Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay(0𝜈𝛽𝛽) is one of the major research interests in neutrino physics. The discovery of 0𝜈𝛽𝛽 would answer persistent puzzles in the Standard Model of Elementary Particles. KamLAND-Zen is one of the leading efforts in the search of 0𝛽𝛽 and has acquired data from 745 kg of ^{136}Xe over 224 live-days. This data is analyzed using a Bayesian approach consisting of a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm. The implementation of the Bayesian analysis, which is the focal point of this dissertation, yields a 90\% Credible Interval at T^{0𝜈}_{1/2} = 7.03 × 10^{25} years. Finally, a machine learning event classification algorithm, based on a spherical convolutional neural network (spherical CNN) was developed to increase the T^{0𝜈}_{1/2} sensitivity. The classification power of this algorithm was demonstrated on a Monte Carlo detector simulation, and a data driven classifier was trained to reject crucial backgrounds in the 0𝜈𝛽𝛽 analysis. After implementing the spherical CNN, an increase in T^{0𝜈}_{1/2} sensitivity of 11.0% is predicted. These early studies pave the way for substantial improvements in future 0𝜈𝛽𝛽 analyses.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第24073号 / 理博第4840号 / 新制||理||1692(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)教授 中家 剛, 教授 永江 知文, 准教授 WENDELL Roger / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

This dissertation describes the approach taken in measuring two neutrino double beta decay of Cd-116 to the ground state of Sn-116 and in searching for the effective Majorana neutrino mass by placing a lower limit on the half-life for neutrinoless double beta decay of Cd-116 using the powerful technique of a combined tracking chamber and calorimeter with the NEMO-3 detector. The description of the detector, its natural background contamination, and the tools used to perform the analysis are discussed. The single electron channel was used to identify source foil contamination from [beta]-emitters and the electron-gamma channel was used to confirm the previous measurements of Tl-208 and Bi-214 contaminations in the source foil. Using these backgrounds, the two neutrino double beta decay half-life of Cd-116 was measured for the single states dominance hypothesis and the higher states dominance hypothesis. The final data set was defined to be data from Phrase One and Phase Two for the medium and low activity regions. Using 1471 days of data, the values of the half-life for the single data dominance hypothesis and the higher states dominance hypothesis were found. / text

The SNO+ experiment is a kilo-tonne scale liquid scintillator detector located at SNOLAB in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. As the successor to the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, SNO+ will use linear alkylbenzene (LAB) as the scintillator to study neutrinos. During the solar phase, ux measurements will be made of low energy neutrinos originating in the Sun. In another phase, 800 kg of tellurium will loaded into the scintillator to search for neutrinoless double beta decay. Measurements will also be made of neutrinos coming from nearby nuclear reactors and from inside Earth's mantle and crust. To enable these multiple physics goals, a sensitive calibration procedure must be carried out in order to fully understand the detector. The optical and energy responses of the detector will be measured with calibration sources deployed throughout the acrylic vessel. These sources must be connected to the observatory deck above the vessel by gas capillaries, optical bres, and signal wires housed in specially designed submersible umbilical cables. The design and fabrication of these umbilical cables is presented. Development work on a deployed radon calibration source will also be described. / Thesis (Master, Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy) -- Queen's University, 2014-05-30 15:56:19.906

Nesta tese, realizamos dois tipos de estudos fenomenológicos através de uma análise detalhada de alguns experimentos terrestres atuais e futuros. No primeiro, estudamos dois mecanismos exóticos de conversão de sabor: descoerência quântica e interações não padrão do neutrino com a matéria. Para descoerência, vinculamos o parâmetro de descoerência bem como testamos como distinguir a solução de descoerência pura do mecanismo padrão de oscilação no contexto de duas gerações. No caso das interações não padrão, assumimos que esta é subdominante frente ao mecanismo de oscilação padrão, e encontramos os possíveis limites que poderão ser obtidos para essas interações utilizando uma fábrica de neutrinos futura. No segundo tipo de estudo, determinamos os parâmetros de oscilação solares pela análise combinada dos dados dos neutrinos solares e de KamLAND, e estimamos a precisão nos parâmetros de mistura atmosféricos que poderá ser atingida pelos experimentos de LongBaseLine futuros MINOS, ICARUS e OPERA. Por fim, investigamos a possibilidade dos experimentos futuros do duplo decaimento sem neutrinos de determinar os parâmetros de não oscilação. / In this thesis, we have done two kind of phenomenological studies through a detailed analysis of present and future terrestrial experiments. In the first study, we analyze two exotic mechanisms of flavour conversion: quantum decoherence and non-standard neutrino-matter interactions. In the case of decoherence, we impose constraints on the decoherence parameter and test how to distinguish between the pure decoherence solution and the standard neutrino ascillation mechanism in the contexto f two neutrino generations. For non-standard interactions, assuming it as a sub-leading process compared to the standard oscillation, we find the possible limits that can be achieved on the strength of these interactions using a future neutrino factory. In the second part of the study, we determine the solar oscillation parameters using a combined analysis of solar neutrino and KamLAND data, and estimate the precision on the atmospheric mixing parameters by that can be accomplished by the LongBaseline experiments MINOS, ICARUS and OPERA. Finally, we investigate the capability of future neutrinoless Double beta decay experiments to determine the non-oscillation parameters.

L'étude de la double désintégration bêta sans neutrinos joue un rôle important dans plusieurs questions en physique des particules et cosmologie. Ce processus nucléaire hypothétique viole la conservation du nombre leptonique par deux unités et jusqu'à présent il est le seule moyen pratique pour dévoiler la nature du neutrino : sa détection implique forcement que neutrino et antineutrino sont la même particule. En outre, le taux de décroissance est sensible à la masse efficace de Majorana du neutrino, du coup à l'échelle absolue des valeurs propres de la masse et leur hiérarchie. La marque expérimentale de la DDB0ν est un pic monochromatique dans le spectre énergétique de la somme des deux électrons émis. Le but des expériences de prochaine génération est une sensibilité sur la masse efficace du neutrino de l'ordre de dizaines de meV, c'est-à-dire demi-vies de l'ordre de 10²⁷-10²⁸ années : en pratique, il s'agit de construire des sources de quelques centaines de kg d'isotope candidat, au moins, et les sonder par des détecteurs très efficients, tout en gardant le bruit de fond dans la région énergétique d'intérêt au niveau d'un coup/tonne/an. Les bolomètres luminescents sont une technique prometteuse vu leur excellentes résolutions énergétiques, haute efficacité de détection, ample choix pour les matériaux et extensibilité modulaire à grande échelle; de plus, grâce à la détection simultanée de chaleur et lumière produites par l'interaction des particules, il est possible de discriminer les contaminations α, dangereuse source de bruit aux énergies d'intérêt pour plusieurs noyaux candidats à la DDB0ν. Cette thèse a été effectuée dans le contexte de l'expérience LUMINEU : une expérience pilote qui a pour but la construction d'une expérience de prochaine génération basée sur les bolomètres scintillants en molybdate de zinc, pour l'étude de l'isotope candidat ¹⁰⁰Mo. En vue de la construction d'une expérience à grande échelle, il est nécessaire d'effectuer des caractérisations systématiques pour s'assurer des performances et de la reproductibilité des détecteurs et leurs composantes. La disponibilité d'installations expérimentales en surface, facilement accessibles, est souhaitable pour des tests routiniers : j'ai mené la plupart des expériences au CSNSM, où j'ai aussi travaillé à l'installation d'un nouvel cryostat à dilution basé sur la technologie du Pulse-Tube. Une partie de ma thèse a concerné l'étude de détecteurs bolométriques de lumière aux absorbeurs en germanium et thermomètres NTD (thermistors Neutron Transmutation Doped) : une structure standard pour LUMINEU a été établie et on a mesuré les performances des bolomètres telles que sensibilité, résolution énergétique, bruit de base et reproductibilité. Les résultats sont satisfaisants en vue d'un emploi dans une expérience avec bolomètres scintillants, bien que la configuration soit très sensible à la microphonie. En outre, j'ai testé avec succès des détecteurs bolométriques de lumière exploitants l'effet Neganov-Luke, qui augmente le rapport signal-bruit au niveau compatible avec la détection de la lumière Cherenkov pour la discrimination des événements. Une autre partie a vu la caractérisation des bolomètres scintillants en molybdate de zinc avec masse allant jusqu'à environ 300 g : couplés aux capteurs de lumière susmentionnés et lus par thermistors NTD, ils ont été refroidis en surface au CSNSM et en endroit souterrain à Modane, dans l'installation de l'expérience EDELWEISS pour la Matière Noire. Grâce à la détection simultanée de lumière et chaleur, les interactions des particules β/γ sont séparées des contaminations α. Les résultats démontrent que la caractérisation de bolomètres massifs, presque la taille cible des détecteurs finaux, est possible même en surface, en dépit du rayonnement cosmique. En outre, ces tests ont permis d'optimiser la compatibilité de l'installation de Modane avec les exigences des bolomètres scintillants pour la recherche de la DDB0ν. / Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay (0νDBD) is regarded as an important key in the decryption of some hot astroparticle and cosmological enigmas: it violates lepton number by two units and it is currently the only known practical way to shed light on the neutrino nature, being possible only in case of a Majorana neutrino, identical to its antiparticle. Moreover, the 0νDBD rate is sensitive to the effective neutrino mass, so it would be useful to define the absolute neutrino mass scale and hierarchy. The experimental footprint of 0νDBD is a monochromatic peak in the sum energy spectrum of the two emitted electrons. Next-generation experiments aim at reaching a sensitivity on the effective neutrino mass of the order of ten meV, corresponding to half lives in the range 10²⁷-10²⁸ years: this means to be able to gather, at least, a few hundred kilograms of 0νDBD candidate isotope source and to efficiently scrutinize it with very sensitive detectors. Meanwhile, background levels in the energy region of interest of the 0νDBD signal should be lowered to less than one count/ton/y. Cryogenic luminescent bolometers are a promising technique for 0νDBD search, as they feature excellent energy resolutions, high detection efficiency, flexibility in the material choice and easy scalability to large modular experiments; furthermore, the simultaneous read-out of heat and light signals produced by particle interactions provides an active discrimination method against the dangerous α contaminations, populating the 0νDBD energy region of several interesting candidate isotopes. The work presented in this dissertation was carried out in the context of the LUMINEU project: a pilot experiment focused on zinc molybdate scintillating bolometers, to define the strategies for the construction of a next-generation experiment based on the 0νDBD candidate ¹⁰⁰Mo. In view of the construction of a large 0νDBD experiment, involving hundreds of modules, systematic cryogenic measurements have to be performed to ensure good performance and reproducibility of the detectors and their components. Aboveground facilities are preferred for routinary tests because of their easier accessibility: most of the tests were carried out at CSNSM, where I also worked on the setup of a new cryogenic apparatus, based on the Pulse-Tube technology. One part of my thesis work saw the study of bolometric light detectors based on germanium absorbers and Neutron Transmutation Doped (NTD) thermometers: a proper design was developed in view of LUMINEU and the devices were characterized in terms of sensitivity, energy resolution, baseline noise and reproducibility. The results are compatible with a 0νDBD search final experiment, though this detector configuration is very sensitive to vibrational noise. In addition, the feasibility of bolometric light detectors based on NTD thermometers and Neganov-Luke amplification was investigated, demonstrating that this technique can actually boost the signal-to-noise gain to a level compatible with event discrimination based on Cherenkov light detection. Another part of my work dealt with the test of scintillating zinc molybdate bolometers of mass up to ~300 g, coupled to the aforementioned light detectors and operated both in the aboveground facilities at CSNSM and underground at Modane, in the cryostat of the EDELWEISS Dark Matter search experiment. Good event discrimination capability was achieved: thanks to double read-out of heat and light, it is possible to identify α particles, the threatening background for 0νDBD interests, against β/γ interactions. The results proved the possibility to pre-characterize aboveground detectors of mass close to the one of a final experiment module, despite the high cosmic rays rates. Besides, the measurements opened the way to the mutual compatibility of the underground setup, conceived for another kind of experiment, and LUMINEU 0νDBD search detectors.

Nesta tese, realizamos dois tipos de estudos fenomenológicos através de uma análise detalhada de alguns experimentos terrestres atuais e futuros. No primeiro, estudamos dois mecanismos exóticos de conversão de sabor: descoerência quântica e interações não padrão do neutrino com a matéria. Para descoerência, vinculamos o parâmetro de descoerência bem como testamos como distinguir a solução de descoerência pura do mecanismo padrão de oscilação no contexto de duas gerações. No caso das interações não padrão, assumimos que esta é subdominante frente ao mecanismo de oscilação padrão, e encontramos os possíveis limites que poderão ser obtidos para essas interações utilizando uma fábrica de neutrinos futura. No segundo tipo de estudo, determinamos os parâmetros de oscilação solares pela análise combinada dos dados dos neutrinos solares e de KamLAND, e estimamos a precisão nos parâmetros de mistura atmosféricos que poderá ser atingida pelos experimentos de LongBaseLine futuros MINOS, ICARUS e OPERA. Por fim, investigamos a possibilidade dos experimentos futuros do duplo decaimento sem neutrinos de determinar os parâmetros de não oscilação. / In this thesis, we have done two kind of phenomenological studies through a detailed analysis of present and future terrestrial experiments. In the first study, we analyze two exotic mechanisms of flavour conversion: quantum decoherence and non-standard neutrino-matter interactions. In the case of decoherence, we impose constraints on the decoherence parameter and test how to distinguish between the pure decoherence solution and the standard neutrino ascillation mechanism in the contexto f two neutrino generations. For non-standard interactions, assuming it as a sub-leading process compared to the standard oscillation, we find the possible limits that can be achieved on the strength of these interactions using a future neutrino factory. In the second part of the study, we determine the solar oscillation parameters using a combined analysis of solar neutrino and KamLAND data, and estimate the precision on the atmospheric mixing parameters by that can be accomplished by the LongBaseline experiments MINOS, ICARUS and OPERA. Finally, we investigate the capability of future neutrinoless Double beta decay experiments to determine the non-oscillation parameters.

Experiments on neutrino oscillations have confirmed that neutrinos have small, but non-zero masses, and that the interacting neutrino states do not have definite masses, but are mixtures of such states.The seesaw models make up a group of popular models describing the small neutrino masses and the corresponding mixing.In these models, new, heavy fields are introduced and the neutrino masses are suppressed by the ratio between the electroweak scale and the large masses of the new fields. Usually, the new fields introduced have masses far above the electroweak scale, outside the reach of any foreseeable experiments, making these versions of seesaw models essentially untestable. However, there are also so-called low-scale seesaw models, where the new particles have masses above the electroweak scale, but within the reach of future experiments, such as the LHC.In quantum field theories, quantum corrections generally introduce an energy-scale dependence on all their parameters, described by the renormalization group equations. In this thesis, the energy-scale dependence of the neutrino parameters in two low-scale seesaw models, the low-scale type I and inverse seesaw models, are considered. Also, the question of whether the neutrinos are Majorana particles, \ie , their own antiparticles, has not been decided experimentally. Future experiments on neutrinoless double beta decay could confirm the Majorana nature of neutrinos. However, there could also be additional contributions to the decay, which are not directly related to neutrino masses. We have investigated the possible future bounds on the strength of such additional contributions to neutrinoless double beta decay, depending on the outcome of ongoing and planned experiments related to neutrino masses. / QC 20110812

The standard model of particle physics can excellently describe the vast majorityof data of particle physics experiments. However, in its simplest form, it cannot account for the fact that the neutrinos are massive particles and lepton flavorsmixed, as required by the observation of neutrino oscillations. Hence, the standardmodel must be extended in order to account for these observations, opening up thepossibility to explore new and interesting physical phenomena. There are numerous models proposed to accommodate massive neutrinos. Thesimplest of these are able to describe the observations using only a small numberof effective parameters. Furthermore, neutrinos are the only known existing particleswhich have the potential of being their own antiparticles, a possibility that isactively being investigated through experiments on neutrinoless double beta decay.In this thesis, we analyse these simple models using Bayesian inference and constraintsfrom neutrino-related experiments, and we also investigate the potential offuture experiments on neutrinoless double beta decay to probe other kinds of newphysics. In addition, more elaborate theoretical models of neutrino masses have beenproposed, with the seesaw models being a particularly popular group of models inwhich new heavy particles generate neutrino masses. We study low-scale seesawmodels, in particular the resulting energy-scale dependence of the neutrino parameters,which incorporate new particles with masses within the reach of current andfuture experiments, such as the LHC. / Standardmodellen för partikelfysik beskriver den stora majoriteten data från partikelfysikexperimentutmärkt. Den kan emellertid inte i sin enklaste form beskrivadet faktum att neutriner är massiva partiklar och leptonsmakerna är blandande,vilket krävs enligt observationerna av neutrinooscillationer. Därför måste standardmodellenutökas för att ta hänsyn till detta, vilket öppnar upp möjligheten att utforska nya och intressanta fysikaliska fenomen. Det finns många föreslagna modeller för massiva neutriner. De enklaste av dessakan beskriva observationerna med endast ett fåtal effektiva parametrar. Dessutom är neutriner de enda kända befintliga partiklar som har potentialen att vara sinaegna antipartiklar, en möjlighet som aktivt undersöks genom experiment på neutrinolöst dubbelt betasönderfall. I denna avhandling analyserar vi dessa enkla modellermed Bayesisk inferens och begränsningar från neutrinorelaterade experiment och undersöker även potentialen för framtida experiment på neutrinolöst dubbelt betasönderfall att bergänsa andra typer av ny fysik. Även mer avancerade teoretiska modeller för neutrinomassor har föreslagits, med seesawmodeller som en särskilt populär grupp av modeller där nya tunga partiklargenererar neutrinomassor. Vi studerar seesawmodeller vid låga energier, i synnerhetneutrinoparametrarnas resulterande energiberoende, vilka inkluderar nya partiklarmed massor inom räckh°all för nuvarande och framtida experiment såsom LHC. / <p>QC 20130830</p>

[pt] Atualmente podemos determinar com grande precisão os parâmetros das massas e misturas dos neutrinos. Porém, mesmo que no futuro as incertezas sobres as medidas destes parâmetros sejam reduzidas considerablemente, talvez algumas questões ainda continuem em aberto, como por exemplo, o valor absoluto da massa dos neutrinos, a hierarquia de massa e também determinar se os neutrinos são de Majorana ou Dirac, e se forem de Majorana, então quais seriam os valores das fases de CP? Nesta tese, nós abordamos parte destas questões estudando a detetabilidade da fase CP de Majorana através das medidas de massa dos neutrinos, que são extraídas de experimentos de decaimento beta, duplo decaimento beta sem neutrinos e observações cosmológicas. Para quantificar a sensibilidade dos experimentos à fase de Majorana, além de usar os gráficos convencionais das regiões permitidas, usamos a função de exclusão, definida como uma fração no espaço de parâmentros CP, que é excluída quando um conjunto de parâmetros de entrada é fornecido. A sensibilidade dos experimentos é considerada quando variamos as incertezas desde o valor mais pessimista até o valor mais optimista e também incluímos o erro experimental devido à matriz de elementos nucleares. Com esta análise, encontramos que a fase de Majorana, denotada como a21, pode ser restringida ao ser excluído o espaço de parâmentros entre um 10 por cento e até 50 por cento, com um nível de confiança de 3o, isto se consideramos que a massa do neutino mais leve é 0.1eV. Também são tratados aspectos característicos da sensibilidade à fase a21, como por exemplo, a dependência à outra fase de Majorana a31. Para finalizar, nós estudamos o caso de se na atualidade, a incerteza do elemento de matriz nuclear pode ser limitado usando as medidas dos mesmos experimentos. / [en] Nowdays we are in a precision epoch where is possible to get accurately the parameters that involve the neutrino physics, however, even that in the future the uncertainties on those parameters will decrease enormously, perhaps still will continue some open question, for instance, what is the absolute mass of neutrinos? What is the hierarchy of the masses? Are the neutrinos Majorana or Dirac? And if they were Majorana, what would be the value of the CP phases? In this work, we studying the detectability of the CP phase through experiments of neutrino beta decay, neutrinoless double beta decay and cosmology. In order to quantify the sensitivity to the Majorana phase we use the CP exlusion fraction, it is a fraction of region of the CP phase, that is excluded for a given set of assumed input parameters. The experiments sensitivity is account when it is varied since the pessimistic to optimistic one, assumptions of the experimental erros, the uncertainty of nuclear matrix elements and all the scenarios are considering with the Normal and Inverted hierarchies. We find that a Majorana phase, the called a21 can be constrained strongly by excluded 10 − 50 per cent of phase space at 3o CL for the lowest neutrino mass of 0.1 eV. The characteristic features of the sensitivity to a21, such as dependences on the other phase a31 are addressed. We also arise the question of whether the uncertainties of nuclear matrix elements could be constrined be consistancy of such measurements.