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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Seroprävalenz von Masernvirus-IgG Antikörpern: Untersuchung zum Zusammenhang zwischen Avidität und In-Vitro-Neutralisationsfähigkeit

Wernecke, Norman 04 October 2016 (has links) (PDF)
Die vorliegende Arbeit hatte das Ziel, die Korrelation zwischen der Avidität der Anti-Masern-IgG-Antikörper und deren In-Vitro-Neutralisationsfähigkeit zu untersuchen, sowie mittels Datenbankanalyse die Seroprävalenz von schützenden Antikörpern gegen Masern und den Impfstatus der Kinder- und Jugendlichen festzustellen. Die lineare Korrelation zwischen Neutralisationsfähigkeit und Avidität war in dieser Stichprobe schwach (ρ=0,240, p=0,006). Für hohe IgG Konzentrationen über 1000 mIU/ml fand sich eine mittlere Korrelation zwischen Avidität und Neutralisationstiter (ρ=0,612; p<0,001). Bei den untersuchten Jahren von 1997 bis 2013 zur Seroprävalenz (n=8611) wiesen im Durchschnitt 93,4 % der Patienten IgG-Konzentrationen im positiven Bereich (>200 mIU/ml) auf. In allen Jahrgängen lag der Anteil über 90 %. Zur Ermittlung des Impfstatus wurde eine Stichprobe 2- bis 18-Jähriger aus dem Jahr 2012 untersucht. Insgesamt hatten 81,1 % die erste Masernimpfung erhalten. Die zweite Masernimpfung erhielten noch 59,7 % der Kinder und Jugendlichen.
22

Etude théorique et expérimentale de la dialyse de neutralisation pour le dessalement des eaux de sufaces / theoretical and experimental study of neutralization dialysis for salines water desalination

Cherif, Mouna 02 October 2015 (has links)
Le vif intérêt et les nombreuses recherches qui portent de nos jours sur les membranes viennent de leurs applications dans le dessalement et l'adoucissement des eaux. En général, ces procédés membranaires sont plus efficaces, plus économiques, et écologiquement plus propres. Néanmoins, les techniques membranaires restent parfois plus onéreuses en investissement et/ou en entretien que certaines techniques conventionnelles, ce qui a sans doute limité la généralisation de leurs applications à très grandes échelles. Nous nous sommes alors proposés de contribuer à l'étude d'un procédé anciennement introduit, en l'occurrence la dialyse de neutralisation, afin de le valoriser et d'examiner certains principaux paramètres qui peuvent influencer son fonctionnement. L'application visée est le dessalement d'une eau de surface réelle qui provient du Nord de l'Afrique ou de certaines régions de la Tunisie comme la région de Skhira. Ainsi, nous allons simuler ce procédé par un système formé par une cellule pouvant inclure une membrane échangeuse d'anions et une autre échangeuse de cations formant ainsi trois compartiments contenant une solution basique, de l'eau à déminéraliser et une solution acide. Le premier chapitre est consacré à une synthèse bibliographique sur les membranes échangeuses d'ions, sur ses principales applications ainsi que sur ses différentes méthodes de modélisation et ses phénomènes de transport. Cette analyse bibliographique va nous permettre d'avoir une idée claire sur le fonctionnement d'une opération de dialyse de neutralisation. En plus d'une cellule à trois compartiments, il faut un montage expérimental pour assurer la circulation des solutions et les opérations de mises en route. Dans le second chapitre, nous avons travaillé avec une cellule de laboratoire pour optimiser l'opération de dialyse de neutralisation sur une eau reconstituée. Nous avons ainsi réalisé un plan d'expérience où l'influence de chaque paramètre a été examinée. Ensuite, dans le troisième chapitre, nous avons développé un modèle théorique de transfert de matière, basé sur les équations de Nernst-Planck, pour décrire le fonctionnement d'une telle opération. Enfin, dans le quatrième chapitre, nous avons mis en place le premier pilote de dialyse de neutralisation afin de le tester toujours avec une eau reconstituée ensuite sur une eau réelle. Suite à ça, nous évaluerons les performances de ce procédé pour de telles applications / The deep interest and the numerous researches that concern nowadays in the membranes comes from their applications in the water desalination. Generally, these membranes process are more effective, more economic, and ecologically more appropriate. Nevertheless, theses process remain sometimes more expensive in investment and/or in maintenance than certain conventional techniques. We then suggested contributing to the study of a process formerly introduced, in this particular case the dialysis of neutralization, in order to examinate certain main parameters which can influence the operating process. The aimed application is the desalination of real surface water which comes from the North of Africa or certain regions of Tunisia as region of Skhira. So, we are going to feign this process by a system formed by a cell which can include a cation and anion exchange membranes forming three compartments containing an alkaline solution, some water to be demineralized and an acidic solution. The first chapter is dedicated to a bibliographical synthesis on ions-exchange membranes, on its main applications as well as on its various methods of modelling and its phenomena of transport. This bibliographical analysis is going to allow us to have a clear idea on the functioning of an operation of neutralization dialysis. In the second chapter, we worked with a cell of laboratory to optimize the operation of neutralization dialysis on a reconstituted water. We so realized a factorial Design where the influence of every parameter was examined. Then, in the third chapter, we developed a theoretical model of ions transfer, based on the equations of Nernst-Planck, to describe the functioning of such an operation. Finally, in the fourth chapter, we set up the first pilot (driver) of dialysis of neutralization to test it always with a water reconstituted then on a real surface water. Further to that, we shall estimate the performances of this process for such applications
23

Investigating the interaction of soluble host proteins (SP-D, C1q and fibronectin) with Mycobacteria

Shwayat, Suha Nadim January 2017 (has links)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), one of the major pathogens of mankind, kills approximately 2 million people each year. Mtb induces inflammation at the site of infection, leading to leakage of serum proteins, which in turn, are likely to come in contact with the pathogen, thus modulate the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. We studied some of these proteins such as surfactant protein D (SP-D), complement protein C1q and fibronectin, which are either produced locally or they leak-out from serum during inflammation, for their interaction with M.smegmatis and BCG. These non-pathogenic mycobacteria were used as model for Mtb. In this study, the recombinant form of truncated human surfactant protein D (rhSP-D) and three globular heads of human C1q (ghA, ghB, and ghC) were expressed in E.coli. The interaction of each of these proteins with mycobacteria and human monocytic cell line THP-1, was examined via ELISA. We demonstrated that rhSP-D, C1q, three globular heads of C1q and fibronectin bind with both mycobacteria and THP-1 cells. Moreover, using rhSP-D and globular heads of C1q, the binding of SP-D and C1q was localised to C-terminal globular regions. The direct effect for each of these proteins on mycobacterial growth, their effect on the uptake and intracellular fate of mycobacteria inside THP-1 cells were also investigated. Direct interaction of rhSP-D and C1q inhibited mycobacterial growth, whereas fibronectin interaction with the mycobacteria increased their growth. RhSP-D inhibited the uptake and growth of mycobacteria inside THP-1 cells, whereas C1q and each individual globular heads of C1q enhanced the uptake of mycobacteria by THP-1 cells. However, C1q protein inhibited BCG growth but enhanced M.smegmatis growth inside these cells and the later activity was localised to ghA. Fibronectin increased the uptake and growth of mycobacteria inside THP-1 cells. Examining the gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines produced by THP-1 cells infected with the proteins treated and untreated mycobacteria, along with cytokine neutralization experiments, suggest that the nitric oxide components and cytokines could be responsible for mycobacterial growth control inside THP-1 cells. These novel and interesting functions of SP-D, C1q, and fibronectin on mycobacteria provide an insight into the modulatory function of these proteins on Mtb infection, and, therefore, in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis.
24

Active neutralisation and amelioration of acid mine drainage with fly ash

Surender, Damini January 2009 (has links)
Magister Scientiae - MSc (Dept. of Chemistry) / Fly ash and AMD samples were characterised by standard analytical methods for selection of the test materials. Active treatment by means of mixing fly ash with AMD in beakers and a large tank at pre-determined ratios have shown that fly ash is capable of neutralising AMD and increasing the pH beyond neutral values, which optimises the removal of heavy metals and ions. The trend was: the more fly ash added the quicker was the reaction time and higher the pH values achieved. Iron was reduced by as much 99 % in beaker scale experiments via Fe(OH)3 precipitation at pH values >4.0. A 99 % decrease in aluminium concentration was observed which was attributed to the precipitation of primarily gibbsite and various other mineral phases at pH values >5.5. As the pH increases, sulphate is adsorbed via Fe(OH)3 and gypsum precipitation at elevated pH. Sulphate attenuation with fly ash was excellent, achieving 98 % attenuation with beaker scale experiments and 1:1 fly ash:AMD ratio. Sulphate attenuation with fly ash was comparable to membrane and ion exchange systems and exceeded the performance of limestone treatment. Except for the larger volumes of fly ash needed to neutralise the AMD, fly ash proved to be a feasible and cost efficient alternative to limestone treatment. Fly ash produced competing results to limestone concerning acidity removal and sulphate attenuation. The comparison highlighted the advantages of utilising fly ash in comparison to limestone and demonstrated its cost effectiveness. The results of this study have shown that fly ash could be successfully applied for the neutralisation of acid mine drainage (AMD) and effectively attenuate the sulphate load in the treated water. The critical parameters to this technology are the variations of chemical composition and mineralogy of fly ash, which could influence the pH, contact time of the neutralisation reaction, and the same is true if the AMD quality varies. / South Africa
25

New technologies for animal venoms : proteomics, drug screening and toxin neutralization / Nouvelles technologies pour les venins animaux : protéomique, criblage de drogues et neutralisation des toxines

Mohamed Abd El Aziz, Tarek 13 June 2016 (has links)
Les venins animaux sont largement distribués à travers le monde, en particulier dans les régions tropicales et subtropicales. Les venins d'animaux sont utilisés comme un mécanisme de défense, d'immobilisation, et de digestion des proies dans la nature. Les venins sont des mélanges complexes des protéines enzymatiques et non enzymatiques avec de spécifiques fonctions physiopathologiques et les peptides des toxines isolés à partir de venins ciblent principalement les canaux ioniques, les récepteurs de la membrane et les composants du système hémostatique avec une affinité élevée. Les venins de serpents ont également été utilisés comme outils médicaux pour des milliers d'années en particulier dans la médecine traditionnelle chinoise. Par conséquent, les venins peuvent être considérés comme des bibliothèques de mini-drogues dans lesquelles chaque médicament est actif sur un plan pharmacologique. Toutefois, moins de 0,01% de ces toxines ont été identifiés et caractérisés. La nouvelle identification de la toxine se déroule généralement à partir d'un test de dépistage, soit in vivo ou sur une cible pharmacologique à intérêt industriel. Dans ce travail, nous criblons pour des composés bioactifs à partir du venin du serpent égyptien noir Walterinnesia aegyptia, qui est capable d'activer la motilité des spermatozoïdes in vitro chez des souris mâles OF1. / Venomous animals are widely distributed throughout the world especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Animal venoms are used as a defense mechanism or to immobilize and digest prey in nature. In fact, venoms are complex mixtures of enzymatic and non- enzymatic proteins components with specific pathophysiological functions. Toxin peptides isolated from animal venoms target mainly the ion channels, membrane receptors and components of the hemostatic system with high affinity. Snake venoms have also been used as medical tools for thousands of years especially in Chinese traditional medicine. Consequently, venoms can be considered as mini-drug libraries in which each drug is pharmacologically active. However, less than 0.01% of these toxins have been identified and characterized. New toxin identification generally proceeds from a screening test, either in vivo or on a pharmacological target of interest to the industry. Herein, we screened for bioactive compounds from the venom of the Egyptian black snake Walterinnesia aegyptia capable to activate sperm motility in vitro from male mice OF1.
26

An Immunological Investigation of Salivary Gland Antigens of the Australian Paralysis Tick Ixodes holocyclus for the Development of Toxin-Specific Immunoassays

Sonja Hall-Mendelin Unknown Date (has links)
The Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus causes a potentially fatal paralysis in domestic animals, livestock and humans with companion animals (mainly dogs) most commonly affected. Current treatment regimes include administration of a commercial tick anti-serum (TAS), prepared as hyperimmune serum in dogs, to neutralise the effects of the toxin. However, each new batch must be standardised using an expensive and highly subjective bioassay performed in neonatal mice. There is currently an urgent need for a more cost effective and rapid in vitro assay that can be more objectively and accurately quantified. Further understanding of the composition of the toxin molecule is also required to develop toxin-specific reagents necessary for these assays. One of the main objectives of this study was to develop a suitable immunoassay to replace the existing mouse bioassay for assessing batches of tick anti-sera for use in tick paralysis therapy in dogs. Initially an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was established to detect and quantify antibody specific for I. holocyclus toxin in dog sera. Using a partially purified antigen extracted from I. holocyclus salivary glands, good discrimination was achieved between reactive (hyperimmune) and non-reactive (naïve) sera. The hyperimmune dog sera reacted very strongly with the antigen compared to negligible reactions of serum from dogs not exposed to I. holocyclus. The reactions of hyperimmune sera were also significantly weaker to a non-toxin antigen control extracted from the salivary glands of the non-toxic tick Rhipicephalus microplus, indicating the assay was detecting toxin-specific responses. Furthermore, each of the hyperimmune sera that reacted strongly and specifically with the I. holocyclus antigen in the ELISA also strongly neutralised toxin in the mouse bioassay. Together these findings support the suitability of this ELISA for assessing the potency of batches of commercial dog hyperimmune sera for use as therapy for tick paralysis in dogs. Sera from dogs that were experimentally infested with ticks and sera from patient dogs, presenting at veterinary clinics with signs of tick paralysis, were also screened for antibodies to I. holocyclus antigen using the ELISA. Twenty-eight out of 29 sera from animals with single or multiple exposures to ticks failed to recognise the I. holocyclus antigen indicating the ELISA is not suitable as a diagnostic test to detect toxin-specific antibodies in animals with limited exposure to I. holocyclus infestation. A panel of toxin-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was produced as research tools to analyse and purify tick toxin components. Rats were successfully immunised against tick toxin using a combination of inoculation of partially purified salivary gland antigen and exposure to tick infestation. The latter approach preserved the native confirmation of the toxin using a natural route of immunisation and rats were chosen due to their high tolerance of multiple tick infestations over several days. While fusion of rat spleen cells with mouse myeloma cells has been reported several times in the literature, the resulting hybridomas are unstable with fastidious culture requirements. Optimisation of the culture conditions revealed that most rat-mouse hybridoma lines grew best in serum-free medium supplemented with 5% foetal bovine serum. Of 600 hybridomas produced, only 12 were shown to be specific for the Ixodes antigen, as determined by ELISA. A selection of these hybridomas representing various patterns of affinity and/or antigen specificity were further analysed for toxin-neutralising ability in a mouse bioassay. Notably, the most potent toxin-neutralising mAb in mice, showed a specific but relatively moderate reaction to Ixodes antigen in the ELISA. The most potent toxin-neutralising mAbs inactivated toxin as strongly as the commercial TAS used for immunotherapy in dogs with tick paralysis. This suggests that mAbs may present an alternative source of immunotherapy, providing a potentially endless supply of a highly consistent reagent and negating the need to use live animals for both the production of tick antiserum and the continual testing of reagent batches. The toxin-neutralising mAbs were also used to analyse I. holocyclus toxin in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and Western blot to identify specific toxin proteins. The most potent neutralising mAbs consistently recognised high MW proteins (100-200 kDa) in a smeared pattern. Although this was contrary to previous reports of low molecular weight components (3-5 kDa) in holocyclotoxin, this study was the first to use mAbs prepared to native toxin. The large molecular weight structures likely represent presucursors to, or complexes of the smaller peptides, previously identified. When the Toxin-neutralising mAbs were assessed as ligands to affinity purify toxin components from crude Ixodes SG extracts, toxin components of 110 and 32 kDa were consistently identified. These purified proteins represent good candidates for N-terminal sequencing to further identify the toxin components in I.holocyclus salivary glands.
27

Active neutralisation and amelioration of acid mine drainage with fly ash

Damini Surender January 2009 (has links)
<p>Fly ash and AMD samples were characterised by standard analytical methods for selection of the test materials. Active treatment by means of mixing fly ash with AMD in beakers and a large tank at pre-determined ratios have shown that fly ash is capable of neutralising AMD and increasing the pH beyond neutral values, which optimises the removal of heavy metals and ions. The trend was: the more fly ash added the quicker was the reaction time and higher the pH values achieved. Iron was reduced by as much 99 % in beaker scale experiments via Fe(OH)3 precipitation at pH values &gt / 4.0. A 99 % decrease in aluminium concentration was observed which was attributed to the precipitation of primarily gibbsite and various other mineral phases at pH values &gt / 5.5. As the pH increases, sulphate is adsorbed via Fe(OH)3 and gypsum precipitation at elevated pH. Sulphate attenuation with fly ash was excellent, achieving 98 % attenuation with beaker scale experiments and 1:1 fly ash:AMD ratio. Sulphate attenuation with fly ash was comparable to membrane and ion exchange systems and exceeded the performance of limestone treatment. Except for the larger volumes of fly ash needed to neutralise the AMD, fly ash proved to be a feasible and cost efficient alternative to limestone treatment. Fly ash produced competing results to limestone concerning acidity removal and sulphate attenuation. The comparison highlighted the advantages of utilising fly ash in comparison to limestone and demonstrated its cost effectiveness. The results of this study have shown that fly ash could be successfully applied for the neutralisation of acid mine drainage (AMD) and effectively attenuate the sulphate load in the treated water. The critical parameters to this technology are the variations of chemical composition and mineralogy of fly ash, which could influence the pH, contact time of the neutralisation reaction, and the same is true if the AMD quality varies.</p>
28

Etude de la réponse humorale neutralisante contre le Virus de l'Hépatite C

Ndongo Thiam, Ndiémé 11 February 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Le virus de l'hépatite C (HCV) est l'agent responsable de l'hépatite C, maladie qui touche environ 3% de lapopulation mondiale. Une des caractéristiques de cette infection est son évolution dans 60 à 90% des casvers des formes chroniques avec des complications sévères telles que la cirrhose et le carcinomehépatocellulaire. Un des handicaps majeurs de la recherche sur le HCV est l'absence de systèmes decultures in vitro efficaces et de modèles animaux adaptés car le HCV n'infecte que l'homme et le chimpanzé.l'anticorps D32.10. Pour cela, nous avons développé un test de cellbindinget nous avons montré quel'interaction des particules virales sériques (HCVsp) radiomarquées à l'Iode 125 avec les celluleshépatocytaires (Huh‐7 et HepaRG) est spécifique et saturable impliquant des sites de haute et faible affinité.De plus, l'anticorps D32.10 est capable d'inhiber spécifiquement et efficacement les interactions de hauteaffinité entre les HCVsp et les cellules HepaRG avec une IC50 ≤ 0,5 μg/ml. Nous avons mis en évidence quel'inhibition est plus efficace lorsque nous utilisons sélectivement une population de particules HCVenveloppées exprimant fortement E1E2. Récemment, nous avons développé un système d'infection originaldes cellules HepaRG qui sont des cellules progénitrices du foie par les HCVsp et avons montré quel'infection, la réplication et la propagation dépendent de l'état de prolifération/différenciation de cescellules. Nous avons aussi démontré que les particules virales produites dans ce système contiennent del'ARN viral, expriment les protéines d'enveloppe E1E2 et sont infectieuses. Des études préliminairesmontrent que l'anticorps D32.10 inhibe fortement l'infection (95% à 80% aux jours 14 et 21 aprèsinfection) vraisemblablement au niveau des étapes précoces du cycle viral.Dans un second temps, nous avons recherché la prévalence des anticorps de même spécificité que le D32.10(anti‐E1E2A,B) dans différents groupes de patients HCV positifs afin de déterminer leur significationbiologique. Par un test ELISA utilisant les peptides biotinylés E1, E2A et E2B dans la phase de capture, nousavons démontré que la réponse anticorps anti‐E1E2A,B était présente dans 90% des cas chez les patientsqui guérissent spontanément avec des titres élevées (≥ 1/1000). Cette réponse humorale est absente ourare (< 10%) chez les patients porteurs chroniques non traités ou non répondeurs aux traitementsantiviraux. Une étude longitudinale a été réalisée chez des patients non répondeurs ou répondeursdéveloppant une réponse virologique soutenue à une bithérapie standard, interféron pégylé plus ribavirine.L'analyse statistique des résultats a montré que les anticorps anti‐E1E2A,B pouvaient être prédictifs de laréponse au traitement avec une spécificité et une valeur prédictive positive de 100%.La convergence des résultats in vitro et in vivo supporte un rôle neutralisant de l'anticorps monoclonalD32.10, permettant d'envisager son utilisation en immunothérapie.
29

Étude sémantique de la distribution du pretérito perfecto simple et du pretérito perfecto compuesto de l'espagnol des villes de Mexico et de Madrid

Lopez Morales, Yareth Sara January 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Ce mémoire traite de la distribution sémantique des formes verbales dites « perfectives » du passé en espagnol: le Pretérito Perfecto Simple (PPS) et le Pretérito Perfecto Compuesto (PPC). En utilisant le cadre théorique pour l'analyse de la temporalité verbale de Laurent Gosselin (1996) et un corpus provenant des deux dialectes les plus contrastants quant aux valeurs et usage du PPS et du PPC, nous avons redéfini leurs effets de sens et repéré les domaines de variation qui permettent à la forme périphrastique (le PPC) de prendre la place de la forme simple (PPS). Ainsi, pour étudier la façon dont le processus de neutralisation sémantique du PPS et du PPC a lieu, ce mémoire a été divisé en quatre sections. La première partie rassemble la littérature traitant des significations respectives du PPS et du PPC au sein de l'espagnol mexicain et madrilène. La deuxième partie présente le cadre théorique de Gosselin et nos objectifs de recherche. Le troisième chapitre concerne le corpus et la base de données utilisés dans notre analyse. La dernière partie est consacrée à l'étude détaillée de la distribution du passé aoristique et du présent accompli (valeurs aspectuo-temporelles véhiculées par le PPS et le PPC) suivant certains éléments linguistiques provenant du modèle de Gosselin, mais aussi selon des paramètres d'ordre social tels l'âge et le sexe des locuteurs à l'origine des élocutions au PPS et au PPC. Il y est montré, à partir de l'analyse que nous avons faite, que le phénomène de neutralisation sémantique entre le PPS et le PPC est engagé tant en espagnol madrilène qu'en espagnol mexicain, même si cette manifestation est achevée seulement dans certains contextes de l'espagnol péninsulaire. Les indices recueillis suggèrent: qu'au niveau linguistique, ce changement touche d'abord les catégories de procès les moins complexes (états); que le PPC de la ville de Madrid utilise davantage de marques d'aspect et de temps que le PPC mexicain (comme s'il fallait compenser l'accroissement du champ sémantique de cette forme verbale par la cooccurrence d'instructions complémentaires) puisque la neutralisation commence avec des énoncés dont le repère temporel est établi à l'aide d'autres références dans le discours (repérage non autonome). Enfin, en ce qui concerne les facteurs sociaux, notre analyse a démontré que ce sont les femmes et surtout les jeunes locuteurs ceux qui s'engagent les premiers dans les changements sémantiques. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Neutralisation sémantique, Temporalité verbale, Aspect lexical, Pretérito Perfecto Simple, Pretérito Perfecto Compuesto, Espagnol.
30

Active neutralisation and amelioration of acid mine drainage with fly ash

Damini Surender January 2009 (has links)
<p>Fly ash and AMD samples were characterised by standard analytical methods for selection of the test materials. Active treatment by means of mixing fly ash with AMD in beakers and a large tank at pre-determined ratios have shown that fly ash is capable of neutralising AMD and increasing the pH beyond neutral values, which optimises the removal of heavy metals and ions. The trend was: the more fly ash added the quicker was the reaction time and higher the pH values achieved. Iron was reduced by as much 99 % in beaker scale experiments via Fe(OH)3 precipitation at pH values &gt / 4.0. A 99 % decrease in aluminium concentration was observed which was attributed to the precipitation of primarily gibbsite and various other mineral phases at pH values &gt / 5.5. As the pH increases, sulphate is adsorbed via Fe(OH)3 and gypsum precipitation at elevated pH. Sulphate attenuation with fly ash was excellent, achieving 98 % attenuation with beaker scale experiments and 1:1 fly ash:AMD ratio. Sulphate attenuation with fly ash was comparable to membrane and ion exchange systems and exceeded the performance of limestone treatment. Except for the larger volumes of fly ash needed to neutralise the AMD, fly ash proved to be a feasible and cost efficient alternative to limestone treatment. Fly ash produced competing results to limestone concerning acidity removal and sulphate attenuation. The comparison highlighted the advantages of utilising fly ash in comparison to limestone and demonstrated its cost effectiveness. The results of this study have shown that fly ash could be successfully applied for the neutralisation of acid mine drainage (AMD) and effectively attenuate the sulphate load in the treated water. The critical parameters to this technology are the variations of chemical composition and mineralogy of fly ash, which could influence the pH, contact time of the neutralisation reaction, and the same is true if the AMD quality varies.</p>

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