Neuromyelitis optica is a severe autoimmune neuroinflammatory disorder characterised by longitudinally extensive myelitis and severe optic neuritis. An oft-neglected symptom of the condition is severe, intractable chronic pain that can be detrimental to quality of life and is marked out by its severity and prevalence in comparison to the related disorder, multiple sclerosis. The experiments within this thesis make use of both conventional and advanced MRI techniques applied to the spinal cord and brain, and ¹H NMR spectroscopy of blood plasma to explore the mechanisms driving chronic pain in NMO. The principle findings are: i. Thoracic lesions are associated with greater pain, irrespective of lesion length or cervical lesion volume. They are associated with spinothalamic tract damage in the cervical cord that correlates with the severity of pain. A possible autonomic aetiology is proposed. ii. Periaqueductal grey (PAG) to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and to pregenual anterior cingulate cortex functional connectivity is correlated with pain severity, conversely PAG to rostroventromedial medulla connectivity is negatively associated with pain severity. Disruption of descending pain modulatory circuits is considered. iii. PAG glutamate concentration is negatively correlated with pain scores and is higher in low pain patients compared to controls and high pain patients. The discussion includes consideration of pain vulnerability. Chronic pain in NMO can devastate lives. The studies undertaken in this thesis are some of the earliest MRI imaging studies directed at understanding pain in NMO and the association of pain with thoracic lesions and the aberrations in the descending pain modulatory network are novel findings. There is more to be done and my hope is that this body of work will serve as a stepping-stone to a better understanding of chronic pain in NMO and the future development of effective treatments.

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and NMO spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are associated with the disease-specific autoantibody aquaporin-4 (AQP4-Ab), which is thought to be pathogenic. Some NMO/NMOSD patients do not have this antibody and may have different clinical and immuno-pathological disease characteristics, but previous clinical NMO/NMOSD studies have been confounded by inclusion of such patients. To define better the characteristics of AQP4-Ab disease, disease course, outcomes and predictors of disability were investigated in 106 AQP4-Ab positive NMO/NMOSD patients from the UK and Japan. AQP4-Ab positivity conferred a high risk of relapsing disease and substantial disability; age at disease onset and ethnicity were important predictors of disability type. Visual disability was more common in younger patients and those of Afro-Caribbean ethnicity whilst older patients and Caucasian patients were more at risk of motor disability. To determine whether disease characteristics were influenced by AQP4-Ab binding specificities, the differential binding of patient AQP4-Ab against the two main AQP4 isoforms was investigated. Although the relative binding to the two isoforms differed between patients, there was no association between these differences and clinical features such as relapse type, severity, onset age and ethnicity. The clinical and in vitro characteristics of AQP4-Ab negative NMO/NMOSD patients were studied. It was shown that these patients represent an aetiologically heterogeneous group. Some have other inflammatory and infectious disorders, some have low levels of AQP4-Ab and a significant proportion have antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-Ab). Others have antibodies that bind to neurons or oligodendrocytes in primary cultures. Attempts to identify novel antigens by immunocapture techniques were made, but were not successful. Patients with MOG-Ab showed differences when compared to those with AQP4-Ab including higher proportion of males, younger age at disease onset and greater likelihood of conus involvement on imaging. Additionally, patients with MOG-Ab appear to have more favourable outcomes, with better improvement from the onset attack and a lower probability of subsequent relapses. In conclusion, the work in this thesis has shown that AQP4-Ab disease is not synonymous with the term NMO and that seronegative NMO/NMOSD patients represent a clinically and aetiologically heterogeneous group and should therefore be classed separately from those with AQP4-Ab.

Die Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) ist eine schwerwiegende autoimmune Erkrankung des zentralen Nervensystems (ZNS), die mit rezidivierenden Optikusneuritiden und Querschnittsmyelitiden einhergeht. Als serologischer Biomarker wurden Autoantikörper gegen Aquaporin 4 (anti-AQP4-AK) identifiziert. Mit Hilfe eines passiv-Transfer Rattenmodelles mit implantierten intrathekalen Kathetern wurden aufgereinigte IgG Fraktionen (NMO-IgG) von Plasmapheresematerial anti-AQP4-AK positiver NMO Patienten verabreicht. Zum Nachweis der Antigen-Spezifität wurden in weiteren Versuchsgruppen rekombinante IgG-AK gegen AQP4 appliziert. Die repetitive Injektion von NMO-IgG oder anti-AQP4-AK führte zu einer signifikanten klinischen Verschlechterung und einer reduzierten motorischen Leistungsfähigkeit der Versuchstiere im Vergleich zu Kontrollen. Mittels Magnetresonanztomographie konnten exemplarisch Kontrastmittel-aufnehmende Läsionsareale im Rückenmark der Versuchstiere im Bereich der Katheterspitze detektiert werden. Histopathologisch zeigte sich in diesen Läsionsbereichen eine Anreicherung von intrathekal applizierten humanen IgG, ein Verlust der Expression von AQP4 und des Glutamattransporters EAAT2. Im Gegensatz zu der bisher bekannten, Komplement-induzierten Gewebedestruktion bei NMO-Patienten mit entzündlichen Läsionen wurde hier keine Depletion von Astrozyten oder Komplementaktivierung beobachtet. Stattdessen kam es in den hier beschriebenen Arealen mit IgG-Ablagerung zu einer Hypertrophie und Vermehrung der GFAP-positiven Astrozyten. Die Ergebnisse lassen auf eine pathophysiologisch relevante, intrinsische und komplement-unabhängige Wirkung von anti-AQP4-AK schließen. / Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a severe autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). As a biomarker autoantibodies against AQP4 (anti-AQP4-Abs) have been identified. Via passiv-transfer animal model with intrathecally implanted catheters, purified IgG fractions (NMO-IgG) from anti-AQP4-Abs positive patients have been applicated. Repetitive injection of NMO-IgG led to a significant clinical disease induction along with reduced motor function. Via MRI-scan lesions in the spinal cord could be identified. Histopathological analysis revealed a loss of AQP4 and glutamat transporter EAAT2. Complement induced tissue inflammation hasn't been observed. These results reveal a pathophysiological relevant, intrinsic and complement independent effect of anti-AQP4-Abs.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a relapsing demyelinating neurological condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent the accrual of significant disability, such as blindness and immobility. It is caused by antibodies to the aquaporin-4 water channel, which can be detected within the serum of patients and are therefore a highly specific biomarker for the condition. However NMOSD can have overlapping clinical features with the more prevalent demyelinating disease relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Thus in the situation of a negative aquaporin-4 antibody assay result diagnostic distinction can be difficult to achieve. This in turn leads to a treatment dilemma as NMOSD requires long term immunosuppression, and disease modifying therapies used in RRMS can worsen disease activity in NMOSD. The work presented in this thesis aimed to find further biomarkers of NMOSD, focusing on conventional and quantitative magnetic resonance imaging, and markers of neurodegeneration. The principle findings are: <ul><li>Lesion probability mapping analysis revealed that T2 lesion distribution and morphology can distinguish RRMS from NMO with a 92% sensitivity and 96% specificity. Radiological criteria to aid diagnosis have been proposed.</li><li>Quantitative imaging methods that provide complementary micro-structural measures within CNS tissue have shown that RRMS is associated with widespread neurodegenerative changes in the normal appearing tissue, where as NMO is lesion focused.</li><li>NMO is not associated with diffuse global neurodegeneration in the non-lesioned CNS tissue over a one-year period as determined by serial MRI.</li><li>Normalised thalamic and whole brain volume can be used in a function to help discriminate NMOSD and RRMS</li></ul> This thesis therefore contributes the knowledge that conventional and quantitative imaging can distinguish NMOSD and RRMS, and provides practical methods in which to apply this to patient management. It is the first longitudinal quantitative imaging study of NMOSD and lends further proof that global or diffuse neurodegeneration of the normal appearing brain or spinal cord tissue is not a feature of this condition.

No description available.

No description available.

INTRODUÇÃO: A neuromielite óptica (NMO) recorrente não foi completamente estudada em pacientes brasileiros após a descoberta do autoanticorpo sérico NMO-IgG e seu antígeno específico aquaporina-4. Neste trabalho, descrevemos os aspectos clínicos, imunológicos e de ressonância magnética (RM) de pacientes portadores de NMO recorrente. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados retrospectivamente vinte e oito pacientes portadores de NMO recorrente regularmente acompanhados no Ambulatório de Doenças Desmielinizantes do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo e que preenchiam os critérios diagnósticos originalmente propostos em 1999. Foram analisados os dados relativos ao resultado da pesquisa sérica do NMO-IgG, características clínicas e de RM. RESULTADOS: Três homens e 25 mulheres foram estudados. A mediana de idade de instalação da doença foi 26 anos (intervalo: 755); a mediana do tempo de seguimento foi de sete anos (intervalo: 214). O tempo médio decorrido entre o primeiro e o segundo episódios clínicos foi de 17 meses (mediana: 8,5; intervalo 288). A mediana da Escala Expandida do Estado de Incapacidade (EDSS) na última avaliação foi de 5,5 (intervalo de 2 a 10). Não houve diferença estatística entre o resultado do NMO-IgG e o grau de incapacidade medido pela EDSS (p = 0,03; teste de Mann-Whitney). O autoanticorpo NMO-IgG foi detectado em 18 pacientes (64,3%). A desordem associada mais comumente encontrada foi a disfunção da tireóide (quatro casos de hipotireoidismo e um caso de hipertireoidismo subclínico). A alteração laboratorial mais encontrada foi a presença do fator antinúcleo (FAN) em 13 pacientes (46,4%). Dois pacientes apresentaram positividade concomitante para o FAN e para o SSA/SSB (um paciente com positividade para o FAN e SSA e outro paciente para o FAN e o SSB. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre a prevalência dos autoanticorpos FAN, SSA e SSB entre os pacientes NMO-IgG positivos e NMO-IgG negativos (p = 0,52; teste exato de Fisher). Quatro pacientes faleceram por insuficiência respiratória secundária a mielite cervical (3 casos) ou a tromboembolismo pulmonar (1 caso). Em relação aos achados de RM, a maioria dos pacientes apresentou mielite cervical (36%) e cérvico-torácica (46,4%) na análise longitudinal. O padrão mais comum de acometimento no plano axial foi holoespinhal (50%). Não houve associação estatística entre a extensão longitudinal da mielite e o resultado do autoanticorpo NMO-IgG. CONCLUSÕES: Nesta série de pacientes brasileiros portadores de NMO recorrente foi encontrada uma idade mais precoce de instalação da doença do que aquela previamente relatada na literatura. Em contraste com séries internacionais, não houve correlação entre maior extensão longitudinal da mielite e positividade aumentada do anticorpo NMO-IgG / INTRODUCTION: Neuromyelitis optica has not been thoroughly studied in Brazilian patients following the discovery of NMO-IgG and its specific antigen aquaporin-4. In this study we aimed to describe the clinical NMO-IgG immunological status and neuroimaging characteristics of recurrent neuromyelitis optica in a series of Brazilian patients. SUBJECTS and METHODS: We undertook a retrospective study of 28 patients with recurrent neuromyelitis optica, according to 1999 Wingerchuks diagnostic criteria followed at the Center for Myelin Disorders of the Neurologic Clinic of São Paulo University School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil. Data on NMO-IgG status, clinical features, and MRI findings were analyzed. RESULTS: Three men and 25 women were evaluated .Median age at onset of disease was 26 years (range 755); median time of follow-up was 7 years (range 214). The mean time elapsed between the first and the second attack was 17 months (median 8.5; range 288). Median Kurtzkes Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score on last visit was 5.5 (range 210).There was no statistical difference between positive and negative NMO-IgG groups regarding EDSS score (p = 0.03, Mann-Whitney U test). NMO-IgG was detected in 18 patients (64.3%). The most common associated abnormality was thyroid dysfunction. Hypothyroidism was found in four patients: isolated in two patients and associated with hyperprolactinemia and diabetes mellitus type 1 in two other patients. In one patient subclinical hyperthyroidism was detected. Autoantibodies were detected in 13 patients: anti-nuclear antibody (ANA), with titers ranging from 1/40 to 1/320, in all of them; one patient had both ANA and SSA and another had both ANA and SSB. There was no statistical difference in the prevalence of ANA and SSA/SSB antibodies between patients NMO-IgG positive and NMO-IgG negative (p = 0.52, Fishers exact test). Four patients died due to respiratory failure: three of them because of cervical myelitis and one of them because of pulmonary thromboembolism. Most patients presented with cervical (36%) and cervical-thoracic myelitis (46.4%). Holocord lesion was the most common pattern of involvement (50%) on the axial plane. We did not find a statistical association between myelitis extension and NMO-IgG result. CONCLUSIONS: Our series of Brazilian patients showed a younger age of onset than previously reported. In our series, in contrast to previous reports, there was no correlation between the extension of myelitis and NMO-IgG positivity

No description available.

INTRODUÇÃO: A neuromielite óptica (NMO) recorrente não foi completamente estudada em pacientes brasileiros após a descoberta do autoanticorpo sérico NMO-IgG e seu antígeno específico aquaporina-4. Neste trabalho, descrevemos os aspectos clínicos, imunológicos e de ressonância magnética (RM) de pacientes portadores de NMO recorrente. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados retrospectivamente vinte e oito pacientes portadores de NMO recorrente regularmente acompanhados no Ambulatório de Doenças Desmielinizantes do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo e que preenchiam os critérios diagnósticos originalmente propostos em 1999. Foram analisados os dados relativos ao resultado da pesquisa sérica do NMO-IgG, características clínicas e de RM. RESULTADOS: Três homens e 25 mulheres foram estudados. A mediana de idade de instalação da doença foi 26 anos (intervalo: 755); a mediana do tempo de seguimento foi de sete anos (intervalo: 214). O tempo médio decorrido entre o primeiro e o segundo episódios clínicos foi de 17 meses (mediana: 8,5; intervalo 288). A mediana da Escala Expandida do Estado de Incapacidade (EDSS) na última avaliação foi de 5,5 (intervalo de 2 a 10). Não houve diferença estatística entre o resultado do NMO-IgG e o grau de incapacidade medido pela EDSS (p = 0,03; teste de Mann-Whitney). O autoanticorpo NMO-IgG foi detectado em 18 pacientes (64,3%). A desordem associada mais comumente encontrada foi a disfunção da tireóide (quatro casos de hipotireoidismo e um caso de hipertireoidismo subclínico). A alteração laboratorial mais encontrada foi a presença do fator antinúcleo (FAN) em 13 pacientes (46,4%). Dois pacientes apresentaram positividade concomitante para o FAN e para o SSA/SSB (um paciente com positividade para o FAN e SSA e outro paciente para o FAN e o SSB. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre a prevalência dos autoanticorpos FAN, SSA e SSB entre os pacientes NMO-IgG positivos e NMO-IgG negativos (p = 0,52; teste exato de Fisher). Quatro pacientes faleceram por insuficiência respiratória secundária a mielite cervical (3 casos) ou a tromboembolismo pulmonar (1 caso). Em relação aos achados de RM, a maioria dos pacientes apresentou mielite cervical (36%) e cérvico-torácica (46,4%) na análise longitudinal. O padrão mais comum de acometimento no plano axial foi holoespinhal (50%). Não houve associação estatística entre a extensão longitudinal da mielite e o resultado do autoanticorpo NMO-IgG. CONCLUSÕES: Nesta série de pacientes brasileiros portadores de NMO recorrente foi encontrada uma idade mais precoce de instalação da doença do que aquela previamente relatada na literatura. Em contraste com séries internacionais, não houve correlação entre maior extensão longitudinal da mielite e positividade aumentada do anticorpo NMO-IgG / INTRODUCTION: Neuromyelitis optica has not been thoroughly studied in Brazilian patients following the discovery of NMO-IgG and its specific antigen aquaporin-4. In this study we aimed to describe the clinical NMO-IgG immunological status and neuroimaging characteristics of recurrent neuromyelitis optica in a series of Brazilian patients. SUBJECTS and METHODS: We undertook a retrospective study of 28 patients with recurrent neuromyelitis optica, according to 1999 Wingerchuks diagnostic criteria followed at the Center for Myelin Disorders of the Neurologic Clinic of São Paulo University School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil. Data on NMO-IgG status, clinical features, and MRI findings were analyzed. RESULTS: Three men and 25 women were evaluated .Median age at onset of disease was 26 years (range 755); median time of follow-up was 7 years (range 214). The mean time elapsed between the first and the second attack was 17 months (median 8.5; range 288). Median Kurtzkes Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score on last visit was 5.5 (range 210).There was no statistical difference between positive and negative NMO-IgG groups regarding EDSS score (p = 0.03, Mann-Whitney U test). NMO-IgG was detected in 18 patients (64.3%). The most common associated abnormality was thyroid dysfunction. Hypothyroidism was found in four patients: isolated in two patients and associated with hyperprolactinemia and diabetes mellitus type 1 in two other patients. In one patient subclinical hyperthyroidism was detected. Autoantibodies were detected in 13 patients: anti-nuclear antibody (ANA), with titers ranging from 1/40 to 1/320, in all of them; one patient had both ANA and SSA and another had both ANA and SSB. There was no statistical difference in the prevalence of ANA and SSA/SSB antibodies between patients NMO-IgG positive and NMO-IgG negative (p = 0.52, Fishers exact test). Four patients died due to respiratory failure: three of them because of cervical myelitis and one of them because of pulmonary thromboembolism. Most patients presented with cervical (36%) and cervical-thoracic myelitis (46.4%). Holocord lesion was the most common pattern of involvement (50%) on the axial plane. We did not find a statistical association between myelitis extension and NMO-IgG result. CONCLUSIONS: Our series of Brazilian patients showed a younger age of onset than previously reported. In our series, in contrast to previous reports, there was no correlation between the extension of myelitis and NMO-IgG positivity

La Neuromyélite Optique (NMO) est une maladie auto-immune démyélinisante, rare et grave, du système nerveux central (SNC). Elle est caractérisée par une démyélinisation et une perte axonale ciblant principalement le nerf optique et la moelle épinière. La découverte d'un auto-anticorps (IgG-NMO) dirigé contre l'aquaporine-4 (AQP4), un canal hydrique exprimé par l'astrocyte, a été une étape clé dans la compréhension de la physiopathologie de la NMO, actuellement définie comme une astrocytopathie. La pathogénicité de l'IgG-NMO a été démontrée : il induit une internalisation d'AQP4 et des transporteurs au glutamate, provoquant une altération de la fonction astrocytaire. Cependant les mécanismes permettant de lier la dysfonction astrocytaire aux altérations caractéristiques de la NMO, notamment la démyélinisation, restent méconnus. Les astrocytes sont des cellules gliales essentielles à l'établissement et au maintien de l'homéostasie du SNC. Ils permettent la régulation des flux hydriques et ioniques, le contrôle extracellulaire des neuromédiateurs ainsi que l'apport de métabolites énergétiques aux neurones et aux oligodendrocytes. Ils sont aussi caractérisés par une très forte expression de connexines (Cx), des molécules transmembranaires s'assemblant sous une forme hexamérique : le connexon. Les connexines forment soit des hémicanaux, permettant l'échange de petites molécules entre les milieux intra- et extra-cellulaires, soit des jonctions communicantes par la juxtaposition de connexons appartenant à deux cellules, assurant le couplage intercellulaire avec le passage de petites molécules et d'ions (ATP, glutamate, lactate, calcium). Les fonctions hemicanal et jonction communicante sont fortement régulées en condition physiologique et altérées en condition pathologique, notamment en contexte neuroinflammatoire. Nous émettons l'hypothèse que les IgG-NMO altèrent l'expression et la fonction des connexines, et conduisent ainsi à la production d'un environnement toxique pour les oligodendrocytes et la myéline, et délétère pour le fonctionnement neuronal. Mon projet de thèse avait trois objectifs : i) la caractérisation du phénotype astrocytaire induit par les IgGNMO ; ii) l'identification d'altérations des connexines et leur implication dans la pathologie ; iii) la mise en évidence d'altérations de la transmission synaptique induites par les IgG-NMO et l'implication de connexines dans cet effet. Des modèles de cultures primaires gliales traitées par des IgG-NMO issue d'une cohorte de patients m'ont permis de caractériser le phénotype acquis par les astrocytes, et de proposer le concept d'un astrocyte réactif spécifique de pathologie. Les astrocytes réactifs spécifiques de la NMO induisent un milieu inflammatoire spécifique et toxique, provoquant une démyélinisation. Grâce au développement d'une coculture gliale et neuronale produisant des neurones myélinisés, et à l'utilisation de peptides inhibiteurs des Cx, j'ai pu montrer que les NMO-IgG ont un effet démyélinisant et que celui-ci implique les Cx. La démyélinisation est en effet associée à des modifications structurales et fonctionnelles des Cx astrocytaires, observées à la fois in vitro et dans notre modèle in vivo, le rat-NMO. Enfin, la mise en place d'une étude électrophysiologique en potentiel de champs local sur des tranches d'hippocampe de rats m'a permis d'étudier l'effet des IgG-NMO sur la transmission glutamatergique basale. J'ai pu mettre en évidence un effet dépresseur des IgG-NMO, partiellement bloqué par un inhibiteur de connexines, la carbenoxolone. Comme il a déjà été démontré par des études cliniques dans des pathologies neurodégénératives, l'utilisation de modulateurs de Cx semble être une voie thérapeutique prometteuse afin de prévenir la démyélinisation et les altérations du fonctionnement neuronal de la NMO / Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) is a rare and severe auto-immune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). It is characterized by demyelination and axonal loss targeted to the optic nerve dans the spinal cord. The identification of a specific autoantibody (NMO-IgG) directed against the astrocytic protein AQP4 was a key step in the understanding of NMO physiopathology: it is now considered as an astrocytopathy. NMO-IgG is also a biomarker of NMO, and its pathogenicity has been demonstrated. NMO-IgG induce an internalization of AQP4 together with other membrane proteins such à glutamate transport GLT1. This could alter astrocyte functions but the mechanisms connecting astrocytopathy and demyelination remain unclear. Astrocytes are abundant glial cells crucial for the establishment and the maintenance of CNS homeostasis. They regulate water flux and ion homeostasis and control extracellular volume and neurotransmitter concentrations. They also provide neurons and oligodendrocytes with energy substrates. Astrocytes are characterized by a high expression of connexins (Cx), transmembrane proteins assembling in hexameric form, called connexon. Cx form either hemichannels, unopposed connexon at the membrane, allowing the exchange of small molecules (<1,2kDa e.g. glutamate, ATP) and ions (Ca2+, K+) between extra- and intra-cellular compartments. Cx also form gap junctions, formed by the juxtaposition of two connexons at the membrane of two different cells, and allow the quick cell to cell exchange of small molecules, metabolites and ions (e.g. glucose, lactate, Ca2+). Hemichannel and gap junction functions are tightly regulated under physiological conditions and can be altered in pathological condition for example during neuroinflammation. We proposed that NMO-IgG by altering connexins expression and/or function could lead to the production of a toxic environment for oligodendrocytes and myelin but also for neuronal functioning. This feature of astrocyte dysfunction could participate to NMO alterations. My thesis project had three main goals: i) the characterisation of astrocyte phenotype induced buy NMO-IgG, ii) the identification of connexins alterations and their implication NMO physiopathology, iii) the highlight of synaptic alterations induced by NMO-IgG and the involvement of connexins in this effect. Primary glial cell cultures treated with NMO-IgG from a cohort of NMO patients, were used to characterize astrocyte phenotype and we proposed the concept of a specific reactive dysfunctioning astrocyte induced by NMO-IgG. Those astrocytes, called “NMO-astrocytes” are responsible for the production of a proinflammatory toxic microenvironment for oligodendrocytes and leading to demyelination. With the development of a myelinated culture model, composed of glial cells and neurons with myelinated axons, together with the use of specific inhibitors of Cx functions, we showed that NMO-IgG induced demyelination involved connexin dysfunction. In fact, demyelination was associated with structural and functional alterations of astrocytic connexins observed both in vitro and in vivo in the NMO-rat model. Electrophysiological recording of basal glutamatergic synaptic activity in the rat hippocampus showed a strong depression of synaptic responses induced by NMO-IgG. Connexins could be implicated in this alteration since blocking all connexins with carbenoxolone blocked NMO-IgG effect