Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago. / Descriptive letterpress on verso of each plate. From the Journal of experimental zoology, vol. VII, no. 1. "Literature": p. 63.

Thesis (PH. D.)--University of Chicago. / Descriptive letterpress on verso of each plate. From the Journal of experimental zoology, vol. VII, no. 1. "Literature": p. 63. Also available on the Internet. Also issued online.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago. / Descriptive letterpress on verso of each plate. From the Journal of experimental zoology, vol. VII, no. 1. "Literature": p. 63.

No description available.

Therapeutic strategies of stroke can take two directions: to prevent brain damage from stroke or aid in its repair after a stroke. In this thesis, a rat stroke model, which mimics the human small vessel stroke, was used. Two potential repair strategies were investigated with this model, reduction of inflammatory processes with the aid of minocycline treatment and replacing necrotic neurons with new ones with the aid of neurogenesis of endogenous progenitor cells. <p>The stroke model is induced by disrupting the medium-size pial vessels within a 5mm-circular brain surface of adult Wistar rats. This leads to a cone-shaped cortical lesion. Therefore it mimics the clinical situation of lacunar infarction, the most frequent outcome of small vessel stroke. <p>Minocycline, a second-generation tetracycline, prevented cavitation and facilitated the repopulation of the lesion by reactive astrocytes. However, I could not identify the molecular target as the number of activated microglia, infiltrating leukocytes and CD3+ lymphocytes as well as interleukin-1β expression were not significantly altered. Doublecortin (DCX) is a microtubule-associated protein expressed by migrating neuroblasts and immature neurons. After injury, DCX-positive cells appeared in the neocortex at the base of the lesion. These cells exhibit a morphology resembling differentiated post-migratory neurons with long branched processes. Some of the DCX-positive cells were also immunoreactive for βIII-tubulin, another marker of immature neurons. This might indicate a migratory pathway for developing neuroblasts from the subventricular zone (SVZ) through the corpus callosum to the lesion. SVZ cells were labeled with carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester (CFSE) stereotaxical injections. Although rostral migratory stream and olfactory bulb were intensely labeled, no CFSE containing cells were found in the cortex underneath the lesion. These results suggest that the DCX-positive cells may not originate from neural precursors from the SVZ, but might be generated from local progenitor cells. In summary, using the PVD II model, which mimics the lacunar stroke, I found that neuroblasts appeared spontaneously near the lesion in the cerebral cortex and were attempting to upregulate neuronal properties. Reducing inflammation with post-stroke minocycline treatment prevented cavitation. I think both findings open up exciting new avenues for treatment of lacunar infarctions.

Therapeutic strategies of stroke can take two directions: to prevent brain damage from stroke or aid in its repair after a stroke. In this thesis, a rat stroke model, which mimics the human small vessel stroke, was used. Two potential repair strategies were investigated with this model, reduction of inflammatory processes with the aid of minocycline treatment and replacing necrotic neurons with new ones with the aid of neurogenesis of endogenous progenitor cells. <p>The stroke model is induced by disrupting the medium-size pial vessels within a 5mm-circular brain surface of adult Wistar rats. This leads to a cone-shaped cortical lesion. Therefore it mimics the clinical situation of lacunar infarction, the most frequent outcome of small vessel stroke. <p>Minocycline, a second-generation tetracycline, prevented cavitation and facilitated the repopulation of the lesion by reactive astrocytes. However, I could not identify the molecular target as the number of activated microglia, infiltrating leukocytes and CD3+ lymphocytes as well as interleukin-1β expression were not significantly altered. Doublecortin (DCX) is a microtubule-associated protein expressed by migrating neuroblasts and immature neurons. After injury, DCX-positive cells appeared in the neocortex at the base of the lesion. These cells exhibit a morphology resembling differentiated post-migratory neurons with long branched processes. Some of the DCX-positive cells were also immunoreactive for βIII-tubulin, another marker of immature neurons. This might indicate a migratory pathway for developing neuroblasts from the subventricular zone (SVZ) through the corpus callosum to the lesion. SVZ cells were labeled with carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester (CFSE) stereotaxical injections. Although rostral migratory stream and olfactory bulb were intensely labeled, no CFSE containing cells were found in the cortex underneath the lesion. These results suggest that the DCX-positive cells may not originate from neural precursors from the SVZ, but might be generated from local progenitor cells. In summary, using the PVD II model, which mimics the lacunar stroke, I found that neuroblasts appeared spontaneously near the lesion in the cerebral cortex and were attempting to upregulate neuronal properties. Reducing inflammation with post-stroke minocycline treatment prevented cavitation. I think both findings open up exciting new avenues for treatment of lacunar infarctions.

Submitted by LINA MARIA DELGADO GARCIA (linadelgadomvz@gmail.com) on 2016-06-03T17:50:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Diss_LinaMDelgadoGarcia_PPG_MV_FMVZ.pdf: 5259973 bytes, checksum: 96b8449017ba967633f1d9ef9da7c741 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-06-06T18:25:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 delgado-garcia_lm_me_bot.pdf: 5259973 bytes, checksum: 96b8449017ba967633f1d9ef9da7c741 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-06T18:25:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 delgado-garcia_lm_me_bot.pdf: 5259973 bytes, checksum: 96b8449017ba967633f1d9ef9da7c741 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-02 / No final dos anos 60, os experimentos em proliferação celular anunciaram a neurogênese adulta em mamíferos. Três décadas depois a relação entre neurogênese e células-tronco neurais (NSCs) foi estabelecida. Atualmente, as NSCs são objeto de pesquisas na medicina como modelo de estudo de múltiplos estados anormais e distúrbios orgânicos, além de se propor como uma estratégia em condições com poucas alternativas terapêuticas. Contudo o desenvolvimento destas terapias depende do entendimento dos mecanismos moleculares, celulares e biológicos que controlam a neurogênese e as NSCs. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o estudo das teorias no funcionamento dos nichos neurogênicos e as NSCs com ênfase na proliferação, migração e diferenciação, além da descrição dos aspectos celulares in vitro dos precursores neurais (NPCs) dos nichos neurogênicos dos mamíferos. Os nichos são regiões do sistema nervoso adulto que apresentam neurogênese pela presença das NSCs e um microambiente celular apropriado. Nos mamíferos existem pelo menos dois nichos, a zona subventricular (SVZ) dos ventrículos laterais e a zona subgranular (SGZ) do hipocampo. Os estudos revisados demostram que existem diferenças e semelhanças no comportamento das NSCs nos nichos neurogênicos adultos, levando a que a proliferação, migração e diferenciação seja menos efetiva quando comparada com o desenvolvimento embrionário. Para finalizar, se descreveu o protocolo para isolamento e cultivo dos NPCs e seus aspectos celulares. Os NPCs proliferaram como populações heterogêneas multipotentes. Após a diferenciação, as células migraram e apresentaram características morfológicas e imunofenotípicas de células neurais imaturas, com o predomínio de células gliais. Em conjunto, os NPCs in vitro mimetizam os aspectos gerais da neurogênese. / In the late 60`s, the experiments on cell proliferation announced adult neurogenesis in mammals. Three decades later, the link between neurogenesis and neural stem cells (NSCs) was recognized. Currently, NSCs are the matter of research in human and veterinary medicine as a model of multiple abnormal states and organic disorders, in addition to be proposed as a strategy for diseases and conditions with few therapeutic alternatives. However, the successful development of these therapies depends on the understanding of molecular, cellular and biological mechanisms that control neurogenesis and NSCs. Therefore, the aim of this work was the study of the theories on neurogenic niches and NSCs with focus in proliferation, migration and differentiation, beyond the description of the cellular aspects of in vitro neural precursors cells (NPCs) of the neurogenic niches of the mammals. The neurogenic niches are regions of the adult nervous system which display complete neurogenesis because of the presence of NSCs and an appropriate cell microenvironment. In mammals, there are at least two neurogenic niches, the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus. The reviewed studies showed that exists differences and similarities in the behavior of the adult NSCs in the neurogenic niches that lead to less effective proliferation, migration and differentiation; when compared with the embryonic development. Finally, was described the protocol for isolation and cultivation of NPCs and their cellular aspects. NPCs proliferated as heterogeneous multipotent populations. Differentiation analyses showed that cells migrated and showed morphological and immunophenotypical characteristics of immature cells with the predominance of glial cells. Overall, NPCs effectively reproduce the general aspects of neurogenesis.

Orientador: Rogério Martins Amorim / Resumo: No final dos anos 60, os experimentos em proliferação celular anunciaram a neurogênese adulta em mamíferos. Três décadas depois a relação entre neurogênese e células-tronco neurais (NSCs) foi estabelecida. Atualmente, as NSCs são objeto de pesquisas na medicina como modelo de estudo de múltiplos estados anormais e distúrbios orgânicos, além de se propor como uma estratégia em condições com poucas alternativas terapêuticas. Contudo o desenvolvimento destas terapias depende do entendimento dos mecanismos moleculares, celulares e biológicos que controlam a neurogênese e as NSCs. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o estudo das teorias no funcionamento dos nichos neurogênicos e as NSCs com ênfase na proliferação, migração e diferenciação, além da descrição dos aspectos celulares in vitro dos precursores neurais (NPCs) dos nichos neurogênicos dos mamíferos. Os nichos são regiões do sistema nervoso adulto que apresentam neurogênese pela presença das NSCs e um microambiente celular apropriado. Nos mamíferos existem pelo menos dois nichos, a zona subventricular (SVZ) dos ventrículos laterais e a zona subgranular (SGZ) do hipocampo. Os estudos revisados demostram que existem diferenças e semelhanças no comportamento das NSCs nos nichos neurogênicos adultos, levando a que a proliferação, migração e diferenciação seja menos efetiva quando comparada com o desenvolvimento embrionário. Para finalizar, se descreveu o protocolo para isolamento e cultivo dos NPCs e seus aspectos celulares. O... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In the late 60`s, the experiments on cell proliferation announced adult neurogenesis in mammals. Three decades later, the link between neurogenesis and neural stem cells (NSCs) was recognized. Currently, NSCs are the matter of research in human and veterinary medicine as a model of multiple abnormal states and organic disorders, in addition to be proposed as a strategy for diseases and conditions with few therapeutic alternatives. However, the successful development of these therapies depends on the understanding of molecular, cellular and biological mechanisms that control neurogenesis and NSCs. Therefore, the aim of this work was the study of the theories on neurogenic niches and NSCs with focus in proliferation, migration and differentiation, beyond the description of the cellular aspects of in vitro neural precursors cells (NPCs) of the neurogenic niches of the mammals. The neurogenic niches are regions of the adult nervous system which display complete neurogenesis because of the presence of NSCs and an appropriate cell microenvironment. In mammals, there are at least two neurogenic niches, the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus. The reviewed studies showed that exists differences and similarities in the behavior of the adult NSCs in the neurogenic niches that lead to less effective proliferation, migration and differentiation; when compared with the embryonic development. Finally, was described the proto... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Le glufosinate d’ammonium (GLA) est un herbicide largement utilisé dans l'agriculture. Comme cela est le cas pour la plupart des pesticides, ses effets neurotoxiques et développementaux n'ont été que partiellement étudiés. L'exposition précoce des pesticides peut affaiblir la structure de base du développement du cerveau et provoquer des changements permanents conduisant un large éventail d'effets à long terme sur la santé et/ou sur le comportement. Mes travaux de thèse ont permis de montrer que l’exposition périnatale à de faibles doses de GLA induisait des perturbations de la neurogenèse et de la migration des neuroblastes au niveau de la zone sous ventriculaire vers les bulbes olfactifs. De plus l’analyse transcriptomique cérébrale montre une modification significative de l’expression de nombreux gènes responsables de la dynamique du cytosquelette impliqué dans la régulation de la migration des neuroblastes. Etant un analogue structural du glutamate, le GLA pourrait agir sur le cytosquelette via la modification de la polyglutamylation de la tubuline. Cette hypothèse expliquerait les altérations cellulaires observées. Par ailleurs, avons mis en évidence dans cette étude, des troubles du comportement des souris exposées semblables à ceux observables chez les modèles murins des « troubles du spectre autistique » (ASD-like). / Glufosinate ammonium (GLA) is one of the most widely used herbicides in agriculture. As for almost all pesticides, potential adverse effects of GLA have not been investigated in the brain developmental neurotoxicity perspective. Indeed, early pesticides exposure may weaken the developing brain and cause permanent brain alteration which could lead to a wide range of the lifelong effects on health and/or behavior. As an illustration, we showed that perinatal exposure to low doses of GLA induced behavioral defects in mice adulthood, characterized by many similarities with Autism Spectrum Disorders phenotype. My thesis deals with the molecular aspect of this perinatal GLA exposure. I demonstrated that GLA induced disturbances of proliferation and neuroblast migration from the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulbs. These defects were associated with significant change in the expression of many genes involved in neuroblast migration and cytoskeleton regulation as observed by brain transcriptome analysis. I showed that GLA act on the cytoskeleton through modification of polyglutamylation of tubulin which lead to cell division/migration disturbances and cell differentiation defect. My work thus provides a new molecular link between pre- and post-natal exposure to the herbicide GLA and the onset of ASD like phenotype later in life. It also raises the fundamental concerns about the ability of current safety testing to assess risks of pesticide exposure during critical developmental periods.

Das Nervensystem von Drosophila melanogaster entwickelt sich aus dem Neuroectoderm entlang der anterior-posterioren Axe des Embryos. Dieses Gewebe unterteilt sich in drei Expressionsdomänen, die von ventral nach dorsal durch Expression der drei Homöobox-Transkriptionsfaktoren vnd, ind und msh charakterisiert sind. Vnd und Ind wurden als notwendig und ausreichend beschrieben, um die Zellidentitäten ihrer jeweiligen Gewebe zu determinieren. Um zu untersuchen, wie diese Transkriptionsfaktoren agieren, um ihre jeweiligen Zelltypen hervorzubringen, habe ich die genomweiten Genexpressionsmuster dieser verwandten Gewebe in Wildtyp-Embryos und in einer vnd-Mutante bestimmt. Ich fand heraus, dass anstelle eines Gewebes, das der IC-Domäne ähnelt, die Vnd-Mutante ein Gewebe hervorbringt, das neuronale Charakteristika zum grossen Teil verloren hat. Ich habe gefunden, dass der Transkiptionsfaktor "eyeless" bei ektopischer Expression in der VC den Vnd-Nervensystemphänotyp phänokopiert und ein ähnliches DNA-Bindemuster aufweist wie Vnd. Unsere Daten lassen vermuten, das Vnd sowohl als direkter Aktivator von VC-spezifischen Genen als auch als direkter Repressor von nicht-neuronalen Genen wirkt. Um die zeitlich-örtliche Auflösung weiter zu erhöhen, habe ich mit Nikolaos Karaiskos kollaboriert, um Einzelzell-Transkriptome von Embryos einer einzigen embryonalen Stufe zu generieren und einen Genexpressions-Atlas des frühen Drosophila-Embryos mit Einzelzellauflösung zu erstellen der die nahezu genomweite Genexpression fast jeder Zelle zu rekapitulieren. Um die Nützlichkeit der Plattform zu demonstrieren, untersuchten wir Expressionsmuster von Genen, die an der Hippo-Signalkaskade beteiligt sind. Wir prognostizierten Hippo-Signalaktivität in bestimmten Bereichen des Embryos und zeigten, dass der Hippo-Signalweg die synchronisierte Zellteilung in diesen Bereichen unterbricht. / The embryonic nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster derives from the neurogenic ectoderm, which is subdivided into three distinct domains. Several key transcription factors show expression exclusive to individual columns and endow their expression domains with characteristic identities. The genes vnd and ind, for example, are homeodomain transcription factors expressed in two columns. Both have been argued to be necessary and sufficient to confer the ventral column or intermediate column fates. To address the question how these transcription factors confer identities to their expression domains I determined the transcriptomic profile of these tissues in wild type and a Vnd mutant embryos. In order to do this, I established a protocol that allowed me to sequence the transcriptomes in developing embryos with spatio-temporal resolution. I found that upon knockout of Vnd, the ventral column largely looses its neurogenic identity rather than converting its fate, as models would predict. I identified Eyeless as a novel candidate transcription factor that shapes early nerve cord identities. Furthermore the data indicates that in Vnd acts as both, activator and repressor. Excessive co-binding with the GAGA-factor GAF suggests a mechanism by which this activation might be achieved. To push spatio-temporal resolution towards the single cell level, I collaborated with Nikolaos Karaiskos to extract single cell transcriptomes of a single developmental stage. This has allowed us to establish a digital single-cell resolved transcriptomic map of a single developmental stage. We used this map to predict expression patterns of thousands of genes with striking accuracy. We identified the Hippo signaling pathway as a spatially regulated pathway in early embryos and showed that it directs the interruption of cell cycle synchronicity in specific areas of the embryo.