Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1973. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Magister Institutionis Agrariae (Animal Production))-University of Pretoria, 2005. / Abstract in English. Includes bibliography. Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The concern of the study of phonetics and phonology is the speech sounds of languages. Phonetics is concerned with the description and the classification of speech sounds. Phonology, on the other hand is responsible for the sound patterns of speech sounds in a given language namely, the sound inventory, permissible sequences and how the sounds change in different circumstances. This study examines and evaluates the manner in which phonetic-phonological information is applied in South African dictionaries with particular reference to Nguni dictionaries. Dictionaries are regarded as authoritative linguistic tools, therefore, the phonetic-phonological aspects of the language is one of the important information categories that is included in dictionaries. A word as the linguistic unit consists of speech sounds which are in turn regarded as phonological units as well as phonetic entities. The phonetic-phonological signification of the lexical unit in the dictionary entry plays a role in access to facilitating the spoken form of the language recorded. This critical analysis and evaluation of Nguni dictionaries reflects on the current approaches pertaining to the presentation of both segmental and suprasegmental features of speech sound. Secondly, it also demonstrates the types of pronunciation information that is lexicographically relevant for the thorough treatment of the lemma. Although phonetic-phonological information is almost the prevalent feature of all dictionary types, there are problems encountered during its presentation. In the evaluation of Nguni dictionaries the treatment of pronunciation information is coupled with inadequacies and inconsistencies. This is due to the lack of lexicographic planning and the sound application of lexicographic principles. It is evident from the investigation that pronunciation information remains the essential component of the dictionary entry. The inclusion of phonetic-phonological information requires lexicographic planning that is actually based on linguistic theories that are primarily aimed at practical lexicography. The general guidelines that are presented in this study compel lexicographers to introduce innovative methods when handling pronunciation. The proposed approaches in future dictionaries will enhance the accessibility of information when harmonised. It is concluded that lexicographical products in the multilingual South Africa should begin to document the spoken form of various languages for the general record of the sounds of the language and also for pedagogic purposes. A good phonological and phonetic description of the official languages is also pertinent especially in the design stage of the dictionary. The lexicographic approaches followed in the treatment of any linguistic information should based on the (a) functional criteria of the dictionary compiled and (b) also on the prospective user's skills. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Fonetiek en fonologie is die studie van die spraakklanke van tale. Fonetiek sien om na die beskrywing en klassifikasie van spraakklanke. Fonologie daarenteen is verantwoordelik vir die klankpatrone van spraakklanke in 'n gegewe taal nl. die klankinventaris, die toelaatbare sekwensies en hoe die klanke omvorm word in wisselende omstandighede, dit wil se die fonologiese proses. Hierdie studie ondersoek die manier waarop foneties-fonologiese inligting in Suid-Afrikaanse woordeboeke, veral die van die Nguni-tale, vergestalt word. Woordeboeke word gesien as gesaghebbende linguistiese werktuie en die foneties-fonologiese aspekte van taal kom as 'n vername informasiekategorie daarin voor. Die woord as linguistiese eenheid bestaan uit spraakklanke wat op hul beurt beide as fonologiese eenhede sowel as fonetiese entiteite beskou word. Die foneties-fonologiese komponent van die leksikale eenheid speel 'n betekenisvolle rol in die toegang tot die gesproke vorm van die opgetekende taal. Die kritiese analise en evaluasie van Nguni-woordeboeke oorweeg die huidige benaderings wat betrekking het op die aanbieding van beide segmentele en suprasegmentele kenmerke van spraakklanke. Tweedens toon dit ook die tipes uitspraakinformasie wat leksikografies relevant is vir die deeglike uiteensetting van die inligting. Alhoewel foneties-fonologiese inligting die mees algemene verskynsel in alle woordeboektipes is, is daar nietemin probleme met die aanbieding daarvan. Uit die evaluasie van Nguni woordeboeke blyk dit dat ontoereikendhede en inkonsekwensies voorkom. Dit is toe te skryf aan die gebrek aan leksikografiese beplanning en die tekort aan deeglike toepassing van leksikografiese beginsels. Dit blyk uit die ondersoek dat uitspraakinformasie 'n essensiele komponent van die woordeboekinskrywing bly. Die insluiting van foneties-fonologiese inligting verg leksikografiese beplanning wat gebaseer is op 'n linguistiese teorie primer gefokus op praktiese leksikografie. Die algemene riglyne wat in hierdie studie aangebied word dwing leksikograwe om innoverende maatreels toe te pas by die hantering van uitspraak. Die voorgestelde benaderings vir woordeboeke van die toekoms sal die toeganklikheid tot hul inhoud verhoog indien die benaderings harmonieer word. Die slotsom is dat leksikografiese produkte in die veeltalige Suid-Afrika die gesproke vorm van die verskillende tale moet dokumenteer beide as 'n algemene rekord en ook vir pedagogiese doeleindes. 'n Goeie fonologiese en fonetiese beskrywing van die amptelike tale is ook van belang veral in die ontwerpstadium van die woordeboek. Die leksikogafiese benaderings wat gevolg word in die behandeling van enige linguistiese informasie moet gegrond wees op (a) funksionele kriteria van die saamgestelde woordeboek en (b) ook op die vaardighede van die voorgestelde gebruiker.

AC2017

This research work has several aims, demanded by a number of external and internal factors. First of all, it aims to identify Lala: whether it is simply a dialect of Tekela- Nguni, or perhaps the substratum Bantu language spoken in the eastern parts of Southern Africa since the fourth century of the first millennium A.D. on which every new migratory wave imposed its language (chapters one and two). The lexical-statistical method has been attempted (chapter three), but with mixed results. In fact, relexification is widely used in southern African societies, and this renders the identification of the core vocabulary a very difficult task. The result is that all that can be said is that Lala indeed shows the characteristics of a Tekela-Nguni language, but it is impossible to determine at this stage whether Lala is the mother or the daughter of Tekela. Another important aim, dictated by an earlier research by Wilkes (1981 ), was to compare the two main branches of Lala, called North and South Lala, to prove whether the differences between the two dialects are so wide as to justify a division into two separate entities or not. Here the verdict is emphatically negative. In fact the various stages of the research abundantly re-affirm the view that Lala is one language, with only marginal differences caused by the different linguistic environments: Zulu in the north and IsiZansi in the south. African societies in this part of the world have affirmed themselves in the realm of the written word only recently, i.e. during the last 150 years or so. The background culture of these societies is still vigorously oral, and this means that the spoken word is used for much more than simple communication of thought and feeling. Language is felt as the major binding element in a society that has seen constant political break-ups, upheavals, migrations, wars, attempted exterminations. This means that Lala, as a language or the dominant dialect of a group, is banded about as a cultural-historical flag around which people are proud to gather. This sense of unity is an emotion, a feeling, rather than a deep reality. The colours of the flag, or the distinguishing elements of the language, may be fading away, and only a core might be preserved. But this is quite enough to kindle emotions and to rally people. At least in areas where people are still proud of their cultural heritage. hnicity and language should not be the same, but most of the people interviewed (cf chapter two) felt very strongly that they were Lalas because they spoke Lala; and that they spoke Lala because they are Lalas. Their either glorious or sad histories are recorded in chapter two to demonstrate how Shaka's wars, and the Mfecane, forced them to leave their homeland and to migrate. The trauma of this latest migration is still felt so strongly that it is often superimposed and confused with the great migrations from Central and Western Africa that took place in mythological times, or very long ago. But through their histories, they keep alive their memories and the certainty of the unity of the Lala nation, even though it is now spread from Kranskop to Harding and IZingolweni. Chapter four examines the phonetics and phonology of the two Lala dialects in the context of Swati and Zulu. Lala is a Tekela dialect indeed, but with its own phonetic and phonological peculiarities. The same can be said with regard to the research exposed in chapter five, on the morphology of Lala compared to Swati and Zulu. The grammatical system among the three languages is extremely similar, and there is hardly any substantial difference between North and South Lala. This can also be said with regard to tonology (chapter six) The last chapter reflects on what has been achieved. The ancient Lala language, about which James Stuart stated in the 1920's that it was nearly extinct, is proving very strong and resilient. Possibly the very dynamism experienced in its ability to adapt to the colonial languages and the new material culture by assimilating many foreign lexical items, and that South Lala has adopted many words from IsiZansi, is proof that Lala has got a life of its own that cannot be taken for granted, nor extinguished. The more one is able to study the local languages, the more one dusts up some ancient treasure that needs to be admired and constantly re-valued. The functional word here is 'treasure': because all languages, as carriers of culture, are a treasure that together form the mosaic of our beautiful "Rainbow Nation". / African Languages / D.Litt et Phil.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The broad objective of this study was to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers associated with tick resistance in South African Nguni cattle and it was addressed by three specific objectives. The first objective was to assess tick load and prevalence in Nguni cattle in different agro-climatic regions of South Africa using tick count data collected monthly from 586 Nguni cattle reared under natural grazing conditions, over two years. Tick counts were assessed under natural challenge at ARC Roodeplaat and Loskop farms (warm climate), and Mukhuthali Nguni Community and University of Fort Hare farms (cool climate). The second objective was to estimate genetic parameters for tick counts in Nguni cattle. The third objective was to identify SNPs associated with tick resistance in Nguni cattle. Counts for each tick species were conducted on each animal in the herd once a month on different body locations, including the head, ears, neck, back, legs, belly, perineum and tail. Distribution of counts was determined using the PROC FREQ (SAS, 2002 - 2010). The tick counts were then analysed with the PROC GLM procedure using the two fixed effect models. Genetic parameters for log-transformed counts were estimated from univariate animal and sire models and bivariate sire models using the ASREML program. Animals were genotyped using Illumina BovineSNP50K assay. After Quality Control (call rate >90%, minor allele frequency > 0.02), 40 436 SNPs were retained for analysis. Association analysis for tick resistance was carried out using two approaches: genome-wide association (GWA) analysis using the GenABEL package and a Regional Heritability Mapping (RHM) analysis. Six tick species were identified: Amblyomma hebraeum (42%), Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (22%), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) spp. (16%), Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (11%), Hyalomma marginatum (5%) and Rhipicephalus simus (4%). Tick infestation was significantly affected by location, season, year, month of counting and age of the animal. Loskop farm, as the warmest location, had the highest tick counts and also showed the largest variation in tick loads. Higher tick counts were also observed in the hot-dry (September to November) and hot-wet (December to February) seasons compared to the other seasons. Amblyomma hebraeum was the dominant tick species across all four locations. Heritability estimates for tick count varied according to season and trait (body part or tick species) and ranged from 0.01±0.01 to 0.26±0.01. Genetic correlations ranged from -0.79±0.33 to 1.00±0.00 among counts for different body parts and 0.00±0.00 to 0.99±0.00 among tick species. Phenotypic correlations ranged from 0.06±0.01 to 0.72±0.01 among body parts and 0.01±0.02 to 0.44±0.01 for tick species. Whole body count was highly correlated to the perineum and the belly. These two traits appear to be the most suitable surrogates for whole body count. Several genomic regions of interest were identified for different traits by both the GWA and RHM approaches. Three genome-wide significant regions on chromosomes 7, 10 and 19 were identified for total tick count on the head, total A. hebraeum ticks and for total number of A. hebraeum in the perineum region. Suggestive significant regions were identified on chromosomes 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19 and 26 for several of the tick traits analysed. The GWA approach identified more genomic regions than did the RHM approach. These findings provide information that would be useful in developing strategies for genetic improvement of tick resistance through selection. The chromosome regions identified as harbouring quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying variation in tick burden form the basis for further analyses to identify specific candidate genes related to cattle tick resistance and provide the potential for marker-assisted selection in Nguni. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om enkel nukleotied polimorfismes (ENPs) merkers te identifiseer wat verwant is aan bosluisweerstand in Suid-Afrikaanse Nguni beeste; dit is aangespreek deur drie doelwitte. Die eerste doelwit was om bosluislading en -voorkoms van bosluise in Nguni beeste in verskillende landbou-klimaatstreke van Suid-Afrika te bepaal deur die gebruik van bosluistelling data wat maandeliks van 586 Nguni beeste, grootgemaak op natuurlike weiding, oor 'n tydperk van twee jaar versamel was. Die tweede doelwit van die studie, was om die genetiese parameters te bepaal vir die bosluistellings in die Nguni beesras. Om hierdie doelwit aan te spreek, is vier verskillende datastelle onderskei in die bosluistelling data wat oor die twee jaar periode versamel was. Genetiese parameters is derhalwe beraam vir die telling van bosluise om sodoende die beste seisoen te identifiseer vir die insameling van bosluistelling data om ten einde strategieë te ontwikkel vir die genetiese seleksie vir vehoogde weerstand teen bosluise. Die derde doelwit was om ENP streke te identifiseer wat verband hou met bosluisweerstand in Nguni beeste. Verskillende bosluisspesies was getel op elke dier in die kudde een keer per maand op verskillende plekke op die liggaam, insluitend die kop, ore, nek, rug, bene, maag, perineum en stert. Bosluistelling data is ontleed met behulp van die SAS program om bosluislading variasie te bepaal. Genetiese parameter skattings vir log getransformeerde bosluistellings data was bereken vanaf twee-veranderlike vaar modelle en een-veranderlike dier- en vaar modelle met behulp van die ASREML program. Om ‘n genomiese wye assosiasie studie (GWAS) uit te voer, is DNS geïsoleer en genotipering gedoen met behulp van die Illumina BovineSNP50K toets. Na kwaliteit kontrole (oproep frekwensie>90%, klein alleelfrekwensie>0.02) is 40.436 ENPs behou vir ontleding. Assosiasie analise vir bosluisweerstand is uitgevoer met behulp twee benaderings, d.i. 'n genoom-wye assosiasie (GWA) analise met behulp van die GenABEL pakket en 'n plaaslike oorerflikheid karterings (POK) analise. Ses bosluisspesies is geïdentifiseer, d.i. Amblyomma hebraeum (42%), Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (22%), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) spp. (16%), Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (11%), Hyalomma marginatum (5%) en Rhipicephalus simus (4%). Bosluis besmetting was beduidend beïnvloed deur die plek, seisoen, jaar, maand tel en ouderdom van die dier. Loskop plaas het die warmste weer ervaar en het die hoogste bosluis tellings en ook die grootste variasie in bosluislading gehad. Hoër bosluistellings is ook waargeneem in die warm droë (September tot November) en warm nat (Desember-Februarie) seisoene in vergelyking met die ander seisoene. Amblyomma hebraeum is geïdentifiseer as die mees dominante bosluisspesies oor al vier lokaliteite. Die voorkeur aanhegtingsarea vir die bosluise was onder die stert, perineum en maag areas op die liggaam. Die oorerflikheid beraming vir bosluistelling, soos beïnvloed deur die seisoen en eienskap (d.i. deel van die liggaam of bosluisspesies), het gewissel van 0.01±0.01 tot 0.26±0.01. Genetiese korrelasies het gewissel van -0.79±0.33 tot 1.04±0.01 vir bosluistellings op verskillende liggaamsdele en tussen 0.00±0.00 en 0.99±0.19 vir bosluisspesies. Fenotipiese korrelasies was laag tot matig en het gewissel van 0.06±0.01 tot 0.72±0.01 vir liggaamsdele en 0.01±0.02 to 0.44±0.01 vir bosluisspesies. Die datastel D wat September-Januarie bosluistellings bevat het die hoogste genetiese variasie aangedui. Heel liggaam bosluistellings was hoogs gekorreleerd met bosluistellings rondom die perineum en maag. Hierdie twee lokaliteite blyk die mees geskikte plaasvervanger vir die heel liggaam bosluistelling te wees. Verskeie genoom gebiede van belang is geïdentifiseer vir die verskillende eienskappe van beide die GWA en RHM benaderings. Drie genoom-wye beduidende streke (op chromosome 7, 10 en 19) is geïdentifiseer vir die totale bosluistelling op die kop, totale A. hebraeum bosluise en vir die totale aantal A. hebraeum in die perineum streek. Aanbevelende beduidende streke is geïdentifiseer op chromosome 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19 en 26 vir 'n paar van die bosluis eienskappe wat ontleed was. Die GWA benadering identifiseer meer genoom gebiede as die POK benadering. Hierdie bevindinge bied nuttige inligting vir die ontwikkeling van strategieë vir die genetiese verbetering van bosluisweerstand deur seleksie. Die chromosome streke hier geïdentifiseer is skuiling kwantitatiewe eienskap loki (KEL) vir die onderliggende variasie in bosluislading en vorm die basis vir verdere ontledings vir spesifieke kandidaat gene te identifiseer wat verband hou met die vee bosluisweerstand en bied die potensiaal vir merkerbemiddelde seleksie in Nguni.

A cultura de um povo ou qualquer sociedade humana nunca é estática, pois está sempre sujeita a mudanças, fruto de influências endógenas e exógenas. Partindo desta premissa, pretendemos nesta tese analisar os processos de mudanças socioculturais ocorridos entre os nyungwe, a partir de fatores e contatos externos, ou seja, exógenos. Entre esses, elegemos apenas quatro que julgamos mais significativos, a saber, o sistema dos prazos, a invasão dos Nguni no vale de Zambeze, a guerra colonial e a guerra civil pósindependência. Partimos da hipótese de que em qualquer situação de contato entre culturas diferentes, produzem-se dois fenômenos que ora se conflitam, ora dialogam: a resistência e a ruptura. A resistência resultaria na continuidade da cultura tradicional de um povo, enquanto a ruptura resultaria na interpretação assimilativa dos aportes culturais estranhos. Em ambas as situações, a identidade dos nyungwe, enquanto categoria de autodefinição e heterodefinição, se manteve. / The culture of any human society is never static, for it\'s always subjected to changes as a result of exogenous and endogenous influences. Starting from these premises, we intend to analyze the socio-cultural changes that took place among nyungwe from external factors and contacts. Between these factors we elected only four which we found more significant. The prazos system, the nguni invasion in Zambezi valley, the colonial war as well as post independence civil war. We started from the hypothesis that in any situation of contacts between different cultures, this situation produces two phenomena that sometime get in conflict themselves, or get in dialogue: the resistance and the rupture. The resistance results from the people traditional continuity culture, while the rupture results from the assimilative interpretation of strange cultural elements. In both situation the identity of nyungwe people as self-definition category and hetero-definition remains.

This research work has several aims, demanded by a number of external and internal factors. First of all, it aims to identify Lala: whether it is simply a dialect of Tekela- Nguni, or perhaps the substratum Bantu language spoken in the eastern parts of Southern Africa since the fourth century of the first millennium A.D. on which every new migratory wave imposed its language (chapters one and two). The lexical-statistical method has been attempted (chapter three), but with mixed results. In fact, relexification is widely used in southern African societies, and this renders the identification of the core vocabulary a very difficult task. The result is that all that can be said is that Lala indeed shows the characteristics of a Tekela-Nguni language, but it is impossible to determine at this stage whether Lala is the mother or the daughter of Tekela. Another important aim, dictated by an earlier research by Wilkes (1981 ), was to compare the two main branches of Lala, called North and South Lala, to prove whether the differences between the two dialects are so wide as to justify a division into two separate entities or not. Here the verdict is emphatically negative. In fact the various stages of the research abundantly re-affirm the view that Lala is one language, with only marginal differences caused by the different linguistic environments: Zulu in the north and IsiZansi in the south. African societies in this part of the world have affirmed themselves in the realm of the written word only recently, i.e. during the last 150 years or so. The background culture of these societies is still vigorously oral, and this means that the spoken word is used for much more than simple communication of thought and feeling. Language is felt as the major binding element in a society that has seen constant political break-ups, upheavals, migrations, wars, attempted exterminations. This means that Lala, as a language or the dominant dialect of a group, is banded about as a cultural-historical flag around which people are proud to gather. This sense of unity is an emotion, a feeling, rather than a deep reality. The colours of the flag, or the distinguishing elements of the language, may be fading away, and only a core might be preserved. But this is quite enough to kindle emotions and to rally people. At least in areas where people are still proud of their cultural heritage. hnicity and language should not be the same, but most of the people interviewed (cf chapter two) felt very strongly that they were Lalas because they spoke Lala; and that they spoke Lala because they are Lalas. Their either glorious or sad histories are recorded in chapter two to demonstrate how Shaka's wars, and the Mfecane, forced them to leave their homeland and to migrate. The trauma of this latest migration is still felt so strongly that it is often superimposed and confused with the great migrations from Central and Western Africa that took place in mythological times, or very long ago. But through their histories, they keep alive their memories and the certainty of the unity of the Lala nation, even though it is now spread from Kranskop to Harding and IZingolweni. Chapter four examines the phonetics and phonology of the two Lala dialects in the context of Swati and Zulu. Lala is a Tekela dialect indeed, but with its own phonetic and phonological peculiarities. The same can be said with regard to the research exposed in chapter five, on the morphology of Lala compared to Swati and Zulu. The grammatical system among the three languages is extremely similar, and there is hardly any substantial difference between North and South Lala. This can also be said with regard to tonology (chapter six) The last chapter reflects on what has been achieved. The ancient Lala language, about which James Stuart stated in the 1920's that it was nearly extinct, is proving very strong and resilient. Possibly the very dynamism experienced in its ability to adapt to the colonial languages and the new material culture by assimilating many foreign lexical items, and that South Lala has adopted many words from IsiZansi, is proof that Lala has got a life of its own that cannot be taken for granted, nor extinguished. The more one is able to study the local languages, the more one dusts up some ancient treasure that needs to be admired and constantly re-valued. The functional word here is 'treasure': because all languages, as carriers of culture, are a treasure that together form the mosaic of our beautiful "Rainbow Nation". / African Languages / D.Litt et Phil.

A cultura de um povo ou qualquer sociedade humana nunca é estática, pois está sempre sujeita a mudanças, fruto de influências endógenas e exógenas. Partindo desta premissa, pretendemos nesta tese analisar os processos de mudanças socioculturais ocorridos entre os nyungwe, a partir de fatores e contatos externos, ou seja, exógenos. Entre esses, elegemos apenas quatro que julgamos mais significativos, a saber, o sistema dos prazos, a invasão dos Nguni no vale de Zambeze, a guerra colonial e a guerra civil pósindependência. Partimos da hipótese de que em qualquer situação de contato entre culturas diferentes, produzem-se dois fenômenos que ora se conflitam, ora dialogam: a resistência e a ruptura. A resistência resultaria na continuidade da cultura tradicional de um povo, enquanto a ruptura resultaria na interpretação assimilativa dos aportes culturais estranhos. Em ambas as situações, a identidade dos nyungwe, enquanto categoria de autodefinição e heterodefinição, se manteve. / The culture of any human society is never static, for it\'s always subjected to changes as a result of exogenous and endogenous influences. Starting from these premises, we intend to analyze the socio-cultural changes that took place among nyungwe from external factors and contacts. Between these factors we elected only four which we found more significant. The prazos system, the nguni invasion in Zambezi valley, the colonial war as well as post independence civil war. We started from the hypothesis that in any situation of contacts between different cultures, this situation produces two phenomena that sometime get in conflict themselves, or get in dialogue: the resistance and the rupture. The resistance results from the people traditional continuity culture, while the rupture results from the assimilative interpretation of strange cultural elements. In both situation the identity of nyungwe people as self-definition category and hetero-definition remains.

Text in English / This study is a reflection on the culture and social life of Nguni women. The research is the interpretation and representation of how the Nguni culture and social values emerge as source of identity not a simple act of conformity. The manifestation of cultural values is presented through a body of artworks. The artworks seek to expose the complex nature of deep social bonds. These bonds are responsible for the creation of the ultimate value of aesthetic experience within a social and ethical context. The analysis addresses the significance and symbolic nature of traditional wedding rituals in relation to conformity and social identity. Various concepts and themes are discussed to ascertain how participating in these social and cultural performances helps individuals to pursue their own understanding and meaning of their experience within their lived environment. The main question this study addresses is how women make sense of their experience as mothers, wives, members of society and individuals. It is the study of cultural and social phenomena; their nature and meanings, and the focus is on the interpretation of the phenomena in terms of their individual experiences and how they relate lived experience to their identities. This is done by acknowledging the essence of meaningful nature of experiences that lead participating individuals into conformity and submission. Sculptural installation and performance are used to describe concepts in the production of visual presentation of this research. The visual installation in this research provides the symbolic meaning of nature of aesthetic experience which influences individual to connect with the society and thus creating impression of conformity. The reflection on cultural and social experience highlights the dilemma of containing conformity to an act of coercion while leaving the issue of human perception and understanding of value in relation to the experience of the body unattended. A phenomenological approach to this study has helped to address art installation as a stylistic phenomenon that is created and experienced visually in order to represents a relationship between artist and society. / Art History, Visual Arts and Musicology / M.A. (Visual Arts)