La Collaboration ANTARES exploite actuellement un détecteur sous-marin Che-renkov dédié à l'astronomie neutrino de haute énergie. Le but principal de cette expérience est de détecter les sources cosmiques de neutrinos, afin de révéler les sites de production des rayons cosmiques. Parmi les sources candidates figurent celles où a lieu l'accélération de ces rayons cosmiques dans les jets relativistes, comme les noyaux actifs de galaxie, les sursauts gamma et les microquasars. Les microquasars sont des systèmes stellaires binaires formés par un objet compact accrétant la matière d'une étoile compagnon. Ce transfert de masse est responsable de l'émission de rayons X, tandis que les forces magnétiques du plasma d'accrétion peuvent causer la création de jets relativistes qui sont observés par des télescopes radio grâce au rayonnement synchrotron non thermique émis par les particules chargées accélérées dans ces jets. Dans certains systèmes, la corrélation entre les courbes de lumière des rayons X et les courbes radio indique une interaction forte entre accrétion et éjection. Certains microquasars émettent également des rayons gamma de haute et très haute énergie (jusqu'à quelques dizaines de TeV). Dans ce travail de thèse, une recherche d'émission de neutrinos provenant de microquasars a été conduite avec une approche multi-messager (photon/neutrino). Les données des satellites RXTE/ASM et SWIFT/BAT, ainsi que du télescope gamma FERMI/LAT ont été étudiées afin de sélectionner les périodes dans lesquelles se produisent les jets relativistes. / The ANTARES collaboration has successfully built, deployed and is currently operating an underwater Cherenkov detector dedicated to high energy neutrino astronomy. The primary aim of the experiment is to detect cosmic sources of neutrinos in order to reveal the production sites of cosmic rays. Among the sources likely to be significant sources of neutrinos are those accelerating relativistic jets, like gamma ray bursts, active galactic nuclei and microquasars. Microquasars are binary systems formed by a compact object accreting mass from a companion star. The mass transfer causes the emission of X-rays, whereas the onset of magnetic forces in the accreting plasma can cause the acceleration of relativistic jets, which are observed by radio telescopes via their non-thermal synchrotron emission. In some systems, a correlation between X-ray and radio light curves indicates an interplay between accretion and ejection respectively. Some microquasars are also high energy and very high energy gamma ray emitters. In this thesis, a time dependent search for neutrino emission from microquasars was performed with a multi-messenger approach (photon/neutrino). The data from the X-ray monitors RXTE/ASM and SWIFT/BAT, and the gamma-ray telescope FERMI/LAT were used to select transient events in which the source was supposed to accelerate relativistic jets. The restriction of the analysis to the ejection periods allows a drastic reduction of atmospheric muon and neutrino background, and thus to increase the chances of a discovery. The search was performed with the ANTARES data taken between 2007 and 2010.

Astrophysikalische Neutrinos können in der Wechselwirkung kosmischer Strahlungsteilchen mit Materie oder Photonen nahe derer Quellen entstehen. Die auf der Erde erwartete Flavor-Zusammensetzung kann mögliche Neutrino Produktionsmechanismen einschränken. Tau-Neutrinos sind aufgrund von Flavor-Oszillationen über kosmische Distanzen zu erwarten. Das IceCube Neutrino Observatorium hat astrophysikalische Neutrinos bei Energien zwischen ~60 TeV und ~10 PeV entdeckt. Die gemessene Flavor-Zusammensetzung ist kompatibel mit ~1:1:1, wie vom Pion Produktionsszenario erwartet wird. Die Elektron- und Tau-Neutrino Anteile sind experimentell jedoch weitgehend unbestimmt. Das Ziel der in dieser Dissertation präsentierten Arbeit ist die erste Identifikation eines Tau-Neutrinos in IceCube. Die Suche basiert auf der “Doppel-Kaskaden” Ereignistopologie, die durch zwei aufeinanderfolgende Teilchenschauer aufgrund der Tau-Neutrino Wechselwirkung bzw. des Tau-Zerfalls beschrieben ist. Tau-Neutrinos werden durch die Rekonstruktion dieser Ereignistopologie identifiziert. Der Abstand zwischen beiden Kaskaden entspricht der Tau-Zerfallslänge. Tau-Neutrinos werden oberhalb einer deponierten Energie von ~200 TeV mit einer Effizienz von ~30-50% bei einer Untergrundkontamination von ~5-25% identifiziert. Die Tau-Zerfallslänge wird oberhalb der Auflösungsgrenze von ~10 m auf ~2 m genau bestimmt. In Abhängigkeit des angenommenen Neutrino-Energiespektrums werden ~1-3 identifizierbare Tau-Neutrinos und ~1 Untergrundereignis erwartet. Kein Doppel-Kaskaden Ereignis wird in sechs Jahren experimenteller Daten beobachtet. Der astrophysikalische Tau-Neutrino Fluss wird durch ein oberes Limit von 2.68x10^{-18}(E/100 TeV)^{-2.97} GeV^{-1} cm^{-2} sr^{-1} s^{-1} mit einem Konfidenzniveau von 90% beschränkt. Die gemessene Flavor-Zusammensetzung ~0.51:0.49:0 ist mit dem Pion Produktionsszenario kompatibel. Die Ergebnisse beinhalten die bislang sensitivste Suche nach hochenergetischen Tau-Neutrinos in IceCube. / Astrophysical neutrinos may be produced in interactions of cosmic rays with ambient matter or photons near their sources. The observable flavor composition on Earth can constrain possible production scenarios. The appearance of tau-neutrinos due to neutrino oscillations over cosmic baselines is a clear astrophysical signature. A diffuse flux of astrophysical neutrinos between ~60 TeV to ~10 PeV energy was discovered with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. The observed flavor composition is compatible with ~1:1:1 expected from pion production and decay at the sources, although the experimental constraints on the electron- and tau-neutrino fractions are weak. The work presented in this thesis aims to identify a tau-neutrino interaction in IceCube for the first time. The search is based on the “double cascade” event topology, which is unique to the tau-flavor and characterized by two consecutive particle showers from the charged-current interaction of a tau-neutrino with a nucleus in the ice and the subsequent decay of the tau-lepton. Tau-neutrinos are identified by reconstructing this event topology, for which the distance between both cascades is an estimator of the tau decay length. Above ~200 TeV deposited energy, the identification efficiency is between ~30-50% and the background contamination ~5-25%. The tau decay length is resolved to ~2 m above the experimental resolution limit of ~10 m. This search is expected to yield ~1-3 identifiable tau-neutrino interactions and ~1 background event, depending on the assumed neutrino energy spectrum. No double cascade event is observed in six years of detector data. The astrophysical tau-neutrino flux is constrained by an upper limit of 2.68x10^{-18}(E/100 TeV)^{-2.97} GeV^{-1} cm^{-2} sr^{-1} s^{-1} at 90% confidence level. The measured flavor composition of ~0.51:0.49:0 is compatible with the pion production scenario. The results entail the most sensitive search for highly energetic tau-neutrinos in IceCube so far.

[pt] Com o avanço na medida dos parâmetros responsáveis por oscilação de neutrinos, podemos dizer que hoje a física de neutrinos está entrando na era da precisão, o que nos permite explorar cenários além de massas e misturas de três sabores de neutrinos, ou seja, podemos procurar uma nova física que cause algum efeito subdominante, que não pode ser explicado por oscilação usual. Podemos citar a anomalia de antineutrinos de reator e anomalia de Gálio, ambas serão explicadas posteriormente no capítulo 3. Propomos uma solução alternativa para estas duas anomalias, baseado em um cenário com grandes dimensões extras. Exploramos também a capacidade de um experimento com neutrinos ultramonocromáticos produzidos via efeito Mossbauer, de detectar ou vincular alguns cenários de nova física além do modelo padrão. Os cenários que consideramos nesta tese são: neutrinos esteréis, estes sendo a extensão mais simples do modelo de três sabores; o cenário com grandes dimensões espaciais extras; descoerência quântica como física não padrão; e por último e não menos importante o cenário com neutrinos de massa variável. Mostramos também o impacto, se assumimos a existência destes cenários, na determinação dos parâmetros de oscilação Delta m2 31 e Teta 13. / [en] With advances in the measurements of the neutrino oscillation parameters, we can assume that neutrino physics is going to a precision era, as a consequence we can explore new scenarios beyond the standard mass and mixing with three neutrino flavors , that is, we can look for a new physics that affects in a subleading way and that can not be explained by the standard oscillation framework. For instance, the reactor antineutrino and Gallium anomalies, both anomalies will be discussed in chapter 3. We propose an explanation for these anomalies based on a scenario with large extra dimension. We also explore the capability of an experiment with ultramonochromatic neutrinos based on M ossbauer effect detects or constrains some new physics scenarios beyond the standard model. In this thesis we consider: sterile neutrinos, large extra dimensions, non standard quantum decoherence and mass varying neutrinos. We also show the impact on the determination of the standard oscillation parameters delta m2 31 and teta 13 if we assume non standard physics scenarios.

This thesis presents the MicroBooNE search for the MiniBooNE low energy excess using a fully automated image based data reconstruction scheme. A suite of traditional and deep learning computer vision algorithms are developed for identification of charge current quasi-elastic (CCQE) like muon and electron neutrino interactions using the MicroBooNE detector. Given a model of the MiniBooNE low energy excess as due to an enhancement of electron neutrino type events, this analysis predicts a combined statistical and systematic 3.8σ low energy signal in 13.2 × 1020 POT of MicroBooNE data. When interpreted in the context of νμ → νe 3 + 1 sterile neutrino oscillations a best fit point of (∆m241, sin2 2θeμ) = (0.063,0.794) is found with a 90% confidence allowed region consistent with > 0.1 eV2 oscillations

O Experimento Double Chooz, como outros experimentos, utilizam detectores baseados na identificação de reações beta inversas. O nêutron e o pósitron gerados por tais reações geram radiação que são capturadas por fotomultiplicadoras o que permite recompor a energia do neutrino que desencadeou todo o processo. Desse modo é possível obter o espectro de energia dos neutrinos provenientes do reator. O mesmo espectro pode ser previsto com base em modelos de reações termonucleares que ocorrem no reator. A comparação desses dois espectros permite identificar a existência das oscilações de sabores dos neutrinos, além de podermos quantificar o principal parâmetro dessa oscilação, que é o ângulo de mistura θ13. Entretanto, existem processos físicos, como radioatividade natural presente no meio circuncidante, que geram sinais que não podem ser distinguidos dos sinais gerados por neutrinos. Esses processos físicos produzem backgrounds que precisam ser descontados na identificação dos neutrinos. Em nosso trabalho, é utilizada a análise bayesiana para inferir o ângulo de mistura θ13, levando-se em conta todos esses backgrounds. A característica diferenciada da análise bayesiana é a possibilidade de utilizar distribuições de probabilidades definidas com base na percepção subjetiva do pesquisador e nos dados previamente estabelecidos a respeito do objeto de estudo. / The Experiment Double Chooz, as other experiments, use detectors based on the identification of inverse beta reactions. The neutron and positron generated by such reactions generate radiation that are catches by photomultiplier that allows restore the energy of the neutrino that triggered the whole process. In this way you can get the energy spectrum of the neutrinos from the reactor. The same spectrum can be predicted based on models of thermonuclear reactions that occur in the reactor. The comparison of these two spectra allows to identify the existence of oscillation neutrino flavors, besides being able to quantify the main parameter of this oscillation, which is the mixing angle θ13. However, there are physical processes, such as natural radioactivity present in the surrounding medium that generate signals that can not be distinguished from signals generated by neutrino. These physical processes produce backgrounds that need to be discounted in the identification of neutrinos. In our work, the Bayesian analysis is used to infer the mixing angle θ13, taking into account all these backgrounds. The distinctive feature of the Bayesian analysis is the possibility of using probability distributions defined based on the subjective perception of the researcher and the data previously established about the object of study. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES

<p>High-energy neutrinos are capable of carrying information over vast distances, and neutrino telescopes such as AMANDA-II provide the means to probe deep inside the violent and energetic interior of the universe. AMANDA-II is located in the glacial ice at South Pole in Antarctica and is optimised to detect Cherenkov emission from neutrino-induced muon tracks with energies above 100 GeV. </p><p>Data acquired in 2003 with the AMANDA-II detector were searched for a non-localised flux of neutrinos with energies in excess of 1 PeV. Because of the energy dependence of the neutrino mean free path, the Earth is essentially opaque to neutrinos above PeV energies. Combined with the limited overburden of the AMANDA-II detector (about 1.5 km), this means that a potential ultra-high energy neutrino signal will be concentrated at the horizon. The background for the analysis consists of large bundles of muons produced in atmospheric air showers. Owing to their energy losses, muons cannot penetrate the Earth, and the background will be downwards moving. </p><p>After applying different selection criteria, one event was observed in the final data sample, while 0.16±0.04 background events are expected. The corresponding 90% confidence level upper limit is 4.3. The expected number of neutrino signal events for a 10^-6 <i>E</i>^-2 GeV/(s sr cm² ) flux assuming a Φ(ν_e) : Φ(ν_μ) : Φ(ν_τ) = 1:1:1 flavour ratio is 4.1±0.2, yielding an upper limit on the all-flavour neutrino flux of <i>E</i>² Φ₉₀ ≤ 1.1∙10^-6 GeV/(s sr cm² ), including systematics and with the central 90% of the signal found in the energy range 480 TeV - 1.6 EeV. </p>

Dark matter particles in the form of supersymmetric Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) could accumulate in the centre of the Sun because of gravitational trapping. Pair-wise annihilations of WIMPs could create standard model particles out of which neutrinos could reach the Earth. Data from the IceCube 22-string neutrino telescope have been searched for signals from dark matter annihilations in the Sun. Highly sophisticated analysis methods have been developed to discern signal neutrinos from the severe background of atmospheric particle showers. No signal has been found in a dataset of 104 days livetime taken in 2007, and an upper limit has been placed on the muon flux in the South Pole ice induced by neutrinos from the Sun, reaching down to 330 km-2y-1. The flux limit has been converted into an upper limit on the neutralino scattering cross-section, which reaches down to 2.8*10-40 cm2 for spin-dependent interactions. / Four articles are appended to the thesis:I. G. Wikström for the IceCube collaboration, Proc. of the 30th ICRC,arXiv/0711.0353 [astro-ph] (2007) 135.II. A. Gross, C. Ha, C. Rott, M. Tluczykont, E. Resconi, T. DeYoung and G. Wikström for the IceCube Collaboration, Proc. of the 30th ICRC,arXiv/0711.0353 [astro-ph] (2007) 11.III. G. Wikström and J. Edsjö, JCAP 04 (2009) 009.IV. R. Abbasi et al. (IceCube collaboration), accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. Lett., arXiv/0902.2460v3 [astro-ph.CO] (2009). / IceCube

The cubic-kilometer sized IceCube neutrino observatory, constructed in the glacial ice at the South Pole, searches indirectly for dark matter via neutrinos from dark matter self-annihilations. It has a high discovery potential through striking signatures. This thesis presents searches for dark matter annihilations in the center of the Sun using experimental data collected with IceCube. The main physics analysis described here was performed for dark matter in the form of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) with the 79-string configuration of the IceCube neutrino telescope. For the first time, the DeepCore sub-array was included in the analysis, lowering the energy threshold and extending the search to the austral summer. Data from 317 days live-time are consistent with the expected background from atmospheric muons and neutrinos. Upper limits were set on the dark matter annihilation rate, with conversions to limits on the WIMP-proton scattering cross section, which initiates the WIMP capture process in the Sun.These are the most stringent spin-dependent WIMP-proton cross-sections limits to date above 35 GeV for most WIMP models. In addition, a formalism for quickly and directly comparing event-level IceCube data with arbitrary annihilation spectra in detailed model scans, considering not only total event counts but also event directions and energy estimators, is presented. Two analyses were made that show an application of this formalism to both model exclusion and parameter estimation in models of supersymmetry. An analysis was also conducted that extended for the first time indirect dark matter searches with neutrinos using IceCube data, to an alternative dark matter candidate, Kaluza-Klein particles, arising from theories with extra space-time dimensions. The methods developed for the solar dark matter search were applied to look for neutrino emission during a flare of the Crab Nebula in 2010.

Malgré le succès expérimental rencontré par le Modèle Standard (MS) de la physique des particules, certains phénomènes (les oscillations de neutrinos) et certaines questions fondamentales (l'origine des hiérarchies entre les différentes échelles caractéristiques) n'y trouvent pas de réponse. Il y a une nécessité d'aller au-delà du MS pour le compléter. Le sujet de cette thèse est d'étudier la phénoménologie des modèles supersymétriques ou extra-dimensionnels et les déviations de leurs prédictions par rapport à celles du MS dans le domaine de la saveur. <br />Tout d'abord, nous avons abordé la question de la conservation du nombre baryonique et leptonique via la conservation de la symétrie de R-parité dans les modèles supersymétriques de basse énergie. Plus précisément, nous nous sommes placés dans le cas où cette symétrie entre particules et `super'-partenaires n'était pas conservée. En utilisant les données expérimentales disponibles pour la désintégration rare du kaon chargé en une paire de neutrino-antineutrino et un pion chargé, nous avons entre autres obtenu une limite supérieure sur la valeur permise de certains couplages caractérisant la violation de la R-parité. Nous avons montré l'intérêt de prendre aussi en compte les contributions conservant la R-parité, négligées jusqu'alors dans les autres études sur le sujet.<br />Dans une seconde partie, nous avons étudié l'impact de l'introduction d'une dimension spatiale supplémentaire, repliée sur elle-même. Les exemples choisis concernent l'électrodynamique quantique et l'invariance de jauge, l'unification des forces forte, faible et électromagnétique ainsi que l'origine de la valeur des masses et des angles de mélanges des neutrinos. Dans ce dernier cas, l'étude a été faite dans le cadre du MSSM à 5dimensions. Typiquement, l'introduction de dimensions supplémentaires réduit le pouvoir prédictif. Cependant, des comportements généraux peuvent toujours être établis. Ainsi, nous avons pu mettre en<br />évidence la possibilité d'un mélange leptonique faible (de type CKM) à haute énergie, pour une région significative et raisonnable de l'espace des paramètres, résultat offrant de nouvelles perspectives pour l'étude de l'origine de la saveur et des liens entre quarks et leptons.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Physique des particules : Lyon 1 : 2005. / Titre provenant de l'écran titre. 134 réf. bibliogr.