In the cold-formed steel construction, the oriented strand board is a common material for shear wall sheathing. an OSB is made by using wood chips as raw materials that undergo high temperature pressing to create a multi-larger structure material. Due to the OSB having a high strength in shear, it is an important material used in the construction field. the thesis is trying to verify published nominal shear strength in AISI-213-07 in the first part. This objective has two parts: the first part is to verify nominal shear strength (Rn) for wind and other in-plane loads for shear wall. the second part is to verify nominal shear strength (Rn) for seismic and other in-plane loads for shear wall. Secondly, the thesis verifies the design deflection equation for nominal shear strength of CFS shear walls with OSB sheathing. the test specimens were divided into eight groups which trying to verify the design deflection equation that was published in AISI-213-07 standard.

Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude des syntagmes nominaux sémantiquement pluriels en chinois mandarin et aux interprétations collective et distributive qui leur sont associées. Elle offre une analyse des formes de pluralité suivantes : le syntagme coordonne par gen, les nominaux modifiés par le suffixe -men, ainsi que les sujets ou les objets des groupes verbaux modifies par quan (‘tout’-flottant). A propos du syntagme coordonne par gen, nous montrons que la conjonction gen dans le syntagme ‘A gen B’ lexicalise une contrainte de pluralité nominale par le biais de restrictions sur les conjoints. Notre argument est bâti sur trois points principaux, à savoir que la catégorie des conjoints est nécessairement [+N], que le syntagme coordonne par gen n’introduit que des individus pluriels dans le discours et que ce syntagme porte la valeur sémantique pluriel [+Pl]. Nous passons aussi en revue différents types de prédicats afin de retracer la distribution des interprétations collective et distributive des syntagmes coordonnés par gen. Ensuite, nous nous penchons sur le suffixe -men et sur l’expression formée par ce suffixe et un nom commun ou un nom propre. Notre examen couvre principalement deux questions, celle de la nature de -men et celle de la (in)définitude de l’expression suffixée par -men en mandarin. Nous soutenons que -men n’est pas un marqueur collectif mais plutôt un marqueur pluriel. Cependant, ce marqueur n’est pas obligatoire, à la différence des marqueur du pluriel tels que -s dans les langues occidentales, le mandarin étant une langue à classificateur. Quant à l’(in)définitude de l’expression suffixée par -men, nous admettons que c’est un pluriel défini, mais ceci du fait que -men ne s’attache qu’aux pronoms personnels et aux noms d’humains, noms qui occupent le hautde la hiérarchie d’animacité. Donc l’expression suffixée par -men hériterait de la définitude en partie de la nature de son domaine fortement individué. Enfin, nous nous intéressons a l’interprétation distributive des syntagmes nominaux dans la phrase ou figure l’adverbe quan (‘tout’-flottant). Nous affirmons que quan impose la lecture distributive de manière autonome et nous en proposons une analyse en tant que modificateur de prédicat d’évènement. Quan cible un nominal relie par un θ-rôle et encapsule dans ce rôle l’instruction de distribution. La distributivité renforcée par quan implique une relation distributive entre deux entités : le nominal qui est sémantiquement pluriel et l’évènement pluriel / The thesis invested the research on the semantically plural nominal phrases in Mandarin Chinese and on their collectif and distributif interpretations. It offered an analysis of the following form of pluralities : the coordinated phrase with gen, the nominals modified by the suffix -men, and the subjects or the objects of the VP modified by quan (the floating quantifier). Concerning the coordinated phrase with gen, we will show that the conjunction gen of the phrase ‘A gen B’ lexicalize the constraint of the plurality via the restrictions on the conjoint elements. Our argument is mainly based on three points : 1) the category of the conjuncts is necessarily [+N] ; 2) coordinated phrases with gen introduce only the plural individuals in the discourse and 3) this nominal phrase characterizes the semantic plural value [+Pl]. We will also examine the different types of predicates in order to retrace thedistribution of collective and distributive interpretations of the coordinated phrases with gen. Then, we look into the suffix –men and the expressions formed by this suffix and a common noun or a proper noun. The investigation will mainly concern two questions : the question of the nature of –men and the question of the (in)definitude of the expressions suffixed by –men in Mandarin Chinese. We will argue that –men is not a collectif marker, but preferably a plural marker. However, different from plural markers in the western languages for exemple –s, the marker –men in Mandarin Chinese which is typically a classifer language, is not obligatory. Regarding the (in)definitude of the expressions suffixed by -men, we will admit that they are definite plurals, because of the fact that –men attaches only to only to personal pronouns and humain nouns, the nouns which occupy a high hierarchy of animacity. In consequence, the expressions suffixed by –men partly inherit the definitude of the nature of its considerably individuated domain. Finally, we are interested in the distributive interpretation of the nominal phrases in the sentences wherethe adverbial quan (the floating quantifier) appeares. We will claim that quan imposes the distributive reading in an autonomous manner and we will put forward an analysis of adverbial quan as a modifier of event predicate. Quan targets nominals linked by θ-roles and encapsulate in this role the instruction of distribution. The distributivity reinforced by quan involves a distributive relation between two entities : the nominal which is semantically plural and the plural event.

Toutes les informations présentes actuellement sur le web représentent une source d‘informations colossale, qui s‘enrichit de jour en jour. L‘analyse automatique de ces informations, qui sont plus souvent non-structurées, constitue un véritable enjeu économique et scientifique. La résolution des anaphores nominales s‘inscrit dans la structuration des informations grâce à l‘identification du lien entre des groupes nominaux, elle permet de simplifier des tâches à différentes applications : la traduction automatique, le résumé ou l‘extraction automatique d‘information, le data mining etc. Dans ce contexte, le travail que nous avons mené dans cette thèse évoque différentes méthodes de résolution des anaphores nominales de deux types : infidèles et associatives. En nous fondant sur divers aspects autours de la notion d‘anaphore nominale et des notions de voisinage comme la résolution d‘anaphores pronominales, la résolution de coréférences ; en combinant des méthodes existantes avec des outils et des ressources disponibles pour la langue française, notre travail s‘attache à trois modules : module de prétraitement du corpus, module de résolution des anaphores nominales et le module d‘évaluation. Au module de prétraitement, les ressources lexicales sont constituées et mobilisées grâces aux analyses au niveau linguistique des anaphores nominales. La plateforme Unitex est le principal outil utilisé à cette étape. Pour les anaphores du type infidèle, nous avons utilisé deux méthodes différentes : la première mobilise des ressources lexicales simples avec les entrées de groupes nominaux uniquement ; la deuxième mobilise des ressources plus élaborées (les entrées de groupes nominaux et verbaux). Pour les anaphores associatives du type méronymique, nous nous fondons sur la théorie des classes d‘objets afin de décrire le type de relation anaphorique établie Résumé 17 entre l‘expression anaphorique et son antécédent. Les ressources utilisées pour ce type d‘anaphore sont ainsi divisées hiérarchiquement selon les classes et les domaines. Le module de résolution est l‘étape de décision, nous nous basons sur le calcul du poids de saillance de chacun des antécédents potentiels pour sélectionner le meilleur candidat. Chaque candidat peut avoir différents facteurs de saillance, qui correspond à sa probabilité d'être sélectionné. Le poids de saillance final est calculé par le moyen pondéré des poids de saillance élémentaires. Les facteurs de saillances sont proposés après les analyses syntaxiques et sémantiques du corpus. L‘évaluation de notre travail constitue un vrai enjeu à cause de la complexité de la tâche, mais elle nous permet d‘avoir une vue globale sur nos méthodes de travail. La comparaison des résultats obtenus permet de visualiser l‘apport de chaque paramètre utilisé. L‘évaluation de notre travail nous permet également de voir les erreurs au niveau du prétraitement (l‘extraction des syntagmes nominaux, des syntagmes verbaux…), cela nous a permis d‘intégrer un module de correction dans notre système. / In order to facilitate the interpretation of texts, this thesis is devoted to the development of a system to identify and resolve the indirect nominal anaphora and the associative anaphora. Resolution of the indirect nominal anaphora is based on calculating salience weights of candidate antecedents with the purpose of associating these antecedents with the anaphoric expressions identified. It is processed by twoAnnexe317different methods based on a linguistic approach: the first method uses lexical and morphological parameters; the second method uses morphological and syntactical parameters. The resolution of associative anaphora is based on syntactical and semantic parameters.The results obtained are encouraging: 90.6% for the indirect anaphora resolution with the first method, 75.7% for the indirect anaphora resolution with the second method and 68.7% for the associative anaphora resolution. These results show the contribution of each parameter used and the utility of this system in the automatic interpretation of the texts.

For many materials and components like in high speed trains and airplanes fatigue failures occur in the range of over 107 load cycles which is called the high cycle fatigue range. A modern version of the springs was invented which are applied in a certain application. Ultrasonic fatigue testing (20 kHz machine) was conducted for evaluating the steel of the springs. This research explores the fundamental understanding of high cycle fatigue testing of strip steel and assesses a stainless martensitic chromium steel at the high cycle fatigue range. Finite element modeling was conducted to gain knowledge about the effect of various parameters. Significant attention was devoted to the fatigue failure initiations by SEM/EDS. The work demonstrated that the method of investigation for high cycle fatigue test is reliable. Fatigue failure at this range was initiated by internal defects which all included non-metallic inclusion. A critical distance was defined Within the strip fatigue specimen where all the fatigue failure initiated. The 3D stress field in the specimen was determined by FEM modeling and the local applied stress at the whole of the flat part of specimen and critical distance was estimated. FEM was also employed to give additional information about the effect of parameters. It was established that damping had the largest influence. The local applied stress of the fatigue test was calculated by means of FEM and SEM analysis. It was used to adjust the S-N curve which resulted in 15% lower values than the nominal applied stress.

On paper and pencil multiple choice tests, the potential for examinees to mark their answers in incorrect locations presents a serious threat to the validity of test score interpretations. When an examinee skips one or more items (i.e., answers out of sequence) but fails to accurately reflect the size of that skip on their answer sheet, that can trigger a string of misaligned responses called shift errors. Shift errors can result in correct answers being marked as incorrect, leading to possible underestimation of an examinee's true ability. Despite movement toward computerized testing in recent years, paper and pencil multiple choice tests are still pervasive in many high stakes assessment settings, including K 12 testing (e.g., MCAS) and college entrance exams (e.g., SAT), leaving a continuing need to address issues that arise within this format. Techniques for detecting aberrant response patterns are well established but do little to recognize reasons for the aberrance, limiting options for addressing the misfitting patterns. While some work has been done to detect and address specific forms of aberrant response behavior, little has been done in the area of shift error detection, leaving great room for improvement in addressing this source of aberrance. The opportunity to accurately detect construct irrelevant errors and either adjust scores to more accurately reflect examinee ability or flag examinees with inaccurate scores for removal from the dataset and retesting would improve the validity of important decisions based on test scores, and could positively impact model fit by allowing for more accurate item parameter and ability estimation. The purpose of this study is to investigate new algorithms for shift error detection that employ IRT models for probabilistic determination as to whether misfitting patterns are likely to be shift errors. The study examines a matrix of detection algorithms, probabilistic models, and person parameter methods, testing combinations of these factors for their selectivity (i.e., true positives vs. false positives), sensitivity (i.e., true shift errors detected vs. undetected), and robustness to parameter bias, all under a carefully manipulated, multifaceted simulation environment. This investigation attempts to provide answers to the following questions, applicable across detection methods, bias reduction procedures, shift conditions, and ability levels, but stated generally as: 1) How sensitively and selectively can an IRT based probabilistic model detect shift error across the full range of probabilities under specific conditions?, 2) How robust is each detection method to the parameter bias introduced by shift error?, 3) How well does the detection method detect shift errors compared to other, more general, indices of person fit?, 4) What is the impact on bias of making proposed corrections to detected shift errors?, and 4) To what extent does shift error, as detected by the method, occur within an empirical data set? Results show that the proposed methods can indeed detect shift errors at reasonably high detection rates with only a minimal number of false positives, that detection improves when detecting longer shift errors, and that examinee ability is a huge determinant factor in the effectiveness of the shift error detection techniques. Though some detection ability is lost to person parameter bias, when detecting all but the shortest shift errors, this loss is minimal. Application to empirical data also proved effective, though some discrepancies in projected total counts suggest that refinements in the technique are required. Use of a person fit statistic to detect examinees with shift errors was shown to be completely ineffective, underscoring the value of shift error specific detection methods.

Ce mémoire examine le syntagme nominal de l’ancien français et sa déclinaison en re- gardant deux œuvres, l’une représentant l’anglo-normand et l’autre représentant le pi- card. Le mémoire vise à déterminer si le système casuel est stable ou en train de dispa- raître, si les formes casuelles sont en train de se confondre, et si le picard est plus con- servateur que l’anglo-normand, comme on l’affirme souvent.  L’œuvre anglo-normande est La Vie de Saint Gilles par Guillaume de Berneville et l’œuvre picarde est La Vie de Sainte Cristine par Gautier de Coincy. Les deux œuvres sont des hagiographies, détaillant la vie de ces deux saints.  Les résultats montrent qu’il y a plus de confusion dans l’œuvre anglo-normande en ce qui concerne le système casuel, où l’on remplace plus souvent les formes du cas sujet par les formes du cas régime. Pour confirmer plus fermement ces différences quant au système, il faudrait étudier par exemple d’autres constructions grammaticales que le syntagme nominal ou des fonctions syntaxiques qui sont fortement liées au système casuel. / The paper examines the noun phrase in Old French and its declination by studying two literary works, one representing Anglo-Norman and the other representing Picard. The paper aims to determine if the case system is stable or in the process of disappearing, if the case forms are distinct and not easily confused, and if Picard is more conservative than Anglo-Norman, as is expected.  The Anglo-Norman literary work is La Vie de Saint Gilles by Guillaume de Berneville and the Picard literary work is La Vie de Sainte Cristine by Gautier de Coin- cy. The two works are hagiographies, describing the life of these two saints.  The results show that there is a greater confusion in the Anglo-Norman work when it comes to the case system, as it more often replaces the cas sujet forms with cas régime forms. In order to confirm the differences concerning the case system more firmly, one would have to study, for example, other grammatical constructions than the noun phrase or clause elements that are closely linked to the case system.

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This dissertation examines the implications of sticky rents on the measurement of owner-occupied housing in the Consumer Price Index (CPI). I argue that marginal and not average rents are the most theoretically justified measurement of owners' equivalent rent (OER), and that the current measurement of rental inflation using average rents is methodologically incorrect. I then discuss the literature on sticky rents and tenure discounts and present a theoretical model showing the implications of sticky rents for aggregate measures of inflation. Then I use two new data sources to construct marginal rent measures to compare to average rent measures. The results show that marginal rents reflect market turning points sooner, and show a larger post- housing bubble decline in rents. In addition, marginal rents are shown to forecast overall inflation better than average rents. Finally, the implications of these results for policy are considered using the Taylor Rule for optimal monetary policy. The results present suggestive evidence that the impacts of switching to marginal rents may be large enough to significantly impact monetary policy and allow the Federal Reserve to be more responsive to both the boom and bust of housing bubbles. / Economics