In biomedical applications realistic phantoms are becoming more useful for validation and testing of precursor systems. These artificial phantoms require stable and flexible tissue-mimicking materials with realistic dielectric properties in order to properly model human tissues. We have fabricated a low-water-content, low cost, mechanically and electrically stable, good shelf life and multi-layered heterogeneous phantom consisting of skin, fat and muscle tissues. We have chosen semi-solid type phantom for each tissue layer. The size and thickness of the each layer is chosen based on the average thickness of human tissue. Altering the ingredient composition wisely we can alter its dielectric properties also. By reason of no osmosis occurrence, the tissues can be employed to construct heterogeneous phantoms or even anthropomorphic phantoms without causing any changes in geometry or electrical properties. The performance of the fabricated phantom is carried out using an open-ended coaxial slim probe system by Agilent Technologies. Nearly all previous studies were based on very high frequency( VHF), so we present ultra-wide band (UWB), 500MHz-20GHz multilayered phantoms. We have measured our phantom after 2 month time period and we got quite good results for the dielectric properties without having significant variations. Thus, our fabricated sets of ATE phantom have good long lasting properties with good physical and dielectric stability.

Объектом исследования является дискретный фазовращатель ДМВ диапазона. Цель работы - разработка фазовращателя с требуемыми в техническом задании параметрами. В процессе работы был рассчитан и смоделирован фазовращатель в среде проектирования «АWR Design Environment», разработана электрическая принципиальная схема и перечень элементов, создан макет устройства и проведены его измерения. Моделирование ФВ проводилось с применением методов электромагнитного анализа и использованием в качестве основных активных элементов их S-параметров и Spice-моделей. В результате проведенной работы был создан макет фазовращателя с требуемыми параметрами. Результаты работы будут применены при создании фазированной антенной решетки метеорологического радиолокатора. / The object of the research is a discrete phase shifter of the UHF range. The purpose of the work is to develop a phase shifter with the parameters required in the technical specification. In the process of work, the phase shifter was calculated and modeled in the AWR Design Environment, an electrical schematic diagram and a list of elements were developed, a device model was created and its measurements were carried out. PV modeling was carried out using the methods of electromagnetic analysis and using their S-parameters and Spice-models as the main active elements. As a result of the work carried out, a prototype of a phase shifter with the required parameters was created. The results of the work will be used to create a phased array of a meteorological radar.

Les réseaux de régulation génique contrôlent le développement et le fonctionnement des organismes vivants. Etant donné que la plupart des réseaux de régulation génique d'intérêt biologique sont grands et que leur dynamique est complexe, la compréhension de leur fonctionnement est un problème biologique majeur. De nombreuses méthodes ont été développées pour la modélisation et la simulation de ces systèmes. Etonnamment, le problème de la validation de modèle n'a reçu jusqu'à récemment que peu d'attention. Pourtant, cette étape est d'autant plus importante que dans le contexte de la modélisation de réseaux de régulation génique, les systèmes modélisés sont complexes et encore imparfaitement connus.<br /><br />Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une approche permettant de tester la validité de modèles de réseaux de régulation génique en comparant les prédictions obtenues avec les données expérimentales. Plus spécifiquement, nous considérons dans ce travail une classe de modèles qualitatifs définis en termes d'équations différentielles linéaires par morceaux (LPM). Ces modèles permettent de capturer les aspects essentiels des régulations géniques, tout en ayant une forme mathématique simple qui facilite leur analyse symbolique. Egalement, nous souhaitons utiliser les informations qualitatives sur la dynamique du système données par les changements du sens de variation des concentrations des protéines du réseau. Ces informations peuvent être obtenues expérimentalement à partir de profils d'expression temporels.<br /><br />La méthode proposée doit satisfaire deux contraintes. Premièrement, elle doit permettre d'obtenir des prédictions bien adaptées à la comparaison avec le type de données considéré. Deuxièmement, étant donné la taille et la complexité des réseaux d'intérêt biologique, la méthode doit également permettre de vérifier efficacement la cohérence entre prédictions et observations.<br /><br />Pour répondre à ces deux contraintes, nous étendons dans deux directions une approche précédemment développée par de Jong et collègues pour l'analyse symbolique des modèles LPM qualitatifs. Premièrement, nous proposons d'utiliser une représentation plus fine de l'état du système, permettant d'obtenir, par abstraction discrète, des prédictions mieux adaptées à la comparaison avec les données expérimentales. Deuxièmement, nous proposons de combiner cette méthode avec des techniques de model checking. Nous montrons que l'utilisation combinée d'abstraction discrète et de model checking permet de vérifier efficacement les propriétés dynamiques, exprimées en logique temporelle, des modèles continus.<br /><br />Cette méthode a été implémentée dans une nouvelle version de l'outil Genetic Network Analyzer (GNA 6.0). GNA 6.0 a été utilisé pour la validation de deux modèles grands et complexes de l'initiation de la sporulation chez <I>B. subtilis</I> et de la réponse au stress nutritionnel chez <I>E. coli</I>. Nous avons ainsi pu vérifier que les prédictions obtenues étaient en accord avec la plupart des données expérimentales disponibles dans la littérature. Plusieurs incohérences ont également été identifiées, suggérant des révisions des modèles ou la réalisation d'expériences complémentaires. En dehors d'une contribution à une meilleure compréhension du fonctionnement de ces systèmes, ces deux études de cas illustrent plus généralement que, par la méthode proposée, il est possible de tester si des prédictions obtenues pour des modèles complexes sont cohérentes avec un large éventail de propriétés observables expérimentalement.

Abstract This dissertation presents complete parameterizations for a three-dimensional (3-D) geometry-based stochastic radio channel model (GSCM) at 10 GHz based on measurement campaigns. The thesis is divided into the following main parts: radio channel measurements, the characterization of model parameters, and model validation. Experimental multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel measurements carried out in two-story lobby and urban small cell scenarios are first described. The measurements were performed with a vector network analyzer and dual polarized virtual antenna arrays with a bandwidth over 500 MHz. The measurement data was post-processed using the ESPRIT algorithm and the post-processed data was verified using a semi-deterministic map-based model. The results showed a good match between estimated and modeled multipath components (MPCs). In addition, single-input single-output outdoor-to-indoor measurements were executed through a standard multi-pane glass window and concrete wall. A statistical analysis was carried out for defining full 3-D characterization of the propagation channel in both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation conditions. The delay and angular dispersions of MPCs are smaller in comparison to lower frequency bands due to the higher attenuation of the delayed MPCs. Moreover, specular reflection is observed to be the more dominant propagation mechanism in comparison to diffuse scattering, leading to smaller cluster angle spreads in comparison to lower frequency bands. The penetration loss caused by a standard multi-pane glass window is on the same level as in the lower frequency bands, whereas the loss caused by the concrete wall is a few dBs higher than at lower frequency bands. Finally, the GSCM with determined parameters is validated. A MIMO channel was reconstructed by embedding 3-D radiation patterns of the antennas into the propagation path estimates. Equivalently the channel simulations were performed with a quasi deterministic radio channel generator (QuaDRiGa) using the defined parameters. The channel capacity, Demmel condition number, and relative condition numbers are used as the comparison metrics between reconstructed and modeled channels. The results show that the reconstructed MIMO channel matches the simulated MIMO channel well. / Tiivistelmä Tämä väitöskirja esittää parametroinnit kolmiulotteiselle geometriaan perustuvalle stokastiselle radiokanavamallille 10 GHz:n taajuusalueella perustuen mitattuun radiokanavaan. Väitöskirja koostuu kolmesta pääalueesta: radiokanavamittaukset, radiokanavamallin parametrien määrittäminen ja mallin validointi. Aluksi kuvataan kaksikerroksisessa aula ja kaupunkipiensolu ympäristöissä monilähetin monivastaanotin (MIMO) järjestelmällä tehdyt kanavamittaukset. Mittaukset tehtiin vektoripiirianalysaattorilla ja kaksoispolaroiduilla virtuaaliantenniryhmillä 500 MHz kaistanleveydellä. Mittausdata jälkikäsiteltiin käyttämällä ESPRIT-algoritmia ja jälkikäsitelty data varmennettiin osittain deterministisellä mittausympäristön karttaan pohjautuvalla radiokanavamallilla. Tulokset osoittivat hyvän yhteensopivuuden mitattujen ja mallinnettujen moniteiden välillä. Lisäksi toteuttiin yksi-lähetin yksi-vastaanotin mittaukset ulko-sisä etenemisympäristössä monikerroksisen lasin ja betoniseinän läpi. Tilastollinen analyysin avulla määritettiin täysi kolmiulotteinen kuvaus radioaallon etenemiskanavasta näköyhteys ja näköyhteydettömässä tilanteissa. Moniteiden suuremmista vaimennuksista johtuen viive ja kulmahajonnat ovat pienemmät verrattaessa matalempiin taajuuksiin. Peiliheijastus on diffuusisirontaa merkittävämpi radioaallon etenemismekanismi johtaen pienempiin klustereiden kulmahajeisiin matalempiin taajuuksiin verrattuna. Monikerroksisen lasin läpäisyvaimennus on samankaltainen kuin alemmilla taajuuksilla, kun sitä vastoin betoniseinän vaimennus on muutaman desibelin suurempi kuin alemmilla taajuuksilla. Lopulta geometriaan perustava stokastinen radiokanavamalli validoidaan määritellyillä parametreilla. MIMO kanava uudelleen rakennetaan lisäämällä kolmiulotteiset antennien säteilykuviot estimoituihin radioaallon etenemisteihin. Vastaavasti radiokanava simuloidaan näennäisesti deterministisellä radiokanavageneraattorilla (QuaDRiGa) käyttäen määriteltyjä mallin parametreja. Kanavakapasiteettia, Demmel ehtolukua ja suhteellista ehtolukua käytetään vertailumittareina uudelleen rakennetun ja simuloidun kanavan välillä. Tulosten perusteella uudelleen rakennettu MIMO kanava on yhteensopiva simuloidun radiokanavan kanssa.

[pt] Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de uma sondagem em frequencia do canal indoor de faixa larga em 1,8GHz, onde foram testados alguns ambientes na tentativa de simular a mobilidade de um usuário. A técnica de sondagem é baseada na técnica clássica de varredura em frequencia, onde foi implementado um link óptico ao invés de cabos coaxiais, para permitir um maior range de medidas. A completa análise de dispersão temporal em pequena e larga escala foi extraída de medidas da resposta impulsiva, como retardo médio, espalhamento rms de retardos, banda de coerência e suas variações com a mobilidade. Do conjunto de análises efetuadas dois resultados obtiveram destaque: perfis de potência de retardo com a distância , resultando em uma boa representação dos principais espalhadores do ambiente; e a validação de um limitante teórico da relação entre a banda de coerência e o espalhamento rms de retardos, recentemente proposto por outro autor. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de uma sondagem em frequencia do canal indoor de faixa larga em 1,8GHz, onde foram testados alguns ambientes na tentativa de simular a mobilidade de um usuário. A técnica de sondagem é baseada na técnica clássica de varredura em frequencia, onde foi implementado um link óptico ao invés de cabos coaxiais, para permitir um maior range de medidas. A completa análise de dispersão temporal em pequena e larga escala foi extraída de medidas da resposta impulsiva, como retardo médio, espalhamento rms de retardos, banda de coerência e suas variações com a mobilidade. Do conjunto de análises efetuadas dois resultados obtiveram destaque: perfis de potência de retardo com a distância , resultando em uma boa representação dos principais espalhadores do ambiente; e a validação de um limitante teórico da relação entre a banda de coerência e o espalhamento rms de retardos, recentemente proposto por outro autor. / [en] The results of a 1.8 GHz indoor wide-band channel souding survey at some typical environments, trying to account for pedestrian subscriber mobility, are presented. The sounding technique has been based on the classical frequency domain one, with an optic link instead of coaxial cables provinding an extended path range. Complete small and large- scale time dispersionanalysis have been derived from the impulse responses measured, like mean delay, rms delay spread, coherence bandwidth and its variations with mobility. From the whole analysis carried out, two main results are worth remarking: the power delay profile variation with distance providing a pictorial representation of the main scattering mechanisms of the environment; and the validation of a lower bound relation between the coherence bandwidth and rms delay spread recently proposed by another author.

Theoretical principles of the sixport measurement method are presented. Description of theoretical design and influence of its parameters on measurement precision follows. Simple sixport measurement system was made and its parameters are described. As the main thesis contribution there is described a new approach to method with more detectors in the system. Mean features are more valid sixports at one specific frequency and frequency bandwidth aviable up to 1 : 100 and more. Such a wideband measurement system was designed for the frequencies between 50 and 2680 MHz and its parameters are presented in the work.

The VSWR is an important entity when assessing the properties of an antenna. This report presents measurements of the VSWR, related to antennas, by means of a Vector Network Analyzer. The open/short/load calibration method is used as a preparation before the actual measurement in order to obtain accurate results. The way that the VSWR depends on frequency is illustrated by three measurment methods: direct measurement of the VSWR, by using 𝑆11, or by using the Smith chart. The results are compared and conclusions are drawn.

No description available.

This thesis advances the state of the art in modeling electric machines in electro-magnetic transient simulation programs, particularly in real-time digital simulators. A new tool, developed in this thesis, expands the application of real-time digital simulators to closed-loop testing of protection relays designed to protect synchronous machines during internal faults. To evaluate the inductances of synchronous machines, a winding function approach was developed in this thesis which is capable of taking into account both the actual distribution of windings and the shape of the pole-arc. Factors such as MMF drop in the iron and effects of slots are compensated by evaluating the effective permeance function of the machine using experimentally measured values of d-, q- and 0- axis inductances. In this winding function approach, the effects of magnetic saturation are also included by considering the actual distribution of magneto-motive force in each loading condition of the machine. The inductances of an experimental machine are evaluated using this approach and validated using the finite-element method and laboratory measurements. This thesis also proposes an embedded phase-domain approach for time-domain simulation of the machine model in electromagnetic transients programs. The approach significantly improves the numerical stability of the simulations. Special numerical techniques are introduced, which speed up the execution of the algorithm as needed for real-time simulation. The machine model is validated in healthy and faulted conditions using simulations and laboratory experiments. Effects of damper grid representation on simulating turn-to-turn faults are investigated. The capability of this new real-time synchronous machine model in closed-loop testing of synchronous machines ground- faults protection relays is clearly demonstrated.

This thesis advances the state of the art in modeling electric machines in electro-magnetic transient simulation programs, particularly in real-time digital simulators. A new tool, developed in this thesis, expands the application of real-time digital simulators to closed-loop testing of protection relays designed to protect synchronous machines during internal faults. To evaluate the inductances of synchronous machines, a winding function approach was developed in this thesis which is capable of taking into account both the actual distribution of windings and the shape of the pole-arc. Factors such as MMF drop in the iron and effects of slots are compensated by evaluating the effective permeance function of the machine using experimentally measured values of d-, q- and 0- axis inductances. In this winding function approach, the effects of magnetic saturation are also included by considering the actual distribution of magneto-motive force in each loading condition of the machine. The inductances of an experimental machine are evaluated using this approach and validated using the finite-element method and laboratory measurements. This thesis also proposes an embedded phase-domain approach for time-domain simulation of the machine model in electromagnetic transients programs. The approach significantly improves the numerical stability of the simulations. Special numerical techniques are introduced, which speed up the execution of the algorithm as needed for real-time simulation. The machine model is validated in healthy and faulted conditions using simulations and laboratory experiments. Effects of damper grid representation on simulating turn-to-turn faults are investigated. The capability of this new real-time synchronous machine model in closed-loop testing of synchronous machines ground- faults protection relays is clearly demonstrated.