos fisiológicos envolvendo o sistema nervoso e sua proteção. Seu principal alvo é a Proteína Quinase A, a qual exerce funções, dentre elas, a de estimular vias de sinalização intracelulares comprometidas com a sobrevivência neuronal e regeneração axonal. A estratégia aplicada no presente estudo consistiu na inibição da degradação de cAMP através de um inibidor de fosfodiesterase tipo IV, Rolipram. Diversas evidências sugerem que existam importantes interações entre a atividade do cAMP e a ação de neurocinas que potencializam os efeitos protetores destas últimas. Tendo isso em vista, investigamos os efeitos da associação do Rolipram e CNTF na proteção de neurônios da medula espinal de ratos neonatos após secção do nervo isquiático. Foi estudado um lote de ratos para investigação a curto prazo (tratamento e sacrifício no mesmo dia) para a investigação das vias de sinalização envolvidas e outro a longo prazo (tratamento por cinco dias) para a investigação morfológica com os grupos CNTF (0,3ug/g), Rolipram (2,0ug/g), CNTF + Rolipram (C+R) (0,3ug/g e 2,0ug/g, respectivamente), PBS e DMSO. Os dois últimos foram agrupados em um grupo denominado CONTROLE para análise proteica. As conseqüências no crescimento dos animais (evolução ponderal) foram mais proeminentes, visto que o grupo C+R cresceu menos que os outros grupos, denotando um efeito deletério já a partir do segundo dia de intervenção (P3) no desenvolvimento dos animais. Os tratamentos rápidos desencadearam um padrão diversificado de resultados. O tratamento com CNTF aumentou a fosforilação de STAT3 (pSTAT3) e a STAT3 total. A proteína pró-apoptótica BAD fosforilada aumentou com C+R, porém sua forma total não sofreu alterações. Já o fator de transcrição proteína ligadora ao elemento responsivo ao cAMP (CREB) e sua forma fosforilada, pCREB, não apresentaram alterações após os diferentes tratamentos. Após o tratamento prolongado não houve diferença entre os grupos no índice de Sobrevivência Neuronal. Não observamos efeito aditivo com tratamento simultâneo de CNTF e Rolipram nas vias relacionadas com a sobrevivência neuronal no presente modelo de lesão nervosa periférica / Abstract: The search for strategies for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurotraumas has been performed through the use of molecules that may act as neuroprotective agents and avoid the death of neural cells and/or stimulate axonal and dendritic regeneration. Among these strategies, the neurotrophic factors, specially the ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), member of the neurocytokines, have gained interest due to the fact of being capable of promoting the survival of a variety of neurons besides playing an important role in response to nervous injury. The mechanism of action is through Janus Kinase/ Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT), known to be involved in the expression of a variety of genes implicated in neuroprotection by phosphorylation of STAT3. Another intracellular signaling via also related with neuroprotection and axonal regeneration mechanisms is the one dependent on the cytoplasmic concentration of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), whose intracellular concentration may also be modified pharmacologically through the interference in the processes of its synthesis and degradation. cAMP has been reported to be involved in several physiological events involving the nervous system and its protection. Its main target is Protein Kinase A (PKA), which exerts functions such as neuronal survival and axonal regeneration. The strategy applied on this work consisted on the inhibition of the breakdown of cAMP through an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type IV, Rolipram. It has been described important relationship between the activity of cAMP and action of neurocytokines that potentiate the neuroprotective effects of the latter. In the present work we investigated the effects of the association of Rolipram and CNTF on the protection of spinal motoneurons of neonatal rats after transection of sciatic nerve. A set of rats was used to investigate short period treatment (treatment and sacrifice in the same day) in order to analyse intracelullar signaling vias involved and other set to investigate a prolonged treatment (treatment for five days) to make a morphological analysis of the groups CNTF (0,3ug/g), Rolipram (2,0ug/g), CNTF + Rolipram (C+R) (0,3ug/g e 2,0ug/g, respectively), PBS and DMSO. For proteic analysis, the two latter were grouped in one group called CONTROL. C+R group showed failure to thrive, meaning that a deleterious effect occurred as of the second day of intervention (P3). Short period treatments showed different results. Treatment with induced both phosphorylation and total amount of STAT3. The pro-apoptotic protein BAD raised its levels in response to C+R, but the total levels were not affected. On the other hand, cAMP Responsive Element Binding Protein (CREB) and its phosphorilated form, pCREB, showed no alteration after the treatments. In the prolonged investigation there was no difference between the treatments in the Neuronal Survival Index. There was no additive effect after simultaneous treatment with CNTF and Rolipram in neuronal survival in the present model of peripheral nervous injury / Mestrado / Fisiologia / Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

La pandemia del nuevo coronavirus continúa con nosotros y lo hará por largo tiempo. Ha causado un nuevo modo de vivir, con aislamiento, protección personal, distanciamiento, empleo de la virtualidad y otros. Se ha mejorado el diagnóstico del infectado y su manejo. No existe cura aún, aunque se cuenta con vacunas aprobadas con premura. La crisis de salud ha desnudado la falta de preparación de nuestros sistemas de salud, y ha devenido en crisis políticas y económicas, empobrecimiento, muerte e inquietud emocional y psicológica. En estas páginas continuamos escribiendo de manera resumida los nuevos conocimientos sobre el SARS-CoV-2 y la enfermedad COVID-19, su diagnóstico, fisiopatología, manejo sintomático y de la enfermedad severa, la reinfección, sus secuelas y letalidad. Pero, principalmente, el compromiso de la mujer infectada durante el embarazo y el parto y puerperio, así como aspectos del alojamiento conjunto y lactancia; y qué ocurre cuando la infección afecta al neonato. Queda por saber el futuro de las madres y niños que sufrieron la infección. / The new coronavirus pandemic continues with us and will do so for a long time. It has brought a new way of life, with isolation, confinement, personal protection, distancing, use of virtuality and others. The diagnosis of the infected and its management has been improved; there is no cure yet, although there are vaccines approved in haste. The health crisis has exposed the lack of preparation of our health systems, resulting in political and economic crises, with impoverishment, death, and emotional and psychological complications. In these pages we continue writing in a summarized way the new knowledge about SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 disease, its diagnosis, pathophysiology, symptomatic management and the severe disease, re-infection, its sequelae and lethality. But mainly how it affects the infected woman during pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium, as well as aspects of rooming in and breastfeeding. And what happens when the infection affects the newbo ture of the mothers and children who suffered the infection remains to be known.

Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) populations are influenced by multiple factors, including interspecific competition and predation. Interspecific competition can affect resource acquisition and survival through altering space use and access to preferred habitat. Mule deer in some areas alter space use in the presence of competing species, including bison (Bison bison), cattle (Box taurus), elk (Cervus canadensis), and feral horses (Equus caballus), however the influence of competition on survival of mule deer during specific life history stages, such as birthing and rearing of neonates, is largely unknown. In addition to competition, predation can influence mule deer populations and even limit population growth by reducing recruitment of neonates into the adult population. The effects of predation may increase within a complex predator community, as predator species differ in hunting strategies, which may influence timing of predation events. We investigated the effects of interspecific competition on space use by mule deer during birthing and rearing of young (Chapter 1) and analyzed temporal patterns of predator kills of neonate mule deer in a complex predator community (Chapter 2). We hypothesized that mule deer would avoid competing ungulate species during birth and rearing of young, and that survival of neonate mule deer would decrease in areas of with increased likelihood of competition. We also hypothesized that timing of kills and habitat characteristics of kill sites would differ by predator species due to different hunting strategies. We captured 98 neonate mule deer and fit them with mortality-sensing radiocollars to test our hypotheses. We did not observe any evidence of competitive interactions between mule deer and other ungulate species. Further, we observed a positive association between space use by mule deer and elk following parturition. We also observed an increase in probability of survival for neonate mule deer in areas with higher probability of use by elk (Hazard ratio= 0.185, SE=0.497). We observed differences in timing of kills among predator species (p=0.026), however habitat characteristics of kill sites did not differ for those species. It appears that resource availability and climatic conditions influence space use by mule deer more strongly than space use by competing species. Further, timing of kills of neonate mule deer differ by predator species, which may lead to an additive effect of predation within a complex predator community.

The postnatal development of rat retinal phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) activity was measured by radiometric assay. Activity was detected on day 1 of life. Retinal PNMT activity of day 1 neonates approximated 10% that of the adult. There is an increase in enzyme activity before eye opening. By day 30, enzyme activity has peaked. The enzyme during this early period possesses the same substrate specificity and inhibitor sensitivity as that of the adult enzyme. PNMT activity is detected before tyrosine hydroxylase activity.

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This review of literature was conducted to evaluate research on the efficacy of nonpharmacological interventions for use with neonates undergoing minimally invasive skin-breaking procedures. This review primarily focuses on the use of nonnutritive sucking, sweet solutions (such as sucrose, dextrose, etc.), and the synergistic effects of combining these therapies. Research reviewed was limited to peer-reviewed studies written in the English language that evaluated the use of nonnutritive sucking and/or sweet solutions as pain management interventions for neonates (aged 0-1 month) undergoing heel lance or venipuncture. The findings of the studies reviewed support the effiaccy of nonnutritive sucking and the administration of sweet solutions as independent interventions for neonatal pain management, and addditionally indicate that employing these interventions together offers significant synergistic analgesic effects. Further research is required to account for the effects of gestational age and blood-collection method (instrument used) on infant pain. Future studies that focus on the multimodal use of various non-pharmacologic therapies to achieve maximal possible synergistic analgesic effects are indicated. The combined use of nonnutritive sucking and sweet solutions is a simple, inexpensive, effective intervention for managing procedural pain in infants, and nurses should advocate for standardization of this intervention in clinical practice.

Newborns diagnosed with hip dysplasia face severe consequences when treatments fail. The Pavlik harness presents the most common worldwide treatment for correcting this medical hip abnormality in newborns, but becomes increasingly ineffective as subluxation increases. A dynamic finite element analysis on the hip joint would yield results that could provide insight to physicians as to how the Pavlik harness could be optimized to increase its success rate and develop patient-specific treatment plans. The study completes the first step in such an analysis by generating a three-dimensional model of an infant hip joint directly derived from computed tomography imaging in order to accurately represent the anatomical locations of muscle origins and insertions points as well as the unique cartilaginous characteristics of a neonate hip and femur. Such models will further enhance findings on the biomechanics of hip dysplasia that resulted from a preliminary study using computer-aided design to recreate the hip joint. In addition to the models, the orientation of the psoas tendon in a dysplastic hip through full range abduction and flexion was analyzed using a cadaveric dissection. It was determined that the psoas tendon was not an obstruction to reduction when the hip was in flexion so long as the tendon was not adherent to the hip capsule, and therefore can be disregarded in a finite element analysis or dynamic simulation that introduces flexion. The work of this thesis will lay the foundation for complex finite element analyses regarding the biomechanics of hip dysplasia in neonates as well as other hip abnormalities relevant to early child development.

Respiratory distress syndrome is a major cause of mortality among infants. Current therapies are limited in terms of invasiveness, cost, infrastructure, and leads to long term morbidities such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia. As a result a form of respiratory support termed as “artificial placenta” has been developed that allows natural development of lungs and avoids long term morbidities. The artificial placenta is connected via the umbilical vessels and provide pumpless respiratory support and is characterized by non-invasiveness, low cost and low infrastructure. Our group previously reported on a development of porous PDMS membrane artificial placenta. To build upon its development, one of the objectives of this thesis was to reduce the variation in the oxygen saturation of the input blood for testing the oxygenator. Another objective was to setup a mathematical model to predict the oxygen uptake in an oxygenating unit and use the model to optimize the geometric parameters of a design. The final objective was to improve the oxygen uptake of the oxygenating unit of the artificial placenta by redesigning the blood flow path and the membrane material. The experimental setup was improved to employ an active controller that actively maintained the oxygen saturation of the input blood for testing the oxygenator within a variation of ±3% of the set point for at least an hour. As compared to previous experimental setup the blood deviated from the set point by 9%. Later, the blood flow path in the oxygenator was redesigned from a flat height profile to a sloping height profile; and the PDMS membrane was reinforced with a thin steel mesh. Such changes improved the oxygen uptake at the operating pressure of 30 mmHg from 16 µL/min in case of an oxygenator with flat height profile and PDMS membrane to 26 µL/min in case of an oxygenator with flat profile and composite membrane. Finally, a mathematical model was developed that coupled oxygen uptake, pressure drop and membrane expansion. The model was validated against experimental results and was later used to optimize the configuration of the oxygenator with sloping profile and composite membrane. The predicted oxygen uptake of the optimized configuration at the operating pressure of 30 mmHg was 78.8 µL/min. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)