Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-03-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:53:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 tararam_r_me_araiq.pdf: 1730891 bytes, checksum: ae415d1de03e08c423ebccb45cb7d2f1 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo deste projeto está na obtenção de compósitos metal-cerâmica e no estudo da influência de alguns aditivos na matriz mesoporosa obtida. A proposta utiliza o método dos precursores poliméricos para obter a matriz mesoporosa de SiO2-carbono impregnada com Ni. Esta metodologia é uma rota direta que dispensa as etapas mais complicadas e custosas de impregnação e redução das partículas metálicas. A influência na morfologia da matriz suporte foi observada inserindo nióbio e titânio na formação da matriz inorgânica. O processo de pirólise do precursor polimérico foi investigado através da inserção de potássio e estrôncio. A utilização adequada das técnicas de caracterização permitiu compreender a influência dos aditivos na microestrutura dos nanocompósitos, alterando sua distribuição no tamanho de poros, nucleação, dispersão e crescimento das partículas de níquel, além da estabilidade térmica e retenção da matéria orgânica. Análises da composição através de espectros de emissão secundária de raios X ajudaram também a obter informações sobre as nanopartículas de níquel e dos aditivos. Conclusivamente, a metodologia utilizada permitiu a obtenção direta de compósitos mesoporosos, merecendo atenção especial o compósito contendo potássio, que apresentou baixa microporosidade, alta dispersão das nanopartículas de Ni na matriz amorfa, além de boa estabilidade térmica, características estas, bem promissoras para aplicação em processos catalíticos em altas temperaturas, como a reforma de metano. / The aim of this project is the obtaining of metal-ceramic composites and at studying the influence of additives in the obtained mesoporous matrix. The polymeric precursor method was used to obtain the mesoporous matrix of SiO2 carbon embedded with Ni. This methodology is a direct route and does not require complicated and expensive stages of impregnation and reduction of metallic particles. The influence on morphology of the support matrix was observed inserting niobium and titanium in the formation of inorganic matrix. The pyrolysis process of the polymeric precursor was investigated through the insertion of potassium and strontium in the polymeric resin. The adequate use of characterization techniques allows comprehending the influence of additives on nanocomposites microstructure, changing their pore size distribution, nucleation, dispersion and growth of nickel particles, besides thermal stabilization and retention of organic mater. Analysis of composition by means of X-ray secondary emission spectra also aid to get information about nickel and additives nanoparticles. Conclusively, the methodology used permitted the direct obtaining of mesoporous composites, with special attention to the composites with potassium, which presented low microporosity, high dispertion of Ni nanoparticles in the amorphous matrix, as well as good thermal stability, features so promising for application in high temperature catalytic processes, such as methane reform.

Resumo: O objetivo deste projeto está na obtenção de compósitos metal-cerâmica e no estudo da influência de alguns aditivos na matriz mesoporosa obtida. A proposta utiliza o método dos precursores poliméricos para obter a matriz mesoporosa de SiO2-carbono impregnada com Ni. Esta metodologia é uma rota direta que dispensa as etapas mais complicadas e custosas de impregnação e redução das partículas metálicas. A influência na morfologia da matriz suporte foi observada inserindo nióbio e titânio na formação da matriz inorgânica. O processo de pirólise do precursor polimérico foi investigado através da inserção de potássio e estrôncio. A utilização adequada das técnicas de caracterização permitiu compreender a influência dos aditivos na microestrutura dos nanocompósitos, alterando sua distribuição no tamanho de poros, nucleação, dispersão e crescimento das partículas de níquel, além da estabilidade térmica e retenção da matéria orgânica. Análises da composição através de espectros de emissão secundária de raios X ajudaram também a obter informações sobre as nanopartículas de níquel e dos aditivos. Conclusivamente, a metodologia utilizada permitiu a obtenção direta de compósitos mesoporosos, merecendo atenção especial o compósito contendo potássio, que apresentou baixa microporosidade, alta dispersão das nanopartículas de Ni na matriz amorfa, além de boa estabilidade térmica, características estas, bem promissoras para aplicação em processos catalíticos em altas temperaturas, como a reforma de metano. / Abstract: The aim of this project is the obtaining of metal-ceramic composites and at studying the influence of additives in the obtained mesoporous matrix. The polymeric precursor method was used to obtain the mesoporous matrix of SiO2 carbon embedded with Ni. This methodology is a direct route and does not require complicated and expensive stages of impregnation and reduction of metallic particles. The influence on morphology of the support matrix was observed inserting niobium and titanium in the formation of inorganic matrix. The pyrolysis process of the polymeric precursor was investigated through the insertion of potassium and strontium in the polymeric resin. The adequate use of characterization techniques allows comprehending the influence of additives on nanocomposites microstructure, changing their pore size distribution, nucleation, dispersion and growth of nickel particles, besides thermal stabilization and retention of organic mater. Analysis of composition by means of X-ray secondary emission spectra also aid to get information about nickel and additives nanoparticles. Conclusively, the methodology used permitted the direct obtaining of mesoporous composites, with special attention to the composites with potassium, which presented low microporosity, high dispertion of Ni nanoparticles in the amorphous matrix, as well as good thermal stability, features so promising for application in high temperature catalytic processes, such as methane reform. / Orientador: José Arana Varela / Coorientador: Alberto Adriano Cavalheiro / Banca: Elizabeth Berwerth Stucchi / Banca: Ronaldo Censi Faria / Mestre

Malgré ses avantages économiques et environnementaux, le procédé de reformage à sec du méthane sur des catalyseurs au nickel supporté se heurte encore à des problèmes de frittage de la phase active (un métal de transition) et de dépôt de carbone, ce qui entraîne une diminution de l'activité catalytique. Cette thèse porte sur l'étude de l'effet de confinement du nickel dans des catalyseurs à base de silice mésoporeuse pour la production de gaz de synthèse par reformage du méthane par le CO2. Dans cette étude, les échantillons ont été caractérisés par physisorption de N2, DRX, MET/MEB, RTP, et, en plus, par Raman, SPX, HTP/SM, ATG/SM pour les catalyseurs après test catalytique. Les résultats montrent qu'un support mésoporeux bien structuré ayant une grande surface spécifique et un grand volume poreux est important pour une meilleure dispersion et stabilisation de la phase active à l'intérieur de la porosité. La silice mésoporeuse de SBA-15 (préparée en grande quantité), composée de grains allongés, semble être appropriée pour atteindre cet objectif. Il est de plus démontré que la formation de petites particules bien confinées à l'intérieur des pores favorise la résistance au dépôt de carbone. Ceci peut être obtenu en imposant un traitement hydrothermal au support, en utilisant la méthode deux solvants pour le dépôt de Ni, en passant à une réduction directe des échantillons non calcinés, en ajoutant du Rh en faibles quantités ou en utilisant du Ce comme promoteur, à condition que le Ni et Ce soient en interaction. / Although economically and environmentally advantageous, the methane dry reforming process using supported nickel based catalysts still faces problems of active phase (a transition metal) sintering and of carbon deposition, which result in catalytic activity loss. This thesis is focused on the study of the confinement effect of nickel in mesoporous silica-based catalysts for syngas production by reforming of methane with CO2. In this study, the samples were characterized by N2 sorption, XRD, TEM/SEM, TPR, in addition to Raman, XPS, TPH/MS, TGA/MS for the spent catalysts. The results indicate that a well-structured mesoporous support with high surface area and large pore volume is important for better dispersion and stabilization of the active phase inside the porosity. The mesoporous SBA-15 silica support (prepared in large quantity), composed of elongated grains, appear to be suitable for the purpose. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the formation of small nickel particles well-confined inside the pores favors carbon resistance. This can be achieved by applying hydrothermal treatment to the support, using two solvents method for Ni deposition, using direct reduction of uncalcined samples, adding Rh in small quantities or promoting with Ce, provided that Ni and Ce are in interaction.

No description available.

Drug resistant strains of Clostridium difficile are a major health concern with over 3 million cases costing over 1 billion $ per year in the United-States. The diseases associated with these bacteria (CDAD) are toxin-mediated which offers a mean of treating and lessening the severity of CDAD symptoms. Toxin inactivation via antibodies therapy can drastically reduce CDAD morbidity and this project was aiming at investigating the large-scale production and recovery of a novel llama single domain antibody (pSJF2H-ToxA5.1) in recombinant Escherichia coli TG1 targeting C. difficile enterotoxin A (TcdA). In order to achieve these objectives, the project was divided into four segments: 1) ToxA5.1 being an intracellular recombinant protein, obtaining a high biomass production was the first step towards large-scale production. To achieve HCDC, effects of initial glucose concentration and pH-stat feeding strategy were studied; 2) Upon achieving HCDC, effects of parameters such as temperature, induction timing and media supplementation with complex nitrogen sources were investigated; 3) Once large-scale production of ToxA5.1 was obtained, the recombinant protein needed to be recovered and a selective cell lysis scheme where synergistic lysis effects of Triton X-100 and temperature were studied. And finally 4) Single-step purification using nickel nanoparticles (NNP) synthesized via a modified polyol method was studied. Combining the HCDC strategy with a temperature shift and yeast extract addition at the time of induction, ToxA5.1 concentration of 127 mg/L was obtained. Synergistic and selective cell lysis using Triton X-100 and temperature was achieved where 95% of the available ToxA5.1 was recovered and still functional while ToxA5.1 fraction in the resulting lysate increased to 27% in the cell lysate. Single-step purification was achieved using the synthesized NNP which proved to be highly selective and could be used up to five times. Diameter of the NNP synthesized was controlled by using various concentration of ranging from 131 ± 80 nm to 47 ± 20 nm. Using experimental data from binding isotherm, the ToxA5.1-NNP system was modeled.

Drug resistant strains of Clostridium difficile are a major health concern with over 3 million cases costing over 1 billion $ per year in the United-States. The diseases associated with these bacteria (CDAD) are toxin-mediated which offers a mean of treating and lessening the severity of CDAD symptoms. Toxin inactivation via antibodies therapy can drastically reduce CDAD morbidity and this project was aiming at investigating the large-scale production and recovery of a novel llama single domain antibody (pSJF2H-ToxA5.1) in recombinant Escherichia coli TG1 targeting C. difficile enterotoxin A (TcdA). In order to achieve these objectives, the project was divided into four segments: 1) ToxA5.1 being an intracellular recombinant protein, obtaining a high biomass production was the first step towards large-scale production. To achieve HCDC, effects of initial glucose concentration and pH-stat feeding strategy were studied; 2) Upon achieving HCDC, effects of parameters such as temperature, induction timing and media supplementation with complex nitrogen sources were investigated; 3) Once large-scale production of ToxA5.1 was obtained, the recombinant protein needed to be recovered and a selective cell lysis scheme where synergistic lysis effects of Triton X-100 and temperature were studied. And finally 4) Single-step purification using nickel nanoparticles (NNP) synthesized via a modified polyol method was studied. Combining the HCDC strategy with a temperature shift and yeast extract addition at the time of induction, ToxA5.1 concentration of 127 mg/L was obtained. Synergistic and selective cell lysis using Triton X-100 and temperature was achieved where 95% of the available ToxA5.1 was recovered and still functional while ToxA5.1 fraction in the resulting lysate increased to 27% in the cell lysate. Single-step purification was achieved using the synthesized NNP which proved to be highly selective and could be used up to five times. Diameter of the NNP synthesized was controlled by using various concentration of ranging from 131 ± 80 nm to 47 ± 20 nm. Using experimental data from binding isotherm, the ToxA5.1-NNP system was modeled.

There is an increasing interest in nanostructured and nanocomposite surface finishings for automotive and aerospace applications. The widespread applicability of these novel materials is based on their unique mechanical, physical, and chemical properties. An advantageous production method is the electrocodeposition (ECD) process from metal plating baths containing dispersed nanoparticles. By using this technique, a broad range of substrate sizes and shapes can be coated cost-effectively. However, the prediction of the amount as well the distribution of nanoparticles within the metal film fails frequently. There is no complete understanding of the particle incorporation mechanism. The goal of this research was to improve the fundamental understanding of the ECD mechanism. In order to identify the forces affecting the codeposition behavior of nanoparticles in a metal matrix, the effects of a variety of interrelated process parameters on the composite film formation have been investigated systematically. Nanocomposites containing metal and metal oxide nanoparticles in a nickel matrix have been prepared by means of ECD from two different types of nickel plating baths, an acidic sulfamate (pH 4.3) and an alkaline pyrophosphate bath (pH 9.5). The effect of deposition conditions on the ECD process was investigated utilizing two electrode configurations, viz. a parallel plate electrode (PPE) and impinging jet electrode (IJE) and different deposition techniques, viz. direct current (DC) deposition, both pulse plating (PP) and pulse-reverse plating (PRP). The surface charge and sedimentation behavior of the nanoparticles in these electrolytes were characterized by zeta potential and stability measurements. The surface charge, hydrodynamic diameter and colloidal stability of the nanoparticles in the nickel electrolytes were mainly affected by the composition and pH of the bath. The particles tend to form agglomerates in both nickel baths. Smaller agglomerates and an improved colloidal stability occurred in the case of the alkaline bath. Composites with a maximum particle content of either ~3.6 vol-% of 13 nm Al2O3 or ~10.4 vol-% of 21 nm TiO2 were obtained using a parallel plate electrode and DC deposition conditions. Both jet plating as well as pulse plating resulted in a distinct increase of the particle codeposition. A maximum incorporation of ~12 vol-% of 50 nm Al2O3 particles in a nickel matrix was achieved using an unsubmerged IJE system, while PP and PRP resulted in composites with particle contents up to 11 vol-% of 13 nm Al2O3. The particle incorporation increased with the particle content of the electrolyte for all deposition conditions studied. A beneficial effect on the amount of codeposited particles was found with decreasing average current density. The Al2O3 and TiO2 particles were found to be negatively charged in the alkaline pyrophosphate bath, and positively charged in the acidic sulfamate bath. It could be shown that negatively charged particles codeposited preferentially within the nickel matrix. The effect of PP and PRP conditions, e.g. pulse frequency, duty cycle and value of the peak current density, on the ECD of Ni-Al2O3 composites was studied using rectangular current pulses in the order of milliseconds. In general, low duty cycles and high pulse frequencies resulted in an enhanced particle codeposition. Using the unsubmerged IJE system, the effects of jet flow rate, particle loading and current density on the particle incorporation were studied. Referring to the experimental results from the ECD of 50 nm alumina with nickel using an IJE system, a kinetic model was developed. Therefore, the particle flux to the electrode was derived from an analysis of the total force acting on the particle in front of the electrode. The model took into account the convective diffusion of particles to the electrode surface, and the effect of gravitational and buoyancy forces on the particle flux. The gravitational force was found to be important for the ECD of 300 nm particles, but not for 50 nm particles. The effect of an external magnetic field on the ECD of Co or Fe3O4 nanoparticles in a nickel matrix has been studied for different current densities, particle contents of the electrolyte and magnetic flux density. The particle incorporation showed a distinct dependency on the orientation of an externally applied magnetic field. While the particle incorporation increased in a perpendicular field (perpendicular with regard to the electrode surface), it decreased in a parallel orientation. The influence of the magnetic field on the ECD of magnetic nanoparticles with nickel was explained by the interplay of Lorentz force and magnetophoretic force. The structure and the properties of the nickel matrix were significantly altered due to the codeposition of nanoparticles. The pure nickel deposits from the sulfamate bath exhibited a strong <100> texture, and those from the pyrophosphate bath a strong <110> preferred orientation. With increasing plating current density and particle incorporation, a variation in the crystallite size and a loss of texture was observed. High resolution TEM imaging proved a complete embedding of nanoparticles by the nickel matrix without any voids. In the case of both nickel baths, the Vickers microhardness showed a tendency to increase with the amount of particle incorporation. The enhanced hardness of the composite films was associated with modifications in the microstructure of the nickel matrix as well as with the nanoparticle incorporation. The wear resistance as examined by linear abrasion test increased with decreasing current density and due to the particle incorporation. Furthermore, the incorporation of magnetic nanoparticles resulted in a distinct increase of the magnetic hardness of the nickel matrix.

No description available.