Abstract All neurons and macroglial cells of vertebrates derive from the neuroepithelium. Neuroepithelial (NE) cells first proliferate and, after closure of the neural tube, some cells start generating neurons. It is still unclear what triggers differentiation but apparently there is interplay between extrinsic (secreted or transmembrane signals) and intrinsic factors. Diriving from the embryonic ectoderm, the NE cells inherit epithelial characteristics. It has been shown in other developmental systems that epithelial determinants, such as cell-cell contacts and contact to basal laminar components can guide differentiation. The key epithelial features include cell polarity, and tight junctions. We studied these in the NE at two developmental stages, the neural plate, a proliferative stage and the neural tube, a differentiative stage. The polarity of membrane proteins in NE cells was studied with polarly budding viruses. Mouse embryos were infected with Fowl plague- and vesicular stomatitis viruses and cultured in a whole embryo culture system. Viral envelope proteins (HA and G-protein) were localized by indirect immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. HA was polarized in the plate stage neuroepithelial cells, whereas in the tube it was not polarized anymore. It is also shown by penetrance of apically injected horseradish peroxidase that in the neural plate, NE cells have functional tight junctions. At this stage, they also express occludin, a transmembrane protein of tight junctions, as shown by indirect immunofluorescence. In the neural tube, the paracellular barrier is lost and there is no occludin expression. In contrast, expression of ZO-1, a cytoplasmic protein binding to occiudin, is upregulated. The downregulation of these epithelial features occurs in all NE cells, irrespective of their mode of division and before any neurons are generated in the NE. The change is initiated already at the plate stage and coincides with the switch from E- to N-cadherin. Later, with birth of neurons, the proliferative cell layer also looses contact to basal lamina. This is probably an important step in the regulation of neurogenesis. Furthermore, lack of apico-basolateral polarity of non-anchored membrane proteins may contribute to the mechanism of rapid neuron generation. Until now, it has been impossible to distinguish a neuroepithelial cell preparing for neuron generation from the surrounding cells that give rise to two precursor cells. In this study, the immediate neuron precursors are shown to express the antiproliferative gene TIS2 1. Using this new marker and ISH in serial sections, we show that the switch to differentiation is initiated in single NE cells.

As células provenientes do epitélio olfatório apresentam capacidade regenerativa durante toda a vida, embora este mecanismo ainda não esteja completamente elucidado. O potencial de diferenciação de células-tronco provenientes do epitélio olfatório de cães sem raça definida (Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758) foi avaliado utilizando-se 12 cães adultos e 12 cães com 60 dias de vida intra-uterina, oriundos do Hospital Veterinário da FMVZ-USP. Após coletado, o epitélio olfatório foi submetido a protocolo histológico padrão para hematoxilina-eosina, azul de toluidina e PAS. O material fixado em glutaraldeído 2,5% foi processado para observação sob microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. O índice de proliferação nuclear foi medido para detecção de PCNA e Ki67 nuclear. Células foram expandidas em cultura em meio D-MEM/F-12 acrescido de Soro Fetal Bovino hyclone (CO2-95% à 37ºC) para caracterização e diferenciação celular (osteogênica, adipogência e neurogênica). O cultivo das células provenientes do epitélio olfatório de cães com 60 dias de vida intra-uterina mostrou maior evolução em cultura quando comparados aos animais adultos, sendo as primeiras utilizadas para execução dos protocolos de caracterização e diferenciação. As células em cultivo apresentaram expressão CD29 positiva e marcação positiva para OCT-4, citoqueratina 18 (Ck18) e vimentina. A diferenciação osteogênica demonstrou, ao final de 21 dias, células com morfologia típica, caracterizadas pela coloração de Alizarin Red e Von Kossa. A diferenciação adipogênica mostrou pouco número de células, apresentando grânulos adipogênicos, corados por Oil Red, contudo sem morfologia típica. A diferenciação neurogênica demonstrou células que expressaram marcação para GFAP, Neurofilamentos, Oligodendrócitos e βtubulina III. As células isoladas a partir do epitélio olfatório de cães com 60 dias de vida intra-uterina evidenciaram populações de células-tronco, determinadas pela expressão de marcadores específicos e diferenciação em outros tipos de tecido, devendo-se considerar este epitélio como uma fonte potencial para aquisição de células, particularmente progenitores neuronais, que possam somar aos estudos e seu uso em terapia celular. / Olfactory cells demonstrate regenerative capacity along life, although, its mechanism is still obscure. We evaluated the differentiation capacity of olfactory stem cell of mongrel dogs (Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758) in 12 adult dogs and 12 fetuses at term (60 days of pregnancy) from the Veterinary Hospital of FMVZ-USP. Following the sampling, the epithelia were submitted to standard histological process and stained with HE, toluidine blue and PAS. Samples fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution were processed for transmission electron microscopy. Proliferative index were obtained with the detection of PCNA and Ki67. Cells were kept in culture in D-MEM/F-12 medium supplemented with hyclone bovine fetal serum (CO2-95% at 37ºC) for characterization and cell differentiation (osteogenesis, adipogenesis, and neurogenesis). Cell culture of fetuses at term demonstrated higher evolution in comparison to adult animals, being submitted to the protocols of characterization and differentiation. Cell culture demonstrated positive reaction for CD29, OCT-4, Ck18 (citokeratin) and vimentin. Osteogenic differentiation demonstrated, 21 days, typical morphological cells characterized by Alizarin Red and Von Kossa staining. Adipogenic differentiation demonstrated less number of cells containing granules, stained with Oil Red, although being not typical shape. Neurogenic differentiation demonstrated positive staining for GFAP, Neurofilament, Oligodendrocyte and III β-tubulin. Cells isolated from epithelia of fetuses at term demonstrated population of stem cells determined by the expression of specific-staining and differentiation into other type of cells, which lead us to consider the olfactory epithelia as a source of potential stem cells particularly for neurogenic differentiation to be applied for further studies in cell therapy.

As células provenientes do epitélio olfatório apresentam capacidade regenerativa durante toda a vida, embora este mecanismo ainda não esteja completamente elucidado. O potencial de diferenciação de células-tronco provenientes do epitélio olfatório de cães sem raça definida (Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758) foi avaliado utilizando-se 12 cães adultos e 12 cães com 60 dias de vida intra-uterina, oriundos do Hospital Veterinário da FMVZ-USP. Após coletado, o epitélio olfatório foi submetido a protocolo histológico padrão para hematoxilina-eosina, azul de toluidina e PAS. O material fixado em glutaraldeído 2,5% foi processado para observação sob microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. O índice de proliferação nuclear foi medido para detecção de PCNA e Ki67 nuclear. Células foram expandidas em cultura em meio D-MEM/F-12 acrescido de Soro Fetal Bovino hyclone (CO2-95% à 37ºC) para caracterização e diferenciação celular (osteogênica, adipogência e neurogênica). O cultivo das células provenientes do epitélio olfatório de cães com 60 dias de vida intra-uterina mostrou maior evolução em cultura quando comparados aos animais adultos, sendo as primeiras utilizadas para execução dos protocolos de caracterização e diferenciação. As células em cultivo apresentaram expressão CD29 positiva e marcação positiva para OCT-4, citoqueratina 18 (Ck18) e vimentina. A diferenciação osteogênica demonstrou, ao final de 21 dias, células com morfologia típica, caracterizadas pela coloração de Alizarin Red e Von Kossa. A diferenciação adipogênica mostrou pouco número de células, apresentando grânulos adipogênicos, corados por Oil Red, contudo sem morfologia típica. A diferenciação neurogênica demonstrou células que expressaram marcação para GFAP, Neurofilamentos, Oligodendrócitos e βtubulina III. As células isoladas a partir do epitélio olfatório de cães com 60 dias de vida intra-uterina evidenciaram populações de células-tronco, determinadas pela expressão de marcadores específicos e diferenciação em outros tipos de tecido, devendo-se considerar este epitélio como uma fonte potencial para aquisição de células, particularmente progenitores neuronais, que possam somar aos estudos e seu uso em terapia celular. / Olfactory cells demonstrate regenerative capacity along life, although, its mechanism is still obscure. We evaluated the differentiation capacity of olfactory stem cell of mongrel dogs (Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758) in 12 adult dogs and 12 fetuses at term (60 days of pregnancy) from the Veterinary Hospital of FMVZ-USP. Following the sampling, the epithelia were submitted to standard histological process and stained with HE, toluidine blue and PAS. Samples fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution were processed for transmission electron microscopy. Proliferative index were obtained with the detection of PCNA and Ki67. Cells were kept in culture in D-MEM/F-12 medium supplemented with hyclone bovine fetal serum (CO2-95% at 37ºC) for characterization and cell differentiation (osteogenesis, adipogenesis, and neurogenesis). Cell culture of fetuses at term demonstrated higher evolution in comparison to adult animals, being submitted to the protocols of characterization and differentiation. Cell culture demonstrated positive reaction for CD29, OCT-4, Ck18 (citokeratin) and vimentin. Osteogenic differentiation demonstrated, 21 days, typical morphological cells characterized by Alizarin Red and Von Kossa staining. Adipogenic differentiation demonstrated less number of cells containing granules, stained with Oil Red, although being not typical shape. Neurogenic differentiation demonstrated positive staining for GFAP, Neurofilament, Oligodendrocyte and III β-tubulin. Cells isolated from epithelia of fetuses at term demonstrated population of stem cells determined by the expression of specific-staining and differentiation into other type of cells, which lead us to consider the olfactory epithelia as a source of potential stem cells particularly for neurogenic differentiation to be applied for further studies in cell therapy.

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