This study aimed to uncover information about an area on which little published material is available, that is, the area of art education in New South Wales prior to 1940. Because of the lack of published material, much of the information used in this study had to be sought in annual reports on education made to the New South Wales Parliament over the years concerned, and in the educational journals of the period. Some very useful original documents and letters were found in the Mitchell Library and in the New South Wales Archives. It was established that drawing first became part of the curriculum in a few public schools in Sydney in 1854, and that by 1869, drawing was taught in all the primary schools of New South Wales. The drawing system which was introduced was based on the very structured and utilitarian programme of the Department of Science and Art in South Kensington. The first Drawing Master in New South Wales was Joseph Fowles, who had arrived in Sydney from England in 1838. Joseph Fowles was in charge of drawing in the public schools of New South Wales from his appointment in 1854 until his death in 1878. The other two important figures in art education over the period covered by this study were Frederick W. Woodhouse, who was Superintendent of Drawing from his arrival from England in 1889 until his resignation in 1903, and John E. Branch, who was in charge from 1903 until his death in 1933. This study found evidence that the Department of Science and Art in South Kensington played an essential part in establishing the programme of art education in New South Wales from the 1850s until well into the twentieth century. With regard to the contribution made by the three individuals mentioned in the title, the study found that while they played an important role in overseeing the teaching of drawing in the schools, they were not influential in the sense of being able to impose any individual philosophy of art education on the system.

This study examines the occurrence, distribution and storage of selenium in seagrass communities of Lake Macquarie, which is a heavily industrialised area of NSW, where notably high trace metal concentrations have been reported previously. Initially a suite of organisms was collected from a seagrass bed (Zostera capricornia) in the southeastern section of the lake to investigate the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of selenium. All organisms contained selenium, with sediment-dwelling organisms containing the highest Se concentrations. No consistent pattern of significant Se-metal correlations with Cu, Zn and Cd was found. Biomagnification of Se was evident, as concentrations increased from sediments and water to flora (algae and seagrass) to bivalves to Crustacea. However, this trend was not continued to the higher trophic groups of invertebrate predators and teleost fish. The bivalve Anadara trapezia was further studied. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting the accumulation of Se were examined. Gender and mass were assessed in a single day study, followed by a temporal investigation of the effect of gender, reproductive cycle, temperature and salinity on Se accumulation. Gender had no effect on the accumulation of Se in A. trapezia. Se was present in all tissues (adductor, blood, foot, gills, intestine and mantle) and not immobilised or stored in a specific tissue, indicating that it plays a structural role in the tissues of A. trapezia. Se burden increased relative to size (shell length and dry mass) suggesting that Se is metabolically controlled within the organism. Se concentrations were found to fluctuate temporally because of: food availability in response to water temperatures; the reproductive cycle; and associated metabolic activities responding to temperature changes and food availability. Subcellular selenium associations in A. trapezia were examined to assist in the understanding of the fate of Se in marine tissues. Most of the Se was associated with proteins, suggesting that Se has a metabolic role in this marine organism. Proteins are intrinsically associated with the lipid bilayer of the cell membranes. A number of proteins (94, 85, 43, 36.5, 30, 23.4, 17.4 and 15 kDa) were separated by SDS PAGE from ethanol fractions. Determination of the Se concentration within individual proteins was not possible because the ratio of Se to protein was too low for further analysis. These findings indicated that Se plays a metabolic role in the tissues of the marine organism A. trapezia. The biochemical regulatory mechanism responsible for maintaining Se concentrations within the tissues is currently unknown.

Increased development pressure in inner city areas of many Australian and North American cities has resulted in the loss of locally valued cultural landscapes. Accompanying this process is palpable concern by local residents that their values have not been taken into account. While architectural and historical values are well recognised by heritage and planning practitioners, less tangible social values are often ignored. This thesis argues that a gap has formed between the process through which people interact with place and the process of landuse planning. The aim of the research is to critically examine this gap. Pyrmont and Ultimo, an inner city redevelopment area of Sydney, provides a context of rapid social and physical change. Open-ended, unstructured and semi-structured interviews with residents of Pyrmont and Ultimo, and professionals involved in planning and development provide insight into perspectives about the consideration of social values in landuse planning. The results indicate that the loss of valued places may have physical and social implications on people and place including loss of local character and identity, increased conflict, resident anxiety and disillusionment with planning processes. Residents and planners develop strategies for coping, but these do little to improve limited information flow and understanding. Bridging the gap between the two processes calls for a stronger link between heritage conservation and planning, in addition to planning reform. The research suggests the need for formal landuse planning to recognise the value of situational knowledge and social significance, rather than rely on technical expertise and physical fabric. Efforts spent on refining methods for identification and assessment of social value may be better directed towards developing and improving methods for integrating the concept of social value into the planning framework.

Clearance of Eucalyptus woodlands has resulted in soil deterioration and lost agricultural production, due to wind erosion, salinity and soil acidity. Despite increasing efforts to reverse these trends through Landcare and other revegetation and agroforestry programs, there is a lack of experimentally-based information about the effects of trees on native pasture performance. The study was carried out in a temperate environment (Southern Tablelands, New South Wales). The altitude at the study sites ranged from 740 to 880m and the aspect at the experimental plots varied from SE to SW. The nearest site was 16 km from Canberra Airport and all sites were situated within similar rainfall isohyets as Canberra Airport. Thus climatic conditions were expected to be similar. Climate records at Canberra Airport indicate that January is the hottest month with mean maximum temperature of 27.7 �C and July is the coldest month with a maximum of 11.1 �C. Rainfall in the area ranges from 37.5 to 66.0 mm monthly average in June and October respectively. The main tree species in the study area were Eucalyptus pauciflora, E. melliodora and E. mannifera. Furthermore, Poa labillardieri, P. sieberiana, Themeda australis, Danthonia penicillata and Microlaena stipoides were the most abundant pasture species on the experimental plots. Species of clover (Trifolium spp.) were also abundant among the herbs. This study used pasture assessment techniques to quantify the effects of remnant patches of Eucalyptus open woodlands on the composition, quality and biomass production of herbaceous understorey vegetation. Microclimate and soil nutrients were also compared under trees and in the open. In addition, consumption by vertebrate grazers under Eucalyptus trees and in the open was compared. Tree density and basal area were compared with herbage standing crop. Remnant patches of Eucalyptus open woodlands modify the microclimate by reducing wind reaching the understorey vegetation. However no significant effects on ambient air temperature and relative humidity were recorded. The effect of trees on soil moisture was contingent to differences between the four sites and soil depth. Despite a 13% higher soil organic matter in the top 15 cm of soil under trees, soil total nitrogen and total phosphorus did not differ from that in the open. Surface soil pH values were lower (by 0.2 units) under the trees. No significant effect of trees on pasture species richness was found. However the classification of quadrats on the basis of species presence showed a distinction between species composition under trees and in the open at one of the four sites. vi The contribution of pasture species to total dry weight on plots under trees and in the open did depend on the particular species involved and was also contingent to differences between sites. However at the sites where Vulpia bromoides and Poa sieberiana were abundant, the two species dominated the biomass under trees. Whereas Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides dominated the biomass under trees at two sites and in the open at only one of the four sites. Pasture total N content differed between sites. Two of the sites had significantly higher (5.9% and 19.7%) N content under trees. On the contrary, pastures at one site contained 18.7% higher N content in the open. The total P content was 18% higher in pastures under trees. Overall, the pasture standing crop under trees was 15% less than in the open during August to May. Vertebrate grazers consumed about the same amount of pasture under the trees and in the open at the four experimental sites.

This field study examines the changes in primary schooling in New South Wales from 1904 to 1922 in an attempt to provide an historical perspective on contemporary schooling. Two distinct phases are identified. The first of these is a settlement (1904-1916) dominated by the eclectic concerns of the New Education movement. It is argued that this settlement was a fragile arrangement held together by the rhetoric of prominent educationists but that it did not operate effectively at the classroom level. The contradictions inherent in it, and the bureaucratic resistance to which it was subjected, as well as the practical difficulties faced by teachers, meant that the settlement disintegrated into crisis when teachers' frustrations were further aggravated by the effects of the Public Instruction (Amendment) Act of 1916 and popular perceptions of declining standards. The hardships caused by the First World War heightened the difficulties under which teachers were expected to work, adding to the turmoil. The crisis which began in 1916 and continued until Peter Board resigned, was characterized by a preoccupation with retardation and a growing interest in intelligence and achievement testing. The third and final chapter examines the wider social, economic and political concerns of the period and explores the connection between events in society and those in the schools.

The need for inservice training of teachers has increased as the nature of schooling changes, and underlying philosophies, structures and theories undergo revision. An understanding of how teachers perceive inservice courses may assist in designing inservice programs which best meet the needs of education systems, schools and individual teachers. This study examined teachers' perceptions of inservice as it affects them in their schools, and their acceptance of different content and structures of inservice models. It also examined different groups within the teacher sample, to establish whether differences in gender, the area of teaching they are involved in, their years of teaching experience, or the number of inservice courses they attend affect their perceptions. The subjects for the study were a group of Kindergarten to Year 12 teachers from randomly sampled schools in the Western Region of New South Wales Department of School Education. The survey was completed by 304 respondents and a randomly selected sub-sample participated in a semi-structured interview. Results of the study shows generally that teachers do value the impact of inservice courses, both in the classroom and on their own sense of professional development, and that they have preferences for particular content and models of inservice courses.

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Throughout the 1980s, there was a trend in Australia towards increased participation rates in post-compulsory education. This study examines factors that influence Year 12 retention rates in four Government secondary schools within the Wollongong Sub-Region. Factors that were thought to influence students to continue to Year 12 and sit for the New South Wales Higher School Certificate Examination included those related to Gender, Socio-economic (relating to occupation of parents, government financial assistance, and language background), Educational and Career. The study involved surveying over 400 Year 10 students in four schools by questionnaires. These schools were chosen for their geographical location and to include two schools with a history of high retention rates and two schools with low retention rates. The questions in the survey were incorporated with a larger survey conducted in 1989 by the Faculty of Education at the University of Wollongong under the coordination of Dr. Noeline Kyle ("Everyone expects you to know; A report on careers advice and industry attitudes towards female students in non-traditional study and work in the Illawarra", 1990). The questionnaire was piloted in 1988 and after seeking recommendations from students, teachers and the NSW Department of School Education Research Group, the survey was administered in 1989. The study used descriptive research methodology, and Chi-square analysis was used to establish significance levels in the data. With regard to gender, the data clearly demonstrated that female students were more inclined than male students to stay on to Year 12, and have positive reasons for their decision. Concerning Socio-Economic factors, the results of this study showed that students whose parents have a professional background are more likely to stay on to Year 12. In addition, the achievement of the Higher School Certificate as a preIV requisite for further study was a strong motivating factor for students staying on to Year 12. However, students in receipt of Austudy did not appear to relate in a statistically significant manner with any of the factors that influence the student to stay on to Year 12. As well, no statistical inference could be drawn from intention to sit for the HSC and the language most used at home by parents. With regard to educational factors, the responses from each of the four schools surveyed showed a high percentage (82 to 85%) of students intending to stay on to Year 12 and sit for the HSC examination. None of these schools had an appreciably higher proportion of students intending to sit the HSC exam. However, it was found that students from one particular school were more likely to undertake further study and students from this school had a high percentage of both parents with a professional occupation than any other school. The findings relating to career factors showed that students who have a professional career in mind are more likely to proceed to Year 12. It was also found that students who had school work experience in a professional occupation were more likely to proceed to Year 12. The study relates the survey findings to the research literature in Australia, and also includes a discussion of the limitations of the survey.

This thesis is an evaluation of the use the USLE to estimate soil loss from two pastoral land uses - commercial properties and "hobby farms" in Murrumbateman. Sensitivity analysis was used to evaluate the USLE components. Sediment measurement in farm dams was taken to estimate sediment yield from several sites, as an alternative approach to study soil loss. The annual soil loss from entire study area was 0.25 t/ha/year whilst these figures from commercial properties and hobby farms were 0.29 t/ha/year and 0.21 t/ha/year, respectively. The annual average sediment yield from three catchments in hobby farms was 0.3 t/ha/year. The USLE was found to be highly sensitive to slope steepness, ground cover and stocking rates. The critical values were 16% for slopes, 35% for the ground cover and 19 Dry Sheep Equivalent/ha for stocking rate. I tentatively conclude that the USLE is sufficiently sensitive to detect differences in soil loss between the two land uses. There is, however, a need to improve the operation of the model in some respects. The use of farm dams for estimating sediment yield also shows promise.

During the period of internship at the Art Gallery of New South Wales (March, 1982 - January 1983), I had the opportunity to work on paintings from the 20th, 19th, 10th, and 17th centuries. Some of the paintings were privately owned, and usually arrived at the Gallery in much worse condition than any of the Gallery's paintings, therefore I had the chance to carry out major treatments as well as the routine minor treatments associated with the maintenance of a collection. The atmosphere at the Gallery conservation facility is a healthy one. The laboratory supports five fulltime conservators (Alan Lloyd, Peter Gill, Gill McMillan, Susie Bioletti, and Ranson Davies). All the members of staff were willing participants in helping and advising me during my period of internship. The contact with so many points of view and attitudes was instrumental in maintaining a positive and constructive attitude toward the profession. Cathy Lillico (conservator for the Regional Galleries) and Anne Gaulton were also working in the laboratory during my period of internship. Both took an active interest in my work at the Gallery. The work emphasis at the Gallery was placed on practical experience with paintings conservation, and a wide range of techniques and attitudes were considered and implemented. The period was also an opportunity to become involved in other aspects of conservation work apart from treatments. The transport, display, lighting, packaging and handling of painttings are important responsibilities for conservation staff, and I participated in them whenever possible. The routine examination of the Gallery collection and monitoring the light and temperature fluctuations within the Gallery environment were also part of my duties. The exposure also gave me the opportunity to answer public telephone enquiries and participate in advising the public on conservation during the Thursday morning open house, when the public is allowed to bring their works into the Gallery for advice from curatorial and conservation staff. I consider it a valuable and worthwhile exposure to the workings of a major institution. The Gallery conservation facilities include a studio and darkroom that are well equipped for conservation photography. I chose to take advantage of those facilities to improve my standard of photography and increase my understanding of the application of photography to the examination of paintings. The Gallery was very generous to allow me the use of film materials during my period of internship. All the plates and slides in this presentation were photographed, developed, and printed by myself, with the exception of color processing, using the conservation department facilities. Internships are not a tradition within the Art Gallery Conservation Department. Because of this, there is not an established program or itinerary for interns to follow. I am grateful to the entire staff of the conservation department, especially Alan Lloyd, for their support and encouragement in shaping an interesting and rewarding internship. I hope the opportunity will be made available to others who wish to pursue the profession of conservation. Some of the material presented in this dissertation is included for my own reference. This includes the TABLES 1-4 and some of the basic information under the conservation photography section dealing with normal and raking light illumination techniques.