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Filtration is an important process in drinking water treatment to ensure the adequate removal of particle-bound pathogens (i.e. Giardia and Cryptosporidium). Filtration performance is typically monitored in terms of filtered water turbidity. However, particle counts may provide further insight into treatment efficiency, as they have a greater sensitivity for detecting small changes in filtration operation. To optimize the filtration process at the Elgin Area WTP in terms of post-filtration particle counts, artificial neural network (ANN) models were applied. Process models were successfully developed to predict settled water turbidity and particle counts. Additionally, two inverse process models were developed to predict the optimal coagulant dosage required to attain target particle counts. Upon testing each model, a high correlation was observed between the actual and predicted data sets. The ANNs were then integrated into an optimization application to allow for the transfer of real-time data between the models and the SCADA system.

Filtration is an important process in drinking water treatment to ensure the adequate removal of particle-bound pathogens (i.e. Giardia and Cryptosporidium). Filtration performance is typically monitored in terms of filtered water turbidity. However, particle counts may provide further insight into treatment efficiency, as they have a greater sensitivity for detecting small changes in filtration operation. To optimize the filtration process at the Elgin Area WTP in terms of post-filtration particle counts, artificial neural network (ANN) models were applied. Process models were successfully developed to predict settled water turbidity and particle counts. Additionally, two inverse process models were developed to predict the optimal coagulant dosage required to attain target particle counts. Upon testing each model, a high correlation was observed between the actual and predicted data sets. The ANNs were then integrated into an optimization application to allow for the transfer of real-time data between the models and the SCADA system.

This thesis proposes a framework for determining the optimum location of an injection well by using an inference method, Artificial Neural Networks and a search algorithm to create a search space and locate the global maxima. Theoretical foundation of the proposed framework is followed by description of the field for case study. A complex carbonate reservoir, having a recorded geothermal production history is used to evaluate the proposed framework ( Kizildere Geothermal field, Turkey). In the proposed framework, neural networks are used as a tool to replicate the behavior of commercial simulators, by capturing the response of the field given a limited number of parameters (Temperature, pressure, injection location and injection flow rate) as variables. A study on different network designs is followed by introduction of a search algorithm to generate decision surfaces. Results indicate that a combination of neural networks and an optimization algorithm (explicit search with variable stepping) to capture local maxima can be used to locate a region or a location for optimum well placement. Results also indicate shortcomings and possible pitfalls associated with the approach. With the provided flexibility of the proposed workflow, it is possible to incorporate various parameters including injection flow rate, temperature and location. For the field of study (Kizildere), optimum injection well location is found to be in the south&amp / #8209 / eastern part of the field. Specific locations resulting from the workflow indicated a consistent search space, having higher values in that particular region. When studied with fixed flow rates (2500 and 4911 m 3 /day), search run through the whole field located two locations which are in the very same region / thus resulting with consistent predictions. Further study carried on by incorporating effect of different flow rates indicates that the algorithm can be run in a particular region of interest (south&amp / #8209 / east in the case of study) and different flow rates may yield different locations. This analysis resulted with a new location in the same region and an optimum injection rate of 4000 m 3 /day). It is observed that use of neural network as a proxy to numerical simulator is viable for narrowing down or locating the area of interest for optimum well placement.

Durch die Anwendung der Theorie Komplexer Netzwerke auf die Topologie komplexer Materialflusssysteme (MFS), im Speziellen auf Gepäckförderanlagen (GFA) in Flughäfen, wurden Erkenntnisse für die Generierung und Optimierung der Layouts gewonnen. Zunächst wird die einfache Anwendbarkeit von Netzwerkanalysemethoden auf komplexe MFS gezeigt. Dadurch können generische Eigenschaften der Systeme untersucht werden, die mit anderen Methoden nicht zugänglich sind. Des Weiteren wird dargelegt, dass alle untersuchten GFA ähnliche Charakteristiken aufweisen, was zukünftig für die Generierung der Topologien genutzt werden kann. Durch diese Analysemethodik werden wichtige Einblicke in Materialflüsse in GFA ohne aufwändige Simulationen möglich. Bereits einfache Analysen lassen neue Schlüsse auf Eigenschaften wie die Robustheit und Leistung eines MFS zu. Die Algorithmen sind leicht in der frühen Planungsphase einsetzbar und versprechen ein ausgereifteres System, welches in späteren (Simulations-) Phasen mit geringeren Änderungen auskommt.

Modeling and inferential control studies are carried out on a reactive batch distillation system for the esterification reaction of ethanol with acetic acid to produce ethyl acetate. A dynamic model is developed based on a previous study done on a batch distillation column. The column is modified for a reactive system where Artificial Neural Network Estimator is used instead of Extended Kalman Filter for the estimation of compositions of polar compounds for control purposes. The results of the developed dynamic model of the column is verified theoretically with the results of a similar study. Also, in order to check the model experimentally, a lab scale column (40 cm height, 5 cm inner diameter with 8 trays) is used and it is found that experimental data is not in good agreement with the models&rsquo / . Therefore, the model developed is improved by using different rate expressions and thermodynamic models (fi-fi, combination of equations of state (EOS) and excess Gibbs free energy (EOS-Gex), gama-fi) with different equations of states (Peng Robinson (PR) / Peng Robinson - Stryjek-Vera (PRSV)), mixing rules (van der Waals / Huron Vidal (HV) / Huron Vidal Original (HVO) / Orbey Sandler Modification of HVO (HVOS)) and activity coefficient models (NRTL / Wilson / UNIQUAC). The gama-fi method with PR-EOS together with van der Waals mixing rule and NRTL activity coefficient model is selected as the best relationships which fits the experimental data. The thermodynamic models / EOS, mixing rules and activity coefficient models, all are found to have very crucial roles in modeling studies. A nonlinear optimization problem is also carried out to find the optimal operation of the distillation column for an optimal reflux ratio profile where the maximization of the capacity factor is selected as the objective function. In control studies, to operate the distillation system with the optimal reflux ratio profile, a control system is designed with an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Estimator which is used to predict the product composition values of the system from temperature measurements. The network used is an Elman network with two hidden layers. The performance of the designed network is tested first in open-loop and then in closed-loop in a feedback inferential control algorithm. It is found that, the control of the product compositions with the help of an ANN estimator with error refinement can be done considering optimal reflux ratio profile.

Water distribution networks are being designed by traditional methods based on rules-of-thumb and personal experience of the designer. However, since there is no unique solution to any network design, namely there are various combinations of pipes, pumps, tanks all of which satisfy the same pressure and velocity restrictions, it is most probable that the design performed by traditional techniques is not the optimum one. This study deals how an optimization technique can be a useful tool for a designer during the design to find a solution. The method used within the study is the partial enumeration technique developed by Gessler. The technique is applied by a commercially available software, i.e. WADISO SA. The study is focused on discrepancies between a network designed by traditional techniques and the same network designed by partial enumeration method. Attention is given to steps of enumeration, which are basically grouping of pipes, candidate pipe size and price function assignments, to demonstrate that the designers can control all the phases of optimization process. In this respect, special attention is given to price functions to show the effect of them on the result. The study also revealed that the cost of fitting materials cannot be included in the price function although it may have significant effect in a system composed of closely located junctions. The results obtained from this study are useful to show that although optimization methods do not provide a definite solution / partial enumeration method can assist designers to select the optimum system combination.

Orientadores: Raul Vinhas Ribeiro, Maria Silvina Medrano / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T21:31:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Giansante_Moacir_M.pdf: 31760626 bytes, checksum: 1c3f355aabddb68180939401b269973f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Este estudo apresenta uma metodologia para calcular os custos decorrentes de projetos de universalização de serviços de telecomunicações, conforme estabelece a legislação brasileira, denominados como custos líquidos em outras legislações. Tal conceito é baseado na obtenção dos custos evitáveis e para seu cálculo, os custos atribuídos ao cumprimento das obrigações devem ser alocados de forma a guardar relação com a atividade que o gerou bem como com a quantidade de serviços/produtos produzidos. A metodologia também deve ser capaz de capturar economias de escala e de escopo decorrentes de compartilhamento de recursos e de otimização das capacidades instaladas. Por isso, propõe-se um modelo que combine os conceitos de custos incrementais e de custos prospectivos de longo prazo de forma flexível e que permita a análise de diferentes projetos de universalização / Abstract: This study presents a methodology to calculate the net costs resulting from telecommunications universal services, in accordance with Brazilian legislation. Such a concept is based on the estimation of the avoidable costs due to universal obligations. In order to proceed with the calculations, the costs attributed to these obligations should be allocated to guard relation with the activity that generated them as well as with the quantity of service/productsproduced. ,The methodology also should be capable of capture scale and scope economies due to shared resources or capacities optimization. Theproposed model combines the concepts of incremental costs andforward-looking costs in aflexible manner to enable the analysis of different projects regarding universal service / Mestrado / Automação / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Es wird gezeigt, wie Erkenntnisse eines Prototyps in den weiteren Entwicklungsprozess eines Produktes Anwendung finden können. Dazu wird ein entwickelter Rechenkern genutzt, welcher einen hybriden Ansatz aus Numerik und einem neuronalen Netz beinhaltet. Zusätzlich soll dieser Rechenkern den gesamten Produktentwicklungsprozess unterstützen und Produktvorschläge generieren, welche unter Restriktionen und einem globalen Optimierer ermittelt werden. Durch den Ansatz der Optimierung wurde Wert auf einen Kompromiss zwischen Schnelligkeit und Genauigkeit in der Rechenroutine gelegt. In diesem Artikel wird diese Vorgehensweise vorgestellt.