Hill slopes in wine producing regions of the South Island of New Zealand are rarely developed for viticulture despite having the capability. Viticultural development in these wine producing regions is primarily limited to flat areas despite the benefits of hill slopes that can increase productivity and variability of the grapes grown. The objective of this study is to assess the viability and development of hill slopes in the South Island of New Zealand with regards to industrial viticultural development. Site investigation in combination with background research identified five fundamental characteristics (i.e., elevation, slope angle, aspect, temperature and rainfall) that are required for proper assessment as well as industrial viticultural practices and concerns specific to the South Island. A slope angle of 15° was determined to be suitable for viticultural development as this angle is the maximum angle for machinery to work and operate safely. Additionally, this slope angle encourages the benefits that hill slopes provide and slope stability issues are limited. GIS suitability mapping demonstrates that ~0.7% of the South Island of New Zealand is viable for hill slope viticultural development using elevation, slope angle, aspect, temperature and rainfall characteristics to produce the maps. Temperature and sunlight relationships via data logger analysis support the various benefits that hill slope development provides, including increasing the number of growing degree days (GDD) by 1, increasing air and soil temperature and increasing sunlight exposure by 3,000 Lux. Overall, findings identify the extent and benefits that hill slopes may provide in major grape regions within the South Island of New Zealand.

Objective: The purpose of this current study was to develop an audiovisual speech perception test for New Zealand English (NZE) speaking children by adapting the American version of the Children’s-Build-A-Sentence (Ch-BAS) test. Three hypotheses were formulated for this study. First, it was predicted that the New Zealand version of the Ch-BAS test would show list equivalency. A second hypothesis was that all children would perform significantly better on the auditory-visual (AV) condition of the test in comparison to the vision-only (V-only condition). A third hypothesis was that older children would perform significantly better than younger children on both test conditions. Design: The American version of the Children’s-Build-A-Sentence test was adapted for use with NZ children and an audiovisual recording was made of an adult NZE speaker saying the sentence stimuli. This was then edited into a picture response matrix format to make up the NZ Ch-BAS test which is comprised of three lists made up of mono, bi, and tri-syllabic words. Equal numbers of sentences were allocated to the three test conditions: auditory-only (A-only), V-only, and AV conditions. The NZ Ch-BAS test was then administered to 30 normal hearing (NH) NZE-speaking children aged between 7-11 years with equal numbers (n=6) in each age group. All testing was conducted in the presence of multi-talker babble noise, set individually for each child to obtain approximately equivalent performance for the A-only condition. Results: Results revealed that the NZ Ch-BAS test lists were equivalent for both the V-only and AV test conditions when testing NH children. A significant age effect was also found, where older children showed superior speech reading performance in comparison to younger children. A stronger age effect was seen for the V-only condition in comparison to the AV condition. All children performed significantly better on the AV condition in comparison to the V-only condition. Conclusions: The three Ch-BAS test lists demonstrate list equivalency and therefore can be used to develop a reliable test for NZ-English speaking children. As anticipated, there was an age effect in regard to speech reading performance; however this effect was only found for the V-only condition. All children performed significantly better on the AV condition in comparison to the V-only condition. A number of possible explanations for superior performance are provided and clinical uses for the NZ Ch-BAS test are discussed.

The original intention of this thesis was to investigate Climate Change (CC), in particular the meteorological impacts of CC on New Zealand (NZ). Succinctly, “to understand what NZ’s future weather may entail”. However, as the research progressed it has led to the larger circulation and has highlighted the teleconnections that are present and the importance of the wider circulation and to NZ . It is apparent that the larger scale circulation needs to be considered in conjunction with, if not before, the synoptic scale. Thus, in order to understand NZ’s future weather first we must understand the Southern Hemisphere and the circulation within it. CC is often described in a broad global scale and it is difficult to translate and relate these mechanisms into day to day weather terms, which have the advantage of being commonly understood. Synoptic Climatology (SC) can bridge this gap by simplifying the wide variety of weather into a small grouping of types, and thus can provide an understandable alternative. To undertake this research an existing SC scheme known as the Kidson Types (KTs) was extended with the use of General Circulation Model (GCM) output. The KTs have been widely used in NZ, thus work detailing their future would be advantageous. The GCMs were able to reproduce the observed frequencies of occurrence of the KTs during the late 20th century. Future projections for the late 21st century surprisingly showed little change in annual type frequencies. To investigate this further a sensitivity study was undertaken, which revealed that the methodology was insensitive to annual type frequency change. The range of response from the GCM projections also inhibited determining significant changes in KT frequencies. Additionally, trend analysis using four realisations from one GCM noted both positive and negative trends in some of the types. This also highlights the difficulty in using GCM output, as a larger ensemble can diffuse results and in a small ensemble individual GCMs can unduly bias the results. Further scrutiny of the KT was then undertaken. An investigation of the KTs to ascertain their influence in the wider circulation using the ERA Interim (ERA-I) reanalysis and trends within the KT using a long term reanalysis data set, the Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CR). Due to the high year to year variability in the KTs, significant trends were only determined in the 20CR with a reduction in the Zonal Regime representing the occurrence of strong westerly flows over NZ. A composite analysis was also undertaken to evaluate the KTs within the Southern Hemisphere (SH). A positive pressure anomaly was detected far from the Kidson domain, which is defined over NZ, during the SW type. This motivated another study on SH Blocking. Blocking is a large scale phenomena that can influence the paths of synoptic systems and thus potentially cause or exacerbate adverse weather events. Blocking is an area of climate research that requires further work, as there is a deficit of GCM studies in the SH. This study utilised a Persistent Positive Anomaly (PPA) methodology which is advantageous as the spatial pattern, latitude and longitude, of the Blocking Events (BEs) is determined. To our knowledge, this is the first study to use GCM output using the PPA methodology in the SH and this is also the first blocking study using Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (CMIP)5 GCM output in the SH. A reduction of BEs was observed over the South Pacific Ocean (SPO) region during summer and spring, in the GCM projections between 2041-2070 and 2071- 2100. The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) has been suggested as an influence on blocking frequency in previous work and this relationship was studied. A high negative correlation between SAM + and BEs was observed in summer with the reanalysis and GCM historical output. This correlation was reduced in 21st century. However, further work is needed in this study in order to gain an understanding of the mechanisms and linkages between SAM and the BEs.

Up until the 1980s, the police often reluctantly intervened in domestic disputes. However, from the mid 1980s onwards, the introduction of pro-arrest family violence policies throughout the U.S., the U.K., and New Zealand, signalled a significant shift in police practices. It was hoped that the adoption of these policies would help improve the police response to family violence, and it was anticipated that police behaviour would consequently change. Unfortunately, the implementation of these policies has been fraught with difficulties, and they have often not translated easily into practice, or resulted in the intended changes. The current study, which was conducted in Christchurch in 2004, sought to understand how a pro-arrest policy was implemented at the local level. Drawing on a symbolic interactionist approach, and utilising Lipksy's (1980) street-level bureaucracy theory, this research focuses on a number of issues, including the application of the pro-arrest policy at the street-level, and its associated problems, and the legitimate/illegitimate exercise of discretion. This study has found evidence of significant practical problems with the implementation of the pro-arrest policy, which are similar to those that have been reported overseas.

This thesis examines the life of Canon John Russell Wilford, an Anglican clergyman working in the Diocese of Christchurch, in New Zealand from 1904 to 1933. This thesis concentrates on four of Canon Wilford's projects during this time: church building at Waikari, the 1910 missions in Prebbleton, the redevelopment of College House and the building of St George's Hospital. These projects were inspired by Canon Wilford's faith in God and his interest in the Canterbury Pilgrims. Each project also demonstrated Wilford's abilities as a fundraiser and an organiser. The development of faith was Wilford's main concern in the Waikari and Prebbleton parishes. This thesis examines how he tried to do this with church building in Waikari and the General Mission in Prebbleton. It also examines the fundraising methods used by Wilford for the Waikari churches and how he became interested in the Canterbury Pilgrims there. The thesis looks at Wilford's role in the organisation of missions to develop faith in the Prebbleton parish in 1910. It also considers Wilford's Anglo-Catholicism and how this related to the missions as well as his interest in the Pilgrims. Wilford was Principal of College House for the majority of his time in New Zealand and this thesis covers his attempts to rebuild the College and how he felt inspired by God and the Pilgrims to do so. As his campaign to rebuild the College was not successful this thesis will examine why this was the case. Wilford also felt inspired by God and the Pilgrims to build a private Anglican hospital. This plan resulted in St George's hospital. This thesis looks into fundraising methods used to finance the hospital and Wilford's religious, charitable and technological aims for the hospital.

Until the 1980s, there was no Japanese community in Christchurch, but only a small number of individuals living mainly amongst European New Zealanders. However, from the mid-1980s changes in New Zealand's immigration policies and the introduction of a working holiday scheme between Japan and New Zealand, led to the growth of a distinctive Japanese community. Its distinctiveness lays in a fact that unlike the classic 'New' immigrant communities of Japanese in Auckland and some other countries, it consisted largely of permanent residents rather than business expatriates. By the 1990s, the community had become large enough to support formal organisational structures, such as the Japanese Society of Canterbury, established in 1991 and the Japanese Supplementary School of Canterbury, opened in 1999. These organisations were founded by the permanent residents, not business sojourners. They fostered a sense of community and were expressions of Japanese identity, but they also promoted links with the host society. In this respect, they were representative of attitudes prevalent amongst the Christchurch's Japanese permanent residents. A survey conducted as a part of the research for this thesis reveals that Japanese in Christchurch retain a strong ethnic identification with Japan. However, it as well shows that they also have a strong civic identification with Christchurch and with New Zealand because they are glad that they live there; and it shows that most of them socialise extensively with European New Zealanders, support Canterbury and the All Blacks, and adopt aspects of 'Kiwi culture'. They have a dual loyalty to the land of their birth and the place where they live.

This thesis examines the role of New Zealand Truth within interwar society. It seeks to identify the audience, market niche, and style of the paper. Its essential concern is with using theoretical models to inform a discussion on the ideas and values expressed in the paper, especially those of moderation, exploitation, excess, and immorality. What it attempts to show is that, although, Truth was a newspaper which depended on deviance for much of its news, it was deeply concerned, and alarmed, at the extent of breeches of mores and laws. However, the thesis will also show that Truth was more than a "scandal rag": it was very much a sports paper as well.

Marxism is often criticised for its 'outdated economics' which wrongly downplays the state's role in modern social life. This study uses readily available official statistics to test the validity of this critique. Although simple accounting principles are used, factory production data for 1923-70 is rigorously and systematically re-aggregated to approximate constant (fixed and circulating) and variable capital, manufacturers' surplus-value, capital composition, and rates of accumulation, exploitation and profit. A separate volume details all statistical operations and tabulates results. Capital accumulation is used to fix the curve of capitalist development and the interrelations between valueratios are used to explain the curve's shape. Conventional theories are also called on to explain trends in national income and factory production input/output series. Main conclusions drawn are that (1) marxism is empirically well-corroborated and (2) no consistent correlation holds between state intervention and economic growth. Marxian hypotheses concerning proletarianisation, economic concentration, class struggle, etc. are also tested systematically against New Zealand data and confirmed. In this light, and as rival theories of superior verisimilitude are absent, the criticism mentioned is rejected as unwarranted. Most NZ marxian analyses focus on superstructures, lacking objective bases for problem-formulation and solution, this study offers such a basis.

In July 1980 the National Government selected a proposal by the Fletcher-Alusuisse-Gove consortium for the establishment of an aluminium smelter which would take up the last and greatest part of a 5000 Gigawatt-hour electricity concession. This decison provides a convenient end-point for a long and complicated period of energy planning where a major concern has been the utilisation of surplus energy resources. The history of this decision will be traced in this study beginning with the discovery of the surplus energy resources in 1978. A considerable part of this decision-making has been conducted inside the government bureaucrary and in secret. This study focuses exclusively on this bureaucratic decisionmaking providing a detailed discussion of the energy planning issues and also endeavouring to treat the decision as the outcome of organisational processes. It is an important theoretical concern that only through an understanding of behavioural processes can the importance of managing the decision process be fully appreciated. Some of the circumstances in which this study was undertaken must be mentioned in order to explain the approach that has been adopted. The structure of this study has been largely determined by the requirements of a second report which is a detailed chronology of events commissioned by the Treasury. It has been through producing this Treasury report that access has been permitted to departmental files providing by far the greatest amount of research material. Access to government officials has also been assisted. However, because of the requirements of the Treasury report and the sensitivity of the issues covered, it has not been possible to interview key participants in the decision outside the government bureaucracy. It should also be noted that the controversy which has marked the public debate on the aluminium smelter and associated issues has also been evident in the bureaucratic decisionmaking where sharp interdepartmental differences appeared. This context has meant that when the interviewing was carried out in late 1980 and early 1981, many officials still felt unable to give a completely frank and detailed account of events. Despite these circumstances, many officials have been of considerable assistance to me and have been very generous with their valuable time. In particular I wish to acknowledge the assistance given to me by Mr Rob Laking and Mr Howard Fancy. I am also grateful for the kind and patient supervision offered to me by Professor Keith Jackson and for the generous services of Mr Richard Kennaway and Dr. Keith Ovenden.

Using secondary analysis methodology - a statistical analysis of Police data - this study examines the annual incidence and patterns of child (0-14 years) death by homicide in New Zealand in the decade 1991-2000, and identifies the similarities and differences ofthese with an earlier New Zealand study and with international patterns. The study then determines the number of victims of child homicide with whom the New Zealand child care and protection service had had significant contact during the years 1996-2000, this period being chosen because of the availability of comprehensive case records. The report describes the New Zealand child care and protection legislative scheme and delineates the phases of an investigation undertaken by the Department of Child Youth and Family Services, identifying the possible practice errors attendant with each phase. Using qualitative analysis of case reviews undertaken by the Department of Child Youth and Family Services, the study investigates when deaths have occurred: during intake and prior to investigation; during an investigation; or during an intervention; and identifies the incidence of practice error. The findings of the two parts of the study are integrated using a systems perspective that discusses the influences of family, professional, organisational and community systems on child homicide. The report concludes with the implications of this analysis for child care and protection policy, practice and research. The findings of the study are discussed together with the implications for child protection practice.