Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1943. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1943. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaf 19).

Chiral aromatic nitrogen heterocycles are finding many applications in asymmetric organic synthesis, particularly as ligands in the preparation of chiral metal complexes. Since camphor-based chiral auxiliaries are known to be especially effective, a number of pyridines fused to the camphor skeleton have been reported. It is well known that nicotinic acid and its derivatives exhibiting qualitatively the biological activity of nicotinamide, which acts as an electron acceptor in many biological redox reactions. In connection to our works, we attempted to develop short and convenient way to prepare various camphorderived chiral pyridine or nicotinic acid derivatives. Here we report our results obtained from the annulation of (+)-&amp / #946 / -hydroxymethylenecamphor as the feasible chiral pool with various enamines derived from active methylene compounds. (+)-&amp / #946 / -Hydroxymethylenecamphor prepared from cheap and easily available natural (+)-camphor and enamines were transformed into chiral camphor-based pyridine derivatives via tandem condensation reaction in good yields.

The author was desirous of investigating the properties of "quinolineins" as compared with those of corresponding phthaleins. As there was no quinolinic acid available in the laboratory, an attempt was made to prepare it. It was found that most methods gave very small yields, with the exception of one. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

The purpose of this study is to determine the nicotinic acid values of the food consumed and the urinary and fecal excretions of young college women on self-selected diets.

This thesis describes a series of naphthoquinone reactions employing pyridine carboxylic acid derivatives (nicotinic acid derivatives). The products of these reactions will be tested by Parke, Davis and Company for their activity against the tubercle bacillus and other pathogenic microorganisms.

Novel Ca²⁺ signalling pathways in both endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells of rat small resistance arteries were investigated using a combination of confocal imaging, isometric tension recordings, and electrophysiology to study freshly isolated arteries and cells. We first examined the hypothesis that hyperpolarization could alter endothelial cell Ca²⁺ events. Hyperpolarization evoked by direct opening of K_ATP channels in the smooth muscle with levcromakalim triggered an increase in the frequency of Ca²⁺ events in the endothelium of rat cremaster arterioles. These Ca²⁺ events were discrete in nature, requiring subcellular regions of interest to reliably identify them. Opening of K_ATP channels indirectly through β-adrenoceptor stimulation with isoprenaline, caused a similar increase in the frequency of endothelial cell Ca²⁺ events in rat mesenteric third order arteries. These events also had a similar, focal profile. Pharmacological investigation suggested that the response to isoprenaline was receptor-mediated, and dependent on Ca²⁺ influx and opening of K_ATP channels. The presence of β-adrenoceptors on endothelial cells was confirmed using fluorescently-tagged β-adrenoceptor ligands, which showed punctate labelling in smooth muscle and endothelial cells of rat mesenteric arteries. Freshly isolated endothelial cells also showed Ca²⁺ increases to isoprenaline, although this was not consistently observed. Following on from the observed endothelial cell Ca²⁺ response to hyperpolarization, we tested the hypothesized involvement of hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels using the channel inhibitor, ZD7288. Pre-treatment with ZD7288 (1 μM) reduced both the endothelial cell Ca²⁺ response to isoprenaline (in mesenteric arteries) and levcromakalim (in cremaster arterioles). HCN channel subtypes were identified in cremaster arterioles through immunolabelling. We also observed an interesting effect of higher concentrations of ZD7288 to potentially inhibit K⁺ channels, including endothelial cell KCa channels, since hyperpolarization to isoprenaline, levcromakalim or acetylcholine (ACh) was reduced by 10 μM ZD7288, and relaxation to ACh was partially inhibited. ACh-mediated relaxation was also partially inhibited by the clinically used HCN channel blocker, ivabradine (0.3-30 μM). Finally, we identified an interaction of the Ca²⁺-releasing second messenger nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) with BKCa channels in the smooth muscle. NAADP-mobilised Ca²⁺ has been reported to interact with ryanodine receptors hence we hypothesized an interaction with BK_Ca channels via Ca²⁺ sparks. We found that NAADP-AM relaxed and hyperpolarized rat mesenteric arteries, which was blocked by iberiotoxin (BK_Ca channel inhibitor) and high extracellular [K⁺] (45 mM). Furthermore, NAADP increased paxilline-sensitive K⁺ currents and the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous transient outward currents (STOCs) in freshly isolated vascular smooth muscle cells patched in the whole-cell configuration, further supporting an action at BK_Ca channels. All together these data identify novel Ca²⁺ signalling pathways in resistance arteries that are both activated by and promote hyperpolarization, which is a key determinant of vascular tone.

La tuberculose tue environ 2 millions de personnes chaque année, principalement à cause d’un diagnostic tardif ou inefficace ou de soins trop tardifs. Les techniques de diagnostic les plus efficaces sont souvent coûteuses et complexes à mettre en oeuvre dans les pays en voie de développement, régions de plus forte incidence de la maladie. L’objectif de ce projet est l’élaboration de capteurs luminescents à base de matériaux nanoporeux élaborés par procédé Sol-Gel pour détecter un métabolite très spécifique de Mycobacterium tuberculosis, l’acide nicotinique (AN), présent dans l’haleine des malades à des concentrations de quelques dizaines à quelques centaines de ppq, et de le discriminer vis-à-vis d’autres métabolites.Un complexe de nitrate de terbium (III) a été choisi comme molécule-sonde car la luminescence du terbium (III) peut être exaltée en présence de certains ligands organiques, notamment l’acide nicotinique. Une première étape a consisté à déterminer en solution les conditions de pH les plus favorables à la formation de complexes luminescent Tb(III)/AN. Ainsi l’établissement d’un pH de 6,4 dans un milieu tampon à base d’hexamine permet d’optimiser la formation du complexe Tb(III)/AN et le transfert d’énergie du ligand vers le cation. Le dosage de l’acide nicotinique est possible dans ces conditions dans une gamme de concentration de 400 nmol.L-1 à 100 μmol.L-1, soit de 7,2 ppb à 1,8 ppm.La seconde étape a consisté à produire des matrices nanoporeuses à base d’alcoxydes de silicium en vue d’obtenir des matrices à pH intrapore similaire ou proche de 6,4. Les variations de pH intrapore des matrices lors du piégeage de vapeur d’eau et/ou de dioxyde de carbone, deux interférents présents à des concentrations élevées dans l’haleine, ont été étudiées au moyen d’un colorant sensible au pH, le bleu de bromothymol. Les matrices ont été élaborées à partir de deux précurseurs de silice, dont un possédant une chaîne aminopropyle lui conférant un caractère basique. L’exposition des matrices à de la vapeur d’eau jusqu’à saturation a montré que le pH intrapore des matrices contenant 3% du précurseur aminé varie entre 6,5 et 6, gamme de pH optimisée pour la formation du complexe Tb(III)/AN.Dans la dernière étape, des matrices à 3% de précurseur aminé, dopés de terbium et tamponnées à pH 6,4 avec de l’hexamine ont été élaborées. Des mesures de luminescence de matrices exposées de manière statique à des vapeurs d’acide nicotinique pur ou provenant d’une solution aqueuse saturée ont montré une augmentation de la luminescence des matrices, preuve d’un piégeage effectif de l’acide nicotinique et de la formation in situ de complexes luminescents Tb(III)/AN. Malgré la présence d’eau qui désactive partiellement l’état excité de Tb3+, le piégeage de l’acide nicotinique et la formation de complexes Tb(III)/NA dans ces matrices demeure efficace. .Les études d’interférence ont permis de montrer que la présence de marqueurs secondaires, comme le nicotinate de méthyle, affecte la luminescence des complexes Tb(III)/AN uniquement par absorption compétitive du rayonnement d’excitation. Des solutions permettant de s’affranchir des interférences des métabolites secondaires sont à l’étude. / Tuberculosis kills nearly 2 million people each year, mainly because of late or inefficient diagnostic or late cures. The most efficient methods are often too expensive and too complex to implement in developing countries, areas of greater incidence of the disease. The aim of this project is the design of luminescent sensors for the detection of a very specific tuberculosis metabolite, nicotinic acid, detected in concentration ranging from around ten to hundred ppq, present in sick people’s breath, and to discriminate it from other metabolites.A terbium nitrate complex is used as its luminescence can be sensitized by organic ligands, as nicotinic acid. A first step was the optimization of the pH of aqueous solution to enhance the complexation between Tb3+ ion and nicotinic acid. A solution buffered at pH 6,4 using hexamine allows optimization of the complex formation and energy transfer from nicotinic acid to terbium. Sampling of nicotinic acid can be done in the range 400 nM-100 μM, or from 7,2 to 1,8 ppm.The second step was to design nanoporous matrices from silicon alcoxydes to obtain matrix with an intraporous pH of 6,4. We studied the changes of the matrix intraporous pH while trapping water vapor or carbon dioxide, present in high concentration in breath, using bromothymol blue as pH indicator. The matrices were produced from 2 silicon precursors, one of them containing an aminopropyle carbon chain, conferring an alkaline nature. Changes of the matrix pH between 6,5 and 6 were observed following the exposure of a silica matrix containing 3 % of the aminated precursor to water vapor to saturation. This range of pH value is optimized to favor Tb3+-nicotinic acid complex formation.In the last step, silica matrix containing 3% of the aminated precursor, doped with terbium and buffered at pH 6,4 with hexamine were designed. Luminescence measurements made on matrix exposed to vapors from pure nicotinic acid or saturated aqueous solution, showed an increase of the matrix luminescence, proof of the trapping of nicotinic acid in the nanoporous matrix and of the complexation between nicotinic acid and Tb3+. Trapping of nicotinic acid and subsequent complexation with Tb3+ are lowered by the presence of water vapor, which can partially deactivate the luminescent excited state of Tb3+. Interference studies showed that secondary metabolites as methyl nicotinate can only affect the luminescence of Tb3+/AN complex by competitive absorption of the excitation radiation. Detection methods free of interferences from the secondary metabolites are studied.

Aims: LDL oxidation plays an important role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. HDL impedes oxidation, glycation and glycoxidation in vitro and there is evidence to suggest paraoxonase-1 (PON1) plays an important role in this. 1. In patients with dyslipidaemia treated with statins, I assessed the relationship of serum PON1 activity with in vitro HDL antioxidant capacity, susceptibility of LDL to oxidation and the protection offered by HDL. 2. I studied the effect of the presence and severity of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in morbidly obese patients on HDL anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory functions. 3. I investigated the influence of extended release niacin/ laropiprant (ERN/LRP) versus placebo in patients who had persistent dyslipidaemia despite receiving high doses of potent statins. I assessed the effect of ERN/LRP on mediators of vascular inflammation and HDL's in vitro anti-oxidant function. Methods: 1. LDL isolated from dyslipidemic patients was incubated with and without HDL, in the presence of Cu2+. Similarly isolated HDL was incubated alone. Lipid peroxides (LPO) generated over 3 hours were measured. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on median serum PON1 activity. 2. 41 morbidly obese patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of OSA ("OSA" and "no OSA" group) or on severity of OSA (high or low apnoea-hypoapnoea index (AHI) groups). I studied HDL's ability to protect itself from in vitro oxidation and measured serum PON1 activity, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1). 3. This was a randomised double blind cross over trial, where I studied the effect of ERN/LRP compared to placebo in 27 patients who had high LDL-C inspite of maximum tolerated doses of statins. I measured lipid profile, apolipoproteins, cholesteryl ester transport protein (CETP) activity, paraoxonase 1 activity (PON1), oxidised LDL (oxLDL) and related mediators of vascular inflammation. I also examined the capacity of HDL to protect LDL from in vitro oxidation. Results and conclusion: 1. In statin treated dyslipidemic patients the capacity of HDL to protect itself and LDL from oxidation in vitro is significantly better in individuals with higher serum PON1 activity. 2. The capacity of HDL to protect itself from in vitro oxidation in morbidly obese patients is reduced with onset and severity of OSA. The differences in TNFalpha and ICAM1 levels may suggest endothelial dysfunction due to OSA. Oxidative damage of PON1 attributable to OSA could be a mechanism for HDL and endothelial dysfunction. 3. Treatment with ERN/LRP resulted in a significant improvement in HDL-C but did not affect HDL's in vitro anti-oxidant function in patients who had persistent dyslipidaemia despite high doses of potent statins. For the first time I have shown that ERN/LRP reduces mediators of vascular inflammation.

Submitted by Michele Mologni (mologni@unoeste.br) on 2017-06-09T13:00:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Leandro Haruo Sawamura.pdf: 631191 bytes, checksum: 10a08f07560c2e5dae9d04f113f18ebf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-09T13:00:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leandro Haruo Sawamura.pdf: 631191 bytes, checksum: 10a08f07560c2e5dae9d04f113f18ebf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-19 / Vitamins belong to a group of organic nutrients. They are essential in small quantities to life performing several functions in the metabolism and as antioxidants or resistance inducers. The lack of vitamins may cause many developmental and metabolic problem, as well as the excess may also be toxic. However, the use of an appropriate dose is necessary. The limited number of studies on the topic relative to orchids justified the need for this work, which aimed to evaluate the influence of B vitamins, Thiamin (B1), Nicotinamide (B3) and Pyridoxine (B6) on the development and seedling growth of Cattleya labiata, Cattleya walkeriana and Cattleya brevicaulis during 120 days. The seeds were obtained from UNOESTE Orchid Seedbank. In the Tissue Culture Lab at UNOESTE the experiment was carried out in in vitro half strength MS medium for seedling growth; with the variations in the vitamins: 0.025; 0.05; 0.1 and 0.2 mg L-1 for Thiamine, and 0.125; 0.25; 0.5 and 1 mg L-1 for Pyridoxine and Nicotinamide. The increment in the fresh weight at each 30 days, dry weight at the end, shoot and root length and the number of shoots and roots parameters were evaluated. The assayed complex B vitamins, thiamine, nicotinamide and pyridoxine exhibited isolate effects in orchid seedling growth. It is recommended to reduce the thiamine dosage to 0.025 mg L-1, decrease the dosage of pyridoxine to 0.125 mg L-1, and do not add nicotinamide in any concentration in the medium. / As vitaminas pertencem a um grupo de nutrientes orgânicos, sendo essenciais em pequenas quantidades a qualquer ser vivo, desempenhando funções diversas no metabolismo e atuando como antioxidantes e indutores de resistência. A carência das vitaminas pode acarretar diversos problemas de desenvolvimento e metabolismo, assim como o excesso também pode ser tóxico. A limitada quantidade de estudos referentes ao assunto em relação a orquídeas justificou a necessidade deste trabalho, que teve como objetivo avaliar a influência das vitaminas do complexo B, tiamina (B1), nicotinamida (B3) e piridoxina (B6) no desenvolvimento e crescimento de plântulas de Cattleya labiata, Cattleya walkeriana e Cattleya brevicaulis durante 120 dias. As sementes foram obtidas do Banco de Sementes de Orquídeas do Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais da UNOESTE. Foi realizado o cultivo in vitro das espécies com meio de cultura MS à meia concentração contendo variações das seguintes vitaminas: para tiamina as concentrações foram 0,025; 0,05; 0,1 e 0,2 mg L-1, para piridoxina e nicotinamida foram utilizadas as concentrações 0,125; 0,25; 0,5 e 1 mg L-1. Foram avaliados parâmetros de crescimento por meio de massa fresca parcial, massa seca final, o comprimento de plântulas: de parte aérea e de raiz, e o número de brotos para cada uma das espécies. As vitaminas do complexo B testadas, tiamina (B1), nicotinamida (B3) e piridoxina (B6) apresentaram efeito isoladamente na cultura de plântulas de orquídeas. Recomenda-se reduzir a dosagem de tiamina para 0,025 mg L-1, diminuir a dosagem de piridoxina para 0,125 mg L-1 e não acrescentar nicotinamida em nenhuma concentração no meio.