Le présent travail décrit –pour la première fois– l’état actuel de la langue espagnole parlée par la communauté colombienne à Montréal sur les formes de s’adresser aux autres en langage pronominal ou nominal et la courtoisie verbale. Dans le but de réaliser cette étude, un travail de terrain a été effectué à l’aide d’un questionnaire et des entrevues orales semi-dirigées adressés à 30 informateurs. L’analyse des données, nous a permis d’établir quelques premières comparaisons entre la façon de parler des habitants de la Colombie et des Colombiens résidant à Montréal et d’identifier quelques-uns des changements linguistiques principaux dans cette communauté parlante, notamment, les variations reliées aux formes de s’adresser aux autres et aux actes de courtoisie affectés par l’influence du français et de l’anglais. L’analyse effectuée tient compte autant les aspects linguistiques, pragmatiques et sociaux que les attitudes linguistiques des interviewés. De cette façon, les résultats mettent en lumière une nouvelle description sur la dynamique de l’usage des formes de s’adresser aux autres de locuteurs originaires de trois zones dialectales représentatives de la Colombie : la région andine orientale, la région andine occidentale et la zone côtière du Caraïbe. Ensemble avec d’autres études précédentes sur la formes de s’adresser aux autres, ce travail constitue une meilleure compréhension de la réalité linguistique de l’espagnol des Colombiens unilingues, bilingues et trilingues. / Present work outlines –for the first time– the state of the Spanish language spoken by the Colombian community in Montreal with reference to the forms of pronominal and nominal address and verbal politeness. In order to conduct this study, a fieldwork was undertaken through a questionnaire and semi-conducted oral interviews addressed to 30 informants. The analysis of the collected data has allowed us to establish the first research comparing the way Colombian inhabitants and Colombians in Montreal speak and to identify some of the main linguistic changes in this spoken Spanish community. It is mostly in relation to the forms of address and politeness actions that have been affected by the influence of French and English languages. The analysis that has been carried out takes into consideration the linguistic, pragmatic and social factors of the speakers. In this way, the results provide recent insights about the description of the dynamics of the forms of address from speakers of three different representative dialectical zones of Colombia such as the oriental Andean region, occidental Andean region and the Caribbean coastal zone. Together with other previous studies, our work contributes to a better understanding of the linguistic reality of the Spanish language spoken by monolingual, bilingual or trilingual Colombians. / En este trabajo se describe –por primera vez– el estado actual del español hablado por la comunidad colombiana en Montreal en referencia a las formas de tratamiento pronominal y nominal y la cortesía verbal. Para llevar a cabo este estudio se ha realizado un trabajo de campo a través de un cuestionario y de entrevistas orales semidirigidas con 30 informantes. El análisis de los datos nos permite establecer unas primeras comparaciones entre el habla de los habitantes de Colombia y el habla de los colombianos en Montreal e identificar algunos de los principales cambios lingüísticos en esta comunidad hablante, especialmente en relación con la utilización de las formas de tratamiento y los actos de cortesía, que se ven afectados por la influencia del francés y del inglés. El análisis efectuado tiene en cuenta tanto aspectos lingüísticos, pragmáticos y sociales como las actitudes lingüísticas de los entrevistados. De este modo, los resultados aportan luz nueva sobre la descripción de la dinámica de uso de las formas de tratamiento de los hablantes de tres zonas dialectales representativas de Colombia (andina oriental, andina occidental y zona costeña del Caribe) que, junto con otros estudios previos sobre las formas de tratamiento, contribuyen a una mejor comprensión de la realidad lingüística del español de los colombianos monolingües, bilingües y trilingües.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:29:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Kenia Mara de F Siqueira.pdf: 8244663 bytes, checksum: d2dac0850022f2b52cc53ac3fa1d99ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-31 / The need to describe and document the languages threatened with extinction has been gaining importance in the last decades, given the growing risks of cultural loss and the knowledge accumulated by indigenous people. The purpose of continuity of each one of these languages is ensured by actions based on the results of studies which focus on the description of the sociolinguistic problem, as well as on the description and analysis of the linguistic aspects which characterize the language of a determined linguistic family, since the death of a language means, among many other things, an undetermined loss of the science of Linguistics and, above all, the disrespect for the rights of these people to preserve their immaterial richness. The present research has as objective to answer some questions regarding the use of classifiers, terms of classes and names in classifying function as components of the classifying system of the language Akwe-Xerente (Jê), spoken by the indigenous people of the same name. The Akwe-Xerente add up to about 3,100 people and inhabit indigenous lands in the region of Tocantinia, in the Tocantins State. The description of the system of the Xerente classification is based on theoretical functional references for the recognition and differentiation of some nominal radicals which may occur in the function of classifying or organizing the classes which show common characteristics amongst the designated items such as form, size, aspect, consistence and function. This research is structured in the following way: In Chapter 1 are presented some proposals of elaboration of typology of sociolinguistics, to outline the contact situation in which the Xerente language is found nowadays; the chapter also gives a description of the methodology used to collect, select, and the process of systematization of the data. These procedures are constituted of a sequence of steps based on the methods of research for the Linguistic of field of synchronic base. In Chapter 2 an exposition is made of the theoretical views used in the description and analysis of the aspect of the nominal classifying system of the language. Chapter 3 shows the morphological criteria used in the definition and delimitation of the concepts of the words in the Xerente language, of the name, the compound name (compound word), and some characteristics of the name referring to the possibility of marking the possession/possessor in a certain group of Xerente names. In Chapter 4, the focus is in the description of aspects of nominal classifying in relation to the nominal stems which act as terms of classes and names in classifying function. This research is part of the LIBA Project Brazilian Indigenous Threatened Languages: Documentation (description and analysis and sociolinguistic typology) and means for offering subsidies in the linguistic range for the education program, as well as contributing in the scientific recognizance of related aspects to the classifying systems and linguistic category. / A necessidade de se descrever e documentar línguas ameaçadas de extinção vem, nas últimas décadas, ganhando contornos mais significativos face ao iminente risco de perda da cultura e do conhecimento acumulado pelos povos indígenas, no sentido de que a continuidade de cada uma dessas línguas seja assegurada por ações pautadas nos resultados de estudos que visem tanto à descrição da situação sociolinguística, quanto à descrição e à análise dos aspectos linguísticos que a caracterizem como língua de uma determinada família linguística, já que a morte de uma língua significa, entre tantos outros aspectos, uma perda inestimável para a ciência Linguística e, sobretudo, uma violência contra o direito desses povos de preservarem seus bens imateriais. O presente estudo tem como objetivo descrever algumas questões acerca do uso de classificadores, termos de classe e nomes em função classificadora como componentes do sistema de classificação nominal da língua Akwe-Xerente (Jê), falada pelo povo indígena de mesmo nome. Os Akwe-Xerente somam, aproximadamente, 3100 pessoas e vivem em terras indígenas na região de Tocantínia, no Estado do Tocantins. A descrição do sistema de classificação xerente fundamenta-se em referenciais teóricos funcionais para o reconhecimento e diferenciação de certas raízes nominais que podem ocorrer com funções de classificação ou na organização de classes, que indiquem características em comum entre os itens designados, tais como forma, tamanho, aspecto, consistência e função. Este estudo estrutura-se da seguinte maneira: no Capítulo 1, são apresentadas propostas de elaboração de tipologias sociolinguísticas para o delineamento da situação de contato em que se encontra a língua xerente; o capítulo traz também a descrição da metodologia usada para coleta, seleção e procedimentos de sistematização dos dados. Esses procedimentos constituem-se numa sequência de passos ancorados nos métodos de pesquisa da Linguística de Campo de base sincrônica. No Capítulo 2, é feita uma exposição do quadro teórico usado para descrição e análise de aspectos do sistema de classificação nominal da língua. O Capítulo 3 demonstra os critérios morfológicos utilizados para a definição e delimitação dos conceitos de palavra na língua xerente, de nome, de nome composto (palavra composta) e algumas características dos nomes no que concerne às possibilidades de marcação de posse/possuidor em certo grupo de nomes xerente. No Capítulo 4, o foco é a descrição de aspectos da classificação nominal em relação às raízes nominais que atuam como termos de classe e nomes em função classificadora. Este estudo faz parte do Projeto LIBA Línguas Indígenas Brasileiras Ameaçadas: documentação (descrição e análise e tipologias sociolinguísticas) e visa oferecer subsídios, em âmbito linguístico, para a elaboração de programas de educacão escolar xerente, bem como contribuir para o conhecimento científico de aspectos relacionados aos sistemas de classificação e categorizações linguísticas.

Rapid changes in the healthcare environment increase the need for nurse practitioners to be motivated, knowledgeable and skilled in order to ensure quality patient care. Accident and emergency units are challenging environments and by ensuring that nurse practitioners work in an enabling environment, they should be motivated, skilled and knowledgeable and be able to think critically to enhance their own professional growth and emancipated practice. This in turn may increase the nurse practitioners’ job satisfaction, which in turn encourage job retention and may influence patient outcomes positively. A journey towards a shared vision namely “emancipatory practice development” was undertaken in an accident and emergency unit of a Level III public hospital. Following the diagnosis of an emergency situation, action research was applied to change the perceived toxic environment to an enabling environment. The study was conducted within the critical social theory paradigm and descriptive, explorative and contextual in nature. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches were utilised. Throughout the action research for practitioners project, collaboration enhanced the emancipation of the nurse leaders, as key drivers of the process, as well as the nurse practitioners. Short and long-term actions were planned, implemented and amended based on observations and reflection following each cycle of the project. During this process a toxic environment was changed to an enabling environment, in which nurse practitioners were retained and additional spin-offs followed. Guidelines for the application and implementation of the process as utilised in this study were compiled to guide others who experience similar challenges. / Health Sciences / D.Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

Text in Hebrew with English Summary / This research describes nominal patterns with prefixes m and t as appearing in Parma A in comparison with other traditions viz. Kaufinan, Paris and Y emenite manuscripts. This research has 3 aims: 1. To describe all relevant evidence in Parma A 2. To compare evidence with data in other traditions, including the Bible and Mishnaic Hebrew and Aramaic sources 3. To elaborate on those unique forms in manuscripts which represent genuine Mishnaic Hebrew / Classics and Modern European Languages / D. Litt et Phil. (Semitic Languages)

Denna studies syfte är att testa om det finns ett statistiskt samband mellan det nominella aktiepriset och ex-dagseffekten på Nasdaq OMX Stockholm. Ett tydligt samband skulle därmed vara ett ytterligare motiv till företagens beslut om genomförandet av aktiesplit för att revidera aktiens nominella pris. Studiens hypotes lyder därför att det finns ett negativt samband mellan det nominella aktiepriset och ex-dagseffekten, som visats i tidigare studie på den amerikanska börsen NYSE. Studien har genomförts i positivistisk tradition genom statistiska analyser och tester för att klargöra ett eventuellt samband mellan den beroende variabeln ex-dagseffekten och den oberoende variabeln nominella priset. All empirisk data har hämtats från databasen Thomson Reuter Datastream, sammanställts i Excel kalkylblad, analyserats i statistikprogrammet MiniTab och redovisats i två uppsättningar. Studiens resultat visar inget samband mellan det nominella priset och ex-dagseffekten under perioden 2011 till 2015. Nollhypotesen kan inte förkastas och resultaten indikerar försumbar korrelation och förklaringsgrad genom regression. Resultatet är annorlunda från en tidigare studie som konstaterat ett tydligt samband mellan samma variabler på börsen i USA. Det teoretiska bidraget består främst av besvarandet av studiens syfte där det nominella prisets betydelse ter sig annorlunda på den svenska marknaden mot den amerikanska. Det praktiska bidraget från studien ger företagsledare för börsnoterade bolag samt fondbolag och aktörer på den finansiella marknaden en utökad kunskap om rådande förhållanden på marknaden för att förbättra beslutsunderlaget vid eventuella aktiesplittar eller investeringar. Som förslag till fortsatt forskning uppmuntras det att undersöka huruvida det nominella prisets betydelse skiljer sig mellan olika marknader. Förslagsvis kan framtida studier mäta effektiviteten på stockholmsbörsen på dagen för aktiesplit som också i teorin är en mätbar händelse på de finansiella marknaderna under rätt förutsättningar. / The aim of this study is to test for a correlated connection between the nominal stockprice and the price-drop-to-dividend ratio on the Swedish stock market Nasdaq OMX Stockholm. A strong correlated connection would be another motive for company managers to implement a stock split to reduce the nominal stock price. Therefore the hypothesis of the study is that there is a negative correlation between the two variables, just as shown in a recent study on the American stockmarket NYSE. This study has been computed with a positivistic approach through statistical tests and analysis to discover an eventual correlated connection between the dependent variable price-drop-to-dividend ratio and the independent variable nominal price. All empirical data was collected from Thomson Reuter Datastream, compiled in Excel worksheet, analyzed with statistical software MiniTab and presented in two sets of data. The result of this study shows no correlated connection between the nominal stock price and the pricedrop-to-dividend ratio during the period of 2011 to 2015. The null hypothesis can not be rejected and the results of the analysis indicate negligible correlation and coefficient of determination through regression, regardless which sets of data observed. The result is different to a recent study which has shown a significant correlated connection between the same two variables on the American stock market NYSE. The theoretical contribution comprises foremost of answering the aim of the study where the nominal prices impact acts differently on the Swedish stock market compared to the American. Also a presenting of the mean value of price-fall-to-dividend ratio for the period examined is a theoretical contribution. The practical contribution from this study give managers for listed companies along with fund managers and operators on the financial markets an increased knowledge about current influences on the market which improves their ability to make decisions about stock split and future investments. For future studies we suggest to do more research on how the impact of nominal prices differ among markets. Tentatively future research can measure the stockholm market efficiency on the day of stocksplit which according to theory is another measureable event on the financial markets under the right circumstances.

A series of laboratory accelerated immersion tests are used to examine the effects of different chemicals found in municipal solid waste leachate, geomembrane thickness, and incubation temperatures on the degradation of different high density polyethylene geomembranes. It was found that surfactant was the key leachate constituent affecting antioxidant depletion while salts accelerated degradation of the mechanical properties, especially stress crack resistance. Immersed in synthetic leachate, the time to nominal failure at 35oC was predicted to be 62% longer for the 2.5 mm, and 12% longer for the 2.0 mm, than for the 1.5 mm geomembrane tested. The antioxidant depletion in synthetic leachate and air at temperatures > 85oC was consistent with what would be expected from Arrhenius modeling based on data from lower temperatures (≤ 85oC). However, the early depletion rates in water incubation decreased with the increase of the temperature above 100oC. It was also found that at temperatures above 100oC, there was significant change in the polymer morphology that affected the stress crack resistance at early incubation times prior to polymer degradation. Large-scale geosynthetic liner longevity simulators (GLLSs) which simulated field conditions were used to investigate the susceptibility of pre-aged high density polyethylene geomembranes to stress cracking and to evaluate the performance of geomembranes under a 150 mm sand protection layer. A pre-aged geomembrane with a 560 g/m2 geotextile protection layer experienced brittle rupture at local gravel indentations. The time to failure was correlated to the incubation temperatures. The use of a sand protection layer not only delayed antioxidant depletion compared to that with a traditional geotextile protection but also substantially reduced the long-term tensile strains in the geomembrane below the allowable strain limits. / Thesis (Ph.D, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2013-11-26 12:36:01.538

In this thesis, I describe and evaluate two recent accounts of naming. These accounts are motivated by Kripke?s response to Russell?s Description Theory of Names (DTN). Particularly, I consider Kripke?s Modal Argument (MA) and various arguments that have been given against it, as well as Kripke?s responses to these arguments. Further, I outline a version of MA that has recently been presented by Scott Soames, and consider how he responds to the criticisms that the argument faces. In order to evaluate the claim that MA is decisive against all description theories, I outline the Nominal Description Theory (NDT) put forth by Kent Bach and consider whether it constitutes a principled response to MA. I do so by exploring how Bach both responds to Kripke?s arguments against descriptivism and highlights the problems with rigid designation as a purely semantic thesis. Finally, I consider the relative merits of the accounts put forth by Bach and Soames. Upon doing so, I argue that MA is not as decisive against description theories as it has long been thought to be. In fact, NDT seems to provide a better account of our uses of proper names than the rigid designation thesis as presented by Kripke and Soames.

Both traffic congestion and road accidents impose a burden on society, and it is therefore important for transport policy makers to reduce their impact. An ideal scenario would be that traffic congestion and accidents are reduced simultaneously, however, this may not be possible since it has been speculated that increased traffic congestion may be beneficial in terms of road safety. This is based on the premise that there would be fewer fatal accidents and the accidents that occurred would tend to be less severe due to the low average speed when congestion is present. If this is confirmed then it poses a potential dilemma for transport policy makers: the benefit of reducing congestion might be off-set by more severe accidents. It is therefore important to fully understand the relationship between traffic congestion and road accidents while controlling for other factors affecting road traffic accidents. The relationship between traffic congestion and road accidents appears to be an under researched area. Previous studies often lack a suitable congestion measurement and an appropriate econometric model using real-world data. This thesis aims to explore the relationship between traffic congestion and road accidents by using an econometric and GIS approach. The analysis is based on the data from the M25 motorway and its surrounding major roads for the period 2003-2007. A series of econometric models have been employed to investigate the effect of traffic congestion on both accident frequency (such as classical Negative Binomial and Bayesian spatial models) and accident severity (such as ordered logit and mixed logit models). The Bayesian spatial model and the mixed logit model are the best models estimated for accident frequency and accident severity analyses respectively. The model estimation results suggest that traffic congestion is positively associated with the frequency of fatal and serious injury accidents and negatively (i.e. inversely) associated with the severity of accidents that have occurred. Traffic congestion is found to have little impact on the frequency of slight injury accidents. Other contributing factors have also been controlled for and produced results consistent with previous studies. It is concluded that traffic congestion overall has a negative impact on road safety. This may be partially due to higher speed variance among vehicles within and between lanes and erratic driving behaviour in the presence of congestion. The results indicate that mobility and safety can be improved simultaneously, and therefore there is significant additional benefit of reducing traffic congestion in terms of road safety. Several policy implications have been identified in order to optimise the traffic flow and improve driving behaviour, which would be beneficial to both congestion and accident reduction. This includes: reinforcing electronic warning signs and the Active Traffic Management, enforcing average speed on a stretch of a roadway and introducing minimum speed limits in the UK. This thesis contributes to knowledge in terms of the relationship between traffic congestion and road accidents, showing that mobility and safety can be improved simultaneously. A new hypothesis is proposed that traffic congestion on major roads may increase the occurrence of serious injury accidents. This thesis also proposes a new map-matching technique so as to assign accidents to the correct road segments, and shows how a two-stage modelling process which combines both accident frequency and severity models can be used in site ranking with the objective of identifying hazardous accident hotspots for further safety examination and treatment.

This thesis aims to contribute towards a better understanding of the optimal coordination of monetary and fiscal policy in complex economic environments. We analyze the characteristics of optimal dynamics in an economy in which neither prices nor wages adjust instantaneously and lump-sum taxes are unavailable as a source of government finance. We then propose that monetary and fiscal policy should be coordinated to satisfy a pair of simple `specific targeting rules', a rule for inflation and a rule for the growth of real wages. We show that such simple rule-based conduct of policy can do remarkably well in replicating the dynamics of the economy under optimal policy following a given shock. We study optimal policy coordination in the context of an economy where a constant proportion of agents lacks access to the asset market. We find that the optimal economy moves along an analogue of a conventional inflation-output variance frontier in response to a government spending shock, as the population share of non-Ricardian agents rises. The optimal output response rises, while inflation volatility subsides. There is little evidence that increased government spending would crowd in private consumption in the optimal economy. We investigate the optimal properties and wider implications of a macroeconomic policy framework aimed at meeting an unconditional debt target. We show that the best stationary policy in terms of an unconditional welfare measure is characterized by highly persistent debt dynamics, less history-dependence in the conduct of policy, less reliance on debt finance and more short-term volatility following a government spending shock compared with the non-stationary `timelessly optimal' plan.

Pressverbindungen gehören zu den klassischen Maschinenelementen und werden insbesondere in der Antriebstechnik häufig eingesetzt. Zur sicheren und zugleich wirtschaftlichen Auslegung derartiger Verbindungen unter zyklischen Lasten fehlen generell gültige sowie abgesicherte normative Vorgaben bzw. Richtlinien für den Anwender. Insbesondere ist dies dann zutreffend, wenn Geometrien vorkommen, für welche keine Tabellen- bzw. Erfahrungswerte existieren. In dieser Arbeit werden ausführliche experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Ermüdungsfestigkeit von Pressverbindungen einer Standardgeometrie vorgestellt. Im Fokus der Untersuchungen steht die Dauer-, Zeit- und Betriebsfestigkeit der biege- sowie torsionsbelasteten Verbindung. Auf Basis der erzielten Festigkeiten und Lebensdauerwerte erfolgt die Ableitung normspezifischer Kennwerte für die Praxis. Weiterhin steht die Übertragung der erzielten Ergebnisse auf andere Pressverbindungs-Geometrien, wie beispielsweise die Verbindung mit Wellenabsatz, im Vordergrund. Hierbei wird das Verhalten hinsichtlich der Kerbwirkung im Vergleich zu gekerbten Wellen sowie zu anderen reibdauerbeanspruchten Verbindungen untersucht. Zudem erfolgt eine ausführliche Analyse simulationsspezifischer Einflussgrößen auf die Beanspruchungshöhe der Pressverbindung. Auf Grundlage dieser Erkenntnisse wird ein neues Auslegungskonzept erarbeitet und an Ergebnissen aus der Literatur gespiegelt.