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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Neutrinos astrofísicos = mecanismo de produção e razão entre sabores / Astrophysical neutrinos : production mechanism and flavor radio

Picoreti, Renan 03 March 2011 (has links)
Orientador: Orlando Luis Goulart Peres / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T22:10:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Picoreti_Renan_M.pdf: 2695409 bytes, checksum: 33f93ce114e33774d72d40191bbac72b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Neutrinos Astrofísicos são produzidos quando prótons ou núcleos, acelerados numa fonte astrofísica, interagem com a matéria nas imediações gerando méons que decaem fracamente produzindo neutrinos. Remanescentes de Supernovas, Núcleos Ativos de Galáxias (AGN) e Explosões de Raios Gama (GRB) são alguns dos candidatos a fontes, e a detecção desses neutrinos pode fornecer informações tanto sobre esses objetos astrofísicos quanto sobre a física de neutrinos. Neste trabalho, supomos, de forma simplificada, que nas fontes são produzidos mésons ¶ ± num espectro de lei de potência da energia, 8 E¶ -a . Calculando-se os espectros de produção dos neutrinos gerados na cadeia de decaimento, obtém-se, no limite em que as partículas são ultrarrelativísticas, uma razão entre sabores de neutrinos muônicos e eletrônicos que é função do expoente do espectro inicial, a, dos píons. Calculamos uma correção a essa razão devido a termos proporcionais à massa do elétron, geralmente desprezada na literatura, e verificamos a validade da razão na aproximação ultrarrelativística. Entre produção e detecção, a razão entre sabores deve se modificar devido ao fenômeno da oscilação de neutrinos. Assim, discutimos a possibilidade de, através da detecção destes neutrinos e da medição da razão entre os sabores, inferir-se propriedades da produção dos neutrinos na fonte ou mesmo verificar-se a existência de novos fenômenos da física de neutrinos, em especial, o decaimento de neutrinos / Abstract: Astrophysical Neutrinos are produced when protons or nuclei, accelerated in a astrophysical source, interact with the surrounding matter generating weakly decaying mesons that decay producing neutrinos. Supernova Remnants, Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) and Gamma-ray Bursts (GRB) are some of the candidates to such sources, and the detection of those neutrinos may provide information about these astrophysical objects and about neutrino physics. In this work, we suppose, in a simplified manner, that the sources produce ¶ ± mesons with a power law spectrum, 8¶ -a .Upon calculation of the neutrino production spectra on the pion decay chain, it is obtained, on the ultra-relativistic limit, the flavor ratio between muon and electron neutrinos as a function of the slope of the initial pion spectrum. We calculated a correction to this flavor ratio due to non-vanishing electron mass, usually disregarded, and we verified if the ultra-relativistic limit is reasonable. Between neutrino production and detection, the flavor ratio is modified due to the neutrino flavor oscillation. Thus, we discuss the possibility of inferring the source properties or new neutrino physics phenomena, such as neutrino decay, through the detection of astrophysical neutrinos and the measurement of its flavor ratio / Mestrado / Física das Particulas Elementares e Campos / Mestre em Física
2

Neutrino oscillations at very high energy/matter density / Neutrinooscillationer i gränsen av tät materia och mycket hög energi

Guillaud, Mathilde January 2020 (has links)
Neutrino oscillations in matter can be studied in different regimes, depending on the energy of the incoming neutrinos and the matter density of the medium. In this thesis we investigate neutrino oscillations in dense matter at very high energy (TeV-PeV range), taking into account the absorption that the neutrinos may undergo in such dense media. This absorption phenomenon is relevant for neutrino telescope measurements of astrophysical neutrinos. We begin with a brief reminder on neutrino oscillations in vacuum and the construction of the PMNS matrix. Then, we proceed with calculations for dense matter. We then explore the accuracy of the resulting effective 2-neutrino mixing formulas. They present a good accuracy for Earth-like densities in our range of energies. We develop the calculations for oscillation probabilities in dense matter with absorption through charged-current inelastic scattering for both the two-neutrino and three-neutrino case. We find that in dense media, astrophysical neutrinos indeed undergoabsorption, which reduces signicantly the fluxes for each flavor, with a resonant absorption of electron-anti-neutrinos around E_{res}\simeq 6.3PeV. We discuss the impact of neutrino absorption in the Earth for neutrino telescopes measurements. We find that solar and lunar shadowing is not problematic for current telescopes but could be a good angular resolution indicator for new telescopes to come. / Neutrinooscillationer i materia kan studeras i olika regimer beroende på inkommande neutrinernas energi och densiteten hos det bakomliggande mediet. I detta examensarbete undersöker vi neutrinooscillationer i gränsen av tät materia och mycket hög energi (TeV-PeV-intervall), och tar hänsyn till den absorption av neutriner som då kan inträffa i sådant materia. Detta absorptionsfenomen är relevant för neutrino-teleskopmätningar av astrofysiska neutriner. Vi börjar med att kort påminna oss om neutrinooscillationer i vakuum och konstruktionen av PMNS-matrisen. Vi försätter sedan med beräkningar av neutrinooscillationer i tät materia. Vi undersöker noggrannheten i resulterande effektiva 2-neutrino-blandningsformlerna. De uppvisar en god noggrannhet i jordlika materieprofiler i vårt intervall av energier. Vi utvecklar beräkningarna av oscillationssannolikheterna i tät materia inklusive absorption genom laddad ström oelastisk spridning i båda två- och tresmaksfallen. Vi finner att astrofysiska neutriner i tät materia absorberas, vilket minskar betydligt flödena för varje smak, med en resonansabsorption av elektron-antineutrino omkring E_res\simeq 6.3PeV. Vi diskuterar sedan effekterna av neutrinoabsorption på jorden för neutrino-teleskopmätningar. Vi finner att sol- och månskuggning är inte problematisk för nuvarande teleskop och kunde vara en bra vinkelupplösningsindikator för kommande teeskop.
3

Search for Astrophysical Tau-Neutrinos in Six Years of High-Energy Starting Events in the IceCube Detector

Usner, Marcel 02 October 2018 (has links)
Astrophysikalische Neutrinos können in der Wechselwirkung kosmischer Strahlungsteilchen mit Materie oder Photonen nahe derer Quellen entstehen. Die auf der Erde erwartete Flavor-Zusammensetzung kann mögliche Neutrino Produktionsmechanismen einschränken. Tau-Neutrinos sind aufgrund von Flavor-Oszillationen über kosmische Distanzen zu erwarten. Das IceCube Neutrino Observatorium hat astrophysikalische Neutrinos bei Energien zwischen ~60 TeV und ~10 PeV entdeckt. Die gemessene Flavor-Zusammensetzung ist kompatibel mit ~1:1:1, wie vom Pion Produktionsszenario erwartet wird. Die Elektron- und Tau-Neutrino Anteile sind experimentell jedoch weitgehend unbestimmt. Das Ziel der in dieser Dissertation präsentierten Arbeit ist die erste Identifikation eines Tau-Neutrinos in IceCube. Die Suche basiert auf der “Doppel-Kaskaden” Ereignistopologie, die durch zwei aufeinanderfolgende Teilchenschauer aufgrund der Tau-Neutrino Wechselwirkung bzw. des Tau-Zerfalls beschrieben ist. Tau-Neutrinos werden durch die Rekonstruktion dieser Ereignistopologie identifiziert. Der Abstand zwischen beiden Kaskaden entspricht der Tau-Zerfallslänge. Tau-Neutrinos werden oberhalb einer deponierten Energie von ~200 TeV mit einer Effizienz von ~30-50% bei einer Untergrundkontamination von ~5-25% identifiziert. Die Tau-Zerfallslänge wird oberhalb der Auflösungsgrenze von ~10 m auf ~2 m genau bestimmt. In Abhängigkeit des angenommenen Neutrino-Energiespektrums werden ~1-3 identifizierbare Tau-Neutrinos und ~1 Untergrundereignis erwartet. Kein Doppel-Kaskaden Ereignis wird in sechs Jahren experimenteller Daten beobachtet. Der astrophysikalische Tau-Neutrino Fluss wird durch ein oberes Limit von 2.68x10^{-18}(E/100 TeV)^{-2.97} GeV^{-1} cm^{-2} sr^{-1} s^{-1} mit einem Konfidenzniveau von 90% beschränkt. Die gemessene Flavor-Zusammensetzung ~0.51:0.49:0 ist mit dem Pion Produktionsszenario kompatibel. Die Ergebnisse beinhalten die bislang sensitivste Suche nach hochenergetischen Tau-Neutrinos in IceCube. / Astrophysical neutrinos may be produced in interactions of cosmic rays with ambient matter or photons near their sources. The observable flavor composition on Earth can constrain possible production scenarios. The appearance of tau-neutrinos due to neutrino oscillations over cosmic baselines is a clear astrophysical signature. A diffuse flux of astrophysical neutrinos between ~60 TeV to ~10 PeV energy was discovered with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. The observed flavor composition is compatible with ~1:1:1 expected from pion production and decay at the sources, although the experimental constraints on the electron- and tau-neutrino fractions are weak. The work presented in this thesis aims to identify a tau-neutrino interaction in IceCube for the first time. The search is based on the “double cascade” event topology, which is unique to the tau-flavor and characterized by two consecutive particle showers from the charged-current interaction of a tau-neutrino with a nucleus in the ice and the subsequent decay of the tau-lepton. Tau-neutrinos are identified by reconstructing this event topology, for which the distance between both cascades is an estimator of the tau decay length. Above ~200 TeV deposited energy, the identification efficiency is between ~30-50% and the background contamination ~5-25%. The tau decay length is resolved to ~2 m above the experimental resolution limit of ~10 m. This search is expected to yield ~1-3 identifiable tau-neutrino interactions and ~1 background event, depending on the assumed neutrino energy spectrum. No double cascade event is observed in six years of detector data. The astrophysical tau-neutrino flux is constrained by an upper limit of 2.68x10^{-18}(E/100 TeV)^{-2.97} GeV^{-1} cm^{-2} sr^{-1} s^{-1} at 90% confidence level. The measured flavor composition of ~0.51:0.49:0 is compatible with the pion production scenario. The results entail the most sensitive search for highly energetic tau-neutrinos in IceCube so far.
4

Ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray nuclei and neutrinos in models of gamma-ray bursts and extragalactic propagation

Heinze, Jonas 08 June 2020 (has links)
Utrahochenergetische kosmische Strahlung (ultra-high-energy cosmic rays -- UHECR) besteht aus ionisierten Atomkernen mit den höchsten Teilchenergien, die je gemessen wurden. Zwar wurden die Quellen von UHECRs noch nicht eindeutig identifiziert, doch gibt es deutliche Anzeichen, dass sie extragalaktisch sind. Um die Beobachtungen zu interpretieren, wird ein Modell der Wechselwirkungen mit Photofeldern sowohl in der Quelle als auch während der extragalaktischen Propagation benötigt. Bei diesen Wechselwirkungen werden sekundäre Neutrinos erzeugt. Diese Dissertation behandelt Modelle der Quellen von UHECRs und die damit verbundene Produktion von Neutrinos sowohl in den Quellen als auch während der Propagation. Dafür wurde ein neuer Code, PriNCe, für die Propagation von UHECRs entwickelt. Dieser Code wird in einem umfangreichen Parameterscan für ein generisches Quellenmodell angewendet, welches mit dem Spektralindex, der maximalen Rigidität, der kosmologischen Quellenverteilung und der chemischen Komposition als freie Parameter definiert ist. Dabei wird der Einfluss von verschiedenen Photodisintegrations- und Luftschauermodellen auf die erwarteten Eigenschaften der Quellen demonstriert. Der Fluss kosmogenischer Neutrinos, der sich daraus robust vorhersagen lässt, liegt außerhalb der Reichweite aller derzeit geplanten Neutrinodetektoren. GRBs als mögliche Quellen von UHECRs werden im Multi-Collision Internal-Shock Modell simuliert, welches die Abhängigkeit der Strahlungsprozesse von den verschiedenen Dissipationsradien im Plasmajet berücksichtigt. Für dieses Modell wird der Effekt demonstriert, den verschiedene Annahmen über die anfängliche Verteilung des Plasmajets und das hydrodynamische Modell auf die resultierende UHECR- und Neutrinosstrahlung haben. Für den Gammastrahlenblitz GRB170817A, welcher zusammen mit einem Gravitationswellensignal beobachtet wurde, werden Vorhersagen für den Neutrinofluss und ihre Abhängigkeit vom Beobachtungswinkel gemacht. / Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) are the most energetic particles observed in the Universe. While the astrophysical sources of UHECRs have not yet been uniquely identified, there are strong indications for an extragalactic origin. The interpretation of the observations requires both simulations of UHECR acceleration and energy losses inside the source environment as well as interactions during extragalactic propagation. Due to their extreme energies, UHECR will interact with photons in these environments, producing a flux of secondary neutrinos. This dissertation deals with models of UHECR sources and the accompanying neutrino production in the source environment and during extragalactic propagation. We have developed a new, computationally efficient code, PriNCe, for the extragalactic propagation of UHECR nuclei. The PriNCe code is applied for an extensive parameter scan of a generic source model that is described by the spectral index, the maximal rigidity, the cosmological source evolution and the injected mass composition. In this scan, we demonstrate the impact of different disintegration and air-shower models on the inferred source properties. A prediction for the expected flux of cosmogenic neutrinos is also derived. GRBs are discussed as specific UHECR source candidates in the multi-collision internal-shock model. This model takes the radiation from different radii in the GRB outflow into account. We demonstrate how different assumptions about the initial setup of the jet and the hydrodynamic collision model impact the production of UHECRs and neutrinos. Motivated by the multi-messenger observation of GRB170817A, we discuss the expected neutrino production from this GRB and its dependence on the observation angle. We show that the neutrino flux for this event is at least four orders of magnitude below the detection limit for different geometries of the plasma jet.

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