Being a journalist today can be a deadly pursuit, particularly for those covering conflict and other dangerous assignments. In 2004 more journalists and other media workers were killed than in the last ten years. While it is impossible to guarantee that journalists will not be killed or injured, kidnapped or detained, a policy has been created to help protect them in the course of their duties. This study examines the perceptions of journalists working for two international television news agencies about this safety policy called the ‘Joint code of practice for journalists working in conflict zones’. This policy was adopted in November 2000 by five major television companies including the television news agencies Reuters Television and Associated Press Television News. This study finds that the policy had significant flaws in how it was formulated and how it is communicated, implemented and reviewed. Recognising the existence of unequal relations of power and conflicting interests at play in any policy process, this study stresses that in the case of the journalist safety policy, all stakeholders should have participated in the relevant policy stages. This argument arises from researching the policy document as well as from the point of view of managers, and particularly journalists who work on dangerous assignments, either full-time or on a freelance basis for either of the two television news agencies. It finds that while journalists are not generally aware of the policy, they do practice many of its elements as well as a range of their own custom-made strategies to protect themselves. The result is to make the policy less effective than it could be.

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The diploma thesis "Development of Home service in the CTK" focuses on the changing news production in the Czech News Agency (CTK), a dominant national news agency in the Czech republic, between 1993 and 2013. From the very beginning of 1990's the agency started to be a public service institution, but obliged to earn money on its own. Already in 1990's it stopped receiving state subsidies, having to severly cut its costs and reduce the number of employees. Despite this,CTK increased range of its services as well as number of clients and also fought succesfully its competitors. This thesis tries to answer the question how have these changes influenced the news service. It follows the changes in number of published news articles, structure of the articles and also focuses on application of chosen theme categories, sources, quatations and with the title. Quantitative content analysis has been chosen as a method of research, using two sampled weeks in 1993 and 2013. There were more than 770 news articles analysed, focusing on 12 areas of research. Theoretical ground for this thesis consisted of methodology of media research as well as sources on CTK's history and function, including its annual reports.

Air accidents related to both airplanes and airliners are often at the centre of heightened media attention. Whereas commercial media often choose to include in their news service only those accidents that result in number of fatalities or in a significant property damage, public service broadcasters should not take into account these criteria on order to provide balanced and versatile news service promoting an independent formation of opinions. In the case of news agencies, whose general mission is to collect and provide information, this assumption is doubly true. This thesis aims to analyse textual news products of the Czech News Agency using the example of the Agency's news coverage of air accident which happened in 2011 in the Czech Republic. This analysis will be used to determine the information quality on The first part of this thesis offers a theoretical basis for analysis - it describes the circumstances of the selection of news and related critical thinking approaches. The second part involves the actual qualitative content analysis of the news, mainly through comparison of media production with institutionally processed data depicting the real state of aviation accidents in the analysed period.

Objeto - Aliar a prática acadêmica à produção de conteúdo jornalístico segmentado, permitindo, especialmente, à Imprensa e, conseqüentemente, ao público em geral ter acesso aos textos elaborados por estudantes de Jornalismo. Desta forma, procura-se unir a elaboração de material qualificado com o estímulo ao aprendizado discente, utilizando-se as agências universitárias de notícias como modelos laboratoriais para esta finalidade, tendo as novas tecnologias um papel importante na expansão desta atividade nos cursos de Jornalismo do País. Metas - Identificar a importância da existência das agências universitárias de notícias para o aprimoramento acadêmico do aluno e seu papel como agente no processo de divulgação de informações jornalísticas à sociedade. Resultados - A escolha de três universidades de regiões geográficas distintas e a importância particular, em especial em relação a outros veículos laboratoriais, em razão da sua atuação social e agilidade, revelam a potencialidade desta atividade acadêmica que pode ser implementada em qualquer tipo de instituição, seja pública ou privada. / Object - Join the academic practice and the production of segmented journalistic content, allowing, especially, the Press and, consequently, the public to have access to the texts elaborated in general by students of Journalism. In this way, it is tried to unite the elaboration of qualified material to the incentive given to students in order to learn, taking advantage of the academic news agencies as laboratorial models for this purpose, with the new technologies playing an important part in the expansion of this activity through the courses of Journalism in the Country. Goals - Identify the importance of the academic news agencies for the student\'s academic development and its role as agent in the process of divulging journalistic information to the society. Results - The choosing of three universities from different geographical areas and the particular importance, especially in relation to other laboratorial vehicles, because of their social performance and agility, reveals the potentiality of this academic activity that can be implemented in any kind of institution, public or private.

Thesis (MPhil (Journalism))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / This study examines the history, development and diversity of news agencies. It studies the major agencies and pinpoints how smaller wire services that sometimes purvey niche news seek to offer a more diverse global news-flow. The linkage between news agencies and technological developments, and how wire services have helped advance technology, is examined since the first agencies began in the 1800s, up to the current era of the Internet. The rise of television and the subsequent ascent of the Internet prompted new demands for more diverse news procurement. This accelerated the convergence of different media and has exposed challenges and opportunities to news agencies, large and small. Alongside the telegraph, news wire services expanded from supplying news and information locally to being global players, helping the world shrink. The mediahistoriographical approach engages a critical examination of literature sources regarding the development of the major wire services, and some of the smaller players. The literature, along with interviews with news agency experts, provides the material to examine wire services. The study shows how some original agencies leveraged opportunities offered by their standing in powerful nations to become dominant transnational players. The ascendancy of the mega-agencies compounded limited news-flows from developed to poorer nations, while an expansion of diversified news-flows has not matched technological progression. This study concludes by recommending greater recognition of the importance of news agencies and more scholarly examination of them, as studies on them appear scarce compared to those on other media branches, such as newspapers, the electronic media and the Internet. More studies into the development of both mainstream and alternative news agencies would pave the way for a better understanding of how they function and could provide clues as to how they might be able to better sustain themselves as more diverse entities for the benefit of the public discourse. Through the above, this dissertation seeks to contribute, in a small way, to rectifying a knowledge disparity regarding a key component of the mass media, namely the news agency.

Objeto - Aliar a prática acadêmica à produção de conteúdo jornalístico segmentado, permitindo, especialmente, à Imprensa e, conseqüentemente, ao público em geral ter acesso aos textos elaborados por estudantes de Jornalismo. Desta forma, procura-se unir a elaboração de material qualificado com o estímulo ao aprendizado discente, utilizando-se as agências universitárias de notícias como modelos laboratoriais para esta finalidade, tendo as novas tecnologias um papel importante na expansão desta atividade nos cursos de Jornalismo do País. Metas - Identificar a importância da existência das agências universitárias de notícias para o aprimoramento acadêmico do aluno e seu papel como agente no processo de divulgação de informações jornalísticas à sociedade. Resultados - A escolha de três universidades de regiões geográficas distintas e a importância particular, em especial em relação a outros veículos laboratoriais, em razão da sua atuação social e agilidade, revelam a potencialidade desta atividade acadêmica que pode ser implementada em qualquer tipo de instituição, seja pública ou privada. / Object - Join the academic practice and the production of segmented journalistic content, allowing, especially, the Press and, consequently, the public to have access to the texts elaborated in general by students of Journalism. In this way, it is tried to unite the elaboration of qualified material to the incentive given to students in order to learn, taking advantage of the academic news agencies as laboratorial models for this purpose, with the new technologies playing an important part in the expansion of this activity through the courses of Journalism in the Country. Goals - Identify the importance of the academic news agencies for the student\'s academic development and its role as agent in the process of divulging journalistic information to the society. Results - The choosing of three universities from different geographical areas and the particular importance, especially in relation to other laboratorial vehicles, because of their social performance and agility, reveals the potentiality of this academic activity that can be implemented in any kind of institution, public or private.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-03-30T17:27:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Hebe Maria Gonçalves de Oliveira.pdf: 4216361 bytes, checksum: ad83785d1e4d427442c3385e5a2232d8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-30T17:27:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hebe Maria Gonçalves de Oliveira.pdf: 4216361 bytes, checksum: ad83785d1e4d427442c3385e5a2232d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-23 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta pesquisa consiste no estudo de caso múltiplo das rotinas produtivas das três agências de notícias nacionais ? Estado, Folhapress e O Globo ? que integram os três principais conglomerados da mídia brasileira. Sob a perspectiva da sociologia das redações, a pesquisa tem como aporte teórico os estudos sobre gatekeeping e newsmaking. A tese mostra os procedimentos de distribuição de materiais jornalísticos destes serviços noticiosos, sob a lógica de aproveitamento de conteúdos produzidos no interior dos respectivos grupos de comunicação. Isto é, identifica como as agências nacionais operam com as notícias exclusivas dos principais jornais de seus respectivos grupos ? Estado de S.Paulo, Folha de S.Paulo e O Globo, produtores dos conteúdos que são disponibilizados pelos serviços noticiosos a centenas de veí¬culos assinantes. Do cruzamento de conteúdos publicados pelos três jornais com os distribuídos pelas respectivas agências, constatou-se a expressiva distribuição de conteúdos exclusivos das edições diárias desses periódicos pelos seus serviços noticiosos. Como consequência, a prática predominante nesses conglomerados contribui para a presença de mesmos temas/assuntos no jornalismo brasileiro, considerando que centenas de veículos sediados em diferentes regiões brasileiras reproduzem o noticiário desses três principais jornais do eixo Rio-São Paulo. Assim, a tese apresenta ainda um retrato da presença e atuação das agências em dez jornais regionais localizados em dez principais capitais brasileiras, reproduzindo um funil midiático com oferta de temas e abordagens jornalísticas construídos por três maiores grupos de mídia do País. / This research consists of multiple case studies on the production process of the National news agencies ? Estado, Folhapress e O Globo ? which integrate the three main Brazilian media conglomerates. From the perspective of the sociology of the newsroom, the research is based on gatekeeping and newsmaking theories. This thesis presents the procedures of the distribution of journalistic contents of news services and the logic behind the dissemination of news within these organizations. That is, it identifies how National news agencies handle exclusive reports printed in main newspapers of their respective groups ? Estado de S.Paulo, Folha de S.Paulo e O Globo, makers of the contents offered by news agencies to hundreds of media subscribers. By cross-referencing journalistic contents printed in the three newspapers, with those offered by respective agencies, it found the expressive distribution of exclusive contents published on these papers day to day through their report services. As a consequence, this predominant practice contributes to presence of same themes and subjects in Brazilian journalism, considering that hundreds of media subscribers of agencies in different Brazilian regions run the same stories printed in the main newspapers located in Rio-São Paulo. Thus, this thesis stills presents a picture of presence and action among news agencies in ten regional newspapers located in ten main Brazilian capitals, reproducing a medium funnel that offers themes and framings made by the three media giants of Country.

By virtue of their broadcast licenses, local television stations in the United States are bound to serve in the public interest of their community audiences. As federal regulations of those stations loosen and fewer owners increase their holdings across the country, however, local community needs are subjugated by corporate fiduciary responsibilities. Business practices reveal rampant consolidation of ownership, newsroom job description convergence, skilled human labor replaced by computer automation, and economically-driven downsizings, all in the name of profit. Even so, the people laboring under these conditions are expected to keep their communities informed with democracy- and citizenship-enhancing information. This study uses a critical political economy framework to focus on the labor aspects of working in commercially-run local television newsrooms in the United States. Surveys and interviews with news workers from the 25 largest local television markets highlight the daily challenges of navigating the dichotomy of labor in the space between corporate profiteering and public enlightenment. In addition to their more well-known and well-studied on-air reporter and anchor peers, "behind the scenes" workers and those with newly converged job descriptions also share their news work stories, thus filling a gap in the literature. Corporate capital incentives affect all who gather and disseminate the news. While all of these workers generally strive for high journalistic quality, the pressures of increased workloads and constant deadlines imposed by shrinking news staffs and growing digital media expectations mean journalists have to make craft work compromises in the race to report news faster and first. Owners push experienced news veterans with deep community connections out in favor of younger, cheaper, more tech-savvy workers. Financially beneficial content trumps deep policy investigations. These outcomes not only worry those in the journalistic trenches of local television news, but also potentially deprive the public of the information they seek from these outlets. As local television newsrooms remain the most popular sources of information for Americans, particularly in times of crisis, such outcomes are not in the community's best interest.

<p><p>We have inquired into how the amount of foreign news has changed over the last 30 years in two major Swedish newspapers, which subjects and regions has dominated the content of the foreign news and what subjects dominate the reporting from certain regions. This was done with a quantitative analysis of subjects and regions written about in 1100 news texts during a week in each year of 1978, 1988, 1998 and 2008. To further broaden our study, we also charted with the analysis how the newspapers domesticate foreign news and how they use international news agencies. As a basis for our discussion we use Van Ginnekens theories of world news centres, Westerståhl & Johanssons and Galtung & Ruges theories of foreign news selection as well as the theories of Hjarvard and Biltereyst about the domestication of foreign news due to commercial pressures and objectives on the newspapers. Our result of the amount of foreign news in the two newspapers is also compared to several similar empirical studies by different researchers. The study shows that the amount of foreign news is dropping in swedish media, although not as fast-paced as many researchers claim they do in other countries. In Dagens Nyheter there is just marginal difference while the decreasing amount of news can be seen more clearly in Aftonbladet. The amount of news texts is not reducing, more the size of them shrinks. The study also shows that news about Europe and the USA dominates the foreign news in the newspapers and averagely less than a half of the foreign news is left for the rest of the world. Africa, the Middle East and places that are more culturally and geographically distant are more often presented with tragic, hard news, often about war and conflict. While the happy and soft news is more likely to be about the western culturally similar regions. The purpose of our study was to find out which subjects and places in the world are most written about in the newspapers and with what subjects the papers present certain places in the world. The study can be used as necessary data for further study into why the amount of foreign news is shrinking and why certain places and subjects occur more often in the newspapers.</p></p>