The emergence of new communication standards has put a key challenge for semiconductor industry to develop RF devices that can handle high power and high data rates simultaneously. The RF devices play a key role in the design of power amplifiers (PAs), which is considered as a heart of base-station. From economical point of view, a single wideband RF power module is more desirable rather than multiple narrowband PAs especially for multi-band and multi-mode operation. Therefore, device modeling has now become much more crucial for such applications. In order to reduce the device design cycle time, the researchers also heavily rely on computer aided design (CAD) tools. With improvement in CAD technology the model extraction has become more accurate and device physical structure optimization can be carried out with less number of iterations. LDMOS devices have been dominating in the communication field since last decade and are still widely used for PA design and development. This thesis deals with the optimization of RFLDMOS transistor and its evaluation in different PA classes, such as linear, switching, wideband and multi-band applications. For accurate evaluation of RF-LDMOS transistor parameters, some techniques are also developed in technology CAD (TCAD) using large signal time domain computational load-pull (CLP) methods. Initially the RF-LDMOS is studied in TCAD for the improved RF performance. The physical intrinsic structure of RF-LDMOS is provided by Infenion Technologies AG. A reduced surface field (RESURF) of low-doped drain (LDD) region is considered in detail because it plays an important role in RF-LDMOS devices to obtain high breakdown voltage (BVDS). But on the other hand, it also reduces the RF performance due to high on-resistance (Ron). The excess interface state charges at the RESURF region are introduced to reduce the Ron, which not only increases the dc drain current, but also improve the RF performance in terms of power, gain and efficiency. The important achievement is the enhancement in operating frequency up to 4 GHz. In LDD region, the effect of excess interface charges at the RESURF is also compared with dual implanted-layer of p-type and n-type. The comparison revealed that the former provides 43 % reduction in Ron with BVDS of 70 V, while the later provides 26 % reduction in Ron together with BVDS of 64 - 68 V. In the second part of my research work, computational load pull (CLP) simulation technique is used in TCAD to extract the impedances of RF-LDMOS at different frequencies under large signal operation. Flexible matching is an issue in the design of broadband or multi-band PAs. Optimum impedance of RF-LDMOS is extracted at operating frequencies of 1, 2 and 2.5 GHz in class AB PA. After this, CLP simulation technique is further developed in TCAD to study the non-linear behavior of RF devices. Through modified CLP technique, non-linear effects inside the transistor structure are studied by conventional two-tone RF signals in time domain. This is helpful to detect and understand the phenomena, which can be resolved to improve the device performance. The third order inter-modulation distortion (IMD3) of RF- LDMOS was observed at different power levels. The IMD3 of −22 dBc is obtained at 1-dB compression point (P1-dB), while at 10 dB back off the value increases to −36 dBc. These results were also verified experimentally by fabricating a linear PA. Similarly, CLP technique is developed further for the analysis of RF devices in high efficiency operation by investigating the odd harmonic effects for the design of class-F PA. RF-LDMOS can provide a power added efficiency (PAE) of 81.2 % in class-F PA at 1 GHz in TCAD simulations. The results are verified by design and fabrication of class-F PA using large signal model of the similar device in ADS. In fabrication, a PAE of 76 % is achieved.

The research described in this dissertation undertakes a computational study of wave motion due to ground excitation in layered soil media. Adjustments of soil properties consistent with the level of deformation is applied using an equivalent linear approach. The finite element method provides the basis of the numerical procedure for soil-structure system response calculation in conjunction with a first-order perturbation scheme. Available experimental data are employed for shear-modulus and damping adjustments. The findings of the research are expected to lead to efficient calculation of structural response to earthquake ground motion. / text

Αντικείμενο της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η ανάλυση κτιρίων από φέρουσα τοιχοποιία σύμφωνα με ανελαστικό προσομοίωμα βλάβης στοιχείων τοιχοποιίας. Το προσομοίωμα βασίζεται στην θεωρία βλάβης συνεχούς μέσου και χρησιμοποιεί εννέα δείκτες βλάβης για την περιγραφή της μη γραμμικής συμπεριφοράς. Οι δείκτες βλάβης λαμβάνουν τιμές από 0 έως 1 και οι συναρτήσεις για τον υπολογισμό τους εμπεριέχουν τις εξισώσεις επιφάνειας οριακής αστοχίας κατά τα κριτήρια Rankine και Hill, ώστε να ληφθεί υπόψη η αλληλεπίδραση των τάσεων. Η εφαρμογή του προσομοιώματος πραγματοποιείται σε υπό κλίμακα κτίρια τοιχοποιίας, που αποτέλεσαν πειραματικά δοκίμια των σεισμικών τραπεζών LEE (Ελλάδα) και ISMES (Ιταλία), στα πλαίσια ερευνητικού προγράμματος. Αναλύονται τέσσερα κτίρια με ανελαστική ανάλυση χρονοϊστορίας: μία λιθοδομή, μία οπτοπλινθοδομή, μία ενισχυμένη λιθοδομή με τοπικούς μανδύες σκυροδέματος και μία ενισχυμένη οπτοπλινθοδομή με ελκυστήρες και κατακόρυφες μεταλλικές δοκούς. Βασική επιδίωξη είναι η ποιοτική σύγκριση των βλαβών που προβλέπει το προσομοίωμα, με τις πραγματικές αστοχίες των πειραματικών δοκιμίων. Τα αποτελέσματα των αναλύσεων δείχνουν πως δεν υπάρχει πάντα τέλεια αντιστοίχηση μεταξύ των τάσεων, οι οποίες αποτιμώνται βάσει των μονοαξονικών αντοχών και των αντίστοιχων δεικτών βλάβης, καθώς ο δείκτης βλάβης έχει κατά κύριο λόγο μαθηματικό νόημα, εκφράζει τον ρυθμό ανάπτυξης της βλάβης και στους υπολογισμούς εισάγεται η αντοχή όπως προκύπτει από την επιφάνεια οριακής αστοχίας. Από τα τέσσερα κτίρια που αναλύθηκαν κρίνεται πως για τα δύο από αυτά: τη λιθοδομή και την ενισχυμένη οπτοπλινθοδομή, προβλέπονται αστοχίες που συμβαδίζουν με τα διαθέσιμα πειραματικά στοιχεία. Η ανάλυση της οπτοπλινθοδομής προβλέπει βλάβες μικρότερου βαθμού από αυτές που προέκυψαν στα πειραματικά δοκίμια, ενώ για την ενισχυμένη λιθοδομή αν και παρουσιάζονται ρεαλιστικά αποτελέσματα, η σύγκριση είναι δυσχερής λόγω έλλειψης των πειραματικών αποτελεσμάτων. / In this thesis, a non – linear damage model for masonry is examined. The model is based on the continuous damage theory and nine indices are used to describe non – linear behavior of masonry. The damage index can assume values between 0 (undamaged state) and 1 (rupture), and in three – dimensional dynamic application takes into accent the influence of strains with the damage boundary surface formulated by Rankine and Hill criteria. The model has been implemented in a three – dimensional finite element program capable of performing static and dynamic inelastic analyses. The simulations of four masonry experimental models of shaking table in ISMES (Italy) and LEE (Greece) facilities carried out: a stone masonry, a brick masonry, a stone masonry partial strengthened by concrete jacket and a brick masonry strengthened by horizontal tendons and vertical steel beams placed at the corners of the building. Aim of the thesis is to compare the numerical results with the experimental data. The numerical results show that there not always evident convergence between the results of damage indices and the uniaxial strain for two reasons: first, the damage index takes into account the influence of strains and second, because the damage index represents the rate of damage development and has basically mathematical meaning. The damage model presents good response in representing the non linear behavior of stone masonry and strengthened brick masonry buildings. The numerical results for the brick masonry building maintains low degree of damage in order to experimental results and the analysis of strengthened stone masonry building gives realistic results of damage but very few experimental data are available for comparison purposes.

Disertacijoje sprendžiama telekomunikacinių stiebų efektyvumo problema. Tyrimo objektas – statiškai apkrauti naujos konstrukcijos stiebai su kombinuotomis atotampomis. Darbe išanalizuota šiuolaikinių stiebų konstrukcinės formos ir skaičiavimo metodai. Nagrinėjama sukurta stiebo su kombinuotomis atotampomis konstrukcija, kurioje vietoj įprastųjų siūloma taikyti kombinuotas atotampas. Disertacijoje šiems stiebams skaičiuoti pateikta inžinerinė skaičiavimo metodika. Pateikti naujo stiebo, veikiamo statinių apkrovų, elgsenos analizės skaitinių ir eksperimentinių laboratorinių tyrimų rezultatai. Stiebo su kombinuotomis atotampomis kamieno lenkiamiesiems momentams reguliuoti darbe siūloma taikyti parengtą stiebų komponavimo metodiką. Šių stiebų efektyvumui nustatyti pateikti gretinamieji tyrimai su įprastos sandaros stiebais. Disertaciją sudaro bendroji darbo charakteristika, 5 skyriai, pagrindiniai darbo rezultatai ir išvados, literatūros sąrašas. / Тhe dissertation deals with the problem of telecommunication masts efficiency. The subject of research – masts of a new structure with combined guys under static loads. The study deals with constructive forms and analysis methods of up-to-date masts. It analyses into a created structure of the mast, wherein it is suggested to apply combine guys instead of the ordinary ones. Engineering guyed masts with combined guys static analysis method is given this research. The numerical and experimental laboratory assay of a new mast under static loads behaviour is given. It is proposed in the study to apply a worked out composing method of masts with combined guys to control the bending moments of shaft. Compared research results are given to measure efficiency of these masts against masts of an ordinary structure. The dissertation includes a general characteristic of study, five chapters, main results and conclusions, list of references.

Тhe dissertation deals with the problem of telecommunication masts efficiency. The subject of research – masts of a new structure with combined guys under static loads. The study deals with constructive forms and analysis methods of up-to-date masts. It analyses into a created structure of the mast, wherein it is suggested to apply combine guys instead of the ordinary ones. Engineering guyed masts with combined guys static analysis method is given this research. The numerical and experimental laboratory assay of a new mast under static loads behaviour is given. It is proposed in the study to apply a worked out composing method of masts with combined guys to control the bending moments of shaft. Compared research results are given to measure efficiency of these masts against masts of an ordinary structure. The dissertation includes a general characteristic of study, five chapters, main results and conclusions, list of references. / Disertacijoje sprendžiama telekomunikacinių stiebų efektyvumo problema. Tyrimo objektas – statiškai apkrauti naujos konstrukcijos stiebai su kombinuotomis atotampomis. Darbe išanalizuota šiuolaikinių stiebų konstrukcinės formos ir skaičiavimo metodai. Nagrinėjama sukurta stiebo su kombinuotomis atotampomis konstrukcija, kurioje vietoj įprastųjų siūloma taikyti kombinuotas atotampas. Disertacijoje šiems stiebams skaičiuoti pateikta inžinerinė skaičiavimo metodika. Pateikti naujo stiebo, veikiamo statinių apkrovų, elgsenos analizės skaitinių ir eksperimentinių laboratorinių tyrimų rezultatai. Stiebo su kombinuotomis atotampomis kamieno lenkiamiesiems momentams reguliuoti darbe siūloma taikyti parengtą stiebų komponavimo metodiką. Šių stiebų efektyvumui nustatyti pateikti gretinamieji tyrimai su įprastos sandaros stiebais. Disertaciją sudaro bendroji darbo charakteristika, 5 skyriai, pagrindiniai darbo rezultatai ir išvados, literatūros sąrašas.

Deterioration of concrete bridge decks has become a serious problem in the past few decades. Fortunately, non-corrosive, light-weight Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) material provides an excellent alternative. More than 117 bridges in the USA have been built or repaired with FRP. In Canada, no FRP bridge deck has been used in the field, yet. However, Wardrop Engineering Inc., Faroex Ltd., and ISIS Canada have successfully designed, manufactured, and patented the filament-wound Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) bridge deck. Since there is no design code for FRP bridge decks, a finite element method, labeled “L&D”, is proposed in this thesis to help bridge engineers better understand the structural behavior of FRP bridge decks. The L&D method is validated by comparing the analysis results with the experimental results of three filament-wound GFRP bridge decks. This L&D method is also applicable for analyzing FRP bridge decks manufactured by other processes.

Deterioration of concrete bridge decks has become a serious problem in the past few decades. Fortunately, non-corrosive, light-weight Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) material provides an excellent alternative. More than 117 bridges in the USA have been built or repaired with FRP. In Canada, no FRP bridge deck has been used in the field, yet. However, Wardrop Engineering Inc., Faroex Ltd., and ISIS Canada have successfully designed, manufactured, and patented the filament-wound Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) bridge deck. Since there is no design code for FRP bridge decks, a finite element method, labeled “L&D”, is proposed in this thesis to help bridge engineers better understand the structural behavior of FRP bridge decks. The L&D method is validated by comparing the analysis results with the experimental results of three filament-wound GFRP bridge decks. This L&D method is also applicable for analyzing FRP bridge decks manufactured by other processes.

Lajes nervuradas modeladas computacionalmente são geralmente analisadas por metodologias simplificadas, tanto para a geometria da seção (convertendo em lajes maciças ou grelhas) como para as propriedades mecânicas dos materiais (regime elástico-linear). Estes estudos teóricos apresentam grandes diferenças quando comparados com ensaios experimentais, mesmo para baixos níveis de carregamento. Isto se deve principalmente pela não consideração da excentricidade entre os eixos da nervura e da capa, como também à simplificação do comportamento mecânico do concreto à tração. Modelos numéricos chamados realísticos consideram o efeito da excentricidade entre os eixos da capa e nervura da seção transversal. Pode-se, ainda, introduzir a não-linearidade física do concreto armado nestes modelos, obtendo resultados mais próximos do real. O objetivo deste trabalho é estabelecer um modelo numérico realístico, para a seção típica de laje nervurada, atendendo às indicações descritas acima. Para a consideração da excentricidade entre os eixos da capa e nervura empregam-se elementos de casca, em posição horizontal para a capa e vertical para a nervura. A não-linearidade física do concreto à tração é representada através do modelo de fissuração distribuída proposto por D’AVILA (2003). Para as análises não-lineares empregou-se o programa computacional de elementos finitos SAP2000 versão 16, onde os elementos de casca permitem discretizar o concreto armado em camadas, ao longo da espessura. Um bom desempenho do modelo numérico proposto foi verificado pela validação deste a partir de modelos experimentais, assim como da análise numérica de outros autores. Realizaram-se, por último, análises de algumas lajes nervuradas com solicitações de carregamentos excessivos, a fim de prever seus desempenhos frente a estados limites de flexão. Os resultados obtidos nestas análises mostraram, também, um bom desempenho do modelo proposto. / Waffle slab structures simulated by computational models are generally analyzed by simplified methods, both for section geometry (converting into solid slabs) and the material mechanical properties (linear elastic regime). The results obtained by such theoretical studies show large differences when compared to experimental tests, even at low loading levels. This is mainly due to non-consideration of the eccentricity between the rib and cover axes and simplification of the concrete tensile strength mechanical behavior. The so called realistic numerical models consider the effect of eccentricity between the axes of hood and ribs of the cross section. One may also introduce physical nonlinearity of reinforced concrete in these models, obtaining results closer to real. The objective of this work is to establish a realistic numerical model for the typical section of a waffle slab, considering the physical nonlinearity of concrete and its collaboration between cracks, by the smeared crack model proposed by D' AVILA (2003). The computational finite element program SAP2000 version 16 is used for the non-linear analysis. The shell element discretization enabled the heterogeneous characteristics of reinforced concrete to be considered through layers along the thickness. The numerical model was validated based on the analysis of experimentally tested slabs. Finally, some waffle slabs were numerically analyzed under a uniformly distributed and incrementally growing load. The proposed model was able to predict their overall behavior and some local aspects could also be observed.

Le développement de systèmes de mesures et de suivi non-invasifs, fiables, robustes et utilisablesen autonomie est de première importance pour le confort et l’implication de la personne prise en charge dansson parcours de santé. En collaboration avec la société IDS SA, ce travail a été initié et motivé par la volontéde développer des méthodes de traitement et d’analyse dédiées à l’exploration fonctionnelle de mesures phy-siologiques non-invasives d’une part, et le développement de solutions pour la santé et l’autonomie, d’autre part.Les aspects fondamentaux de ce travail doctoral ont pour objectifs la mise au point et la validation de méthodesde décomposition modale pour : (1) l’extraction et la reconstruction des composantes cardiaques d’un signalpléthysmographique et (2) l’estimation d’un indice de complexité témoignant de modifications de stratégiesde contrôle postural. Il est attendu que ces méthodes soient : (1) locales pour gérer les non-stationnarités, (2)lisibles pour permettre l’identification des composantes et (3) adaptatives au sens d’un paramétrage a minima.`A cette fin, la connaissance du contexte physiologique et des modèles spectraux attenants sont employés toutautant comme un guide dans le choix et l’utilisation qu’une grille de lecture dans l’exploitation des méthodesengagées.Dans la première partie de ce travail, à travers le développement d’un banc de test sur signaux simulés, nousavons démontré la supériorité d’une variante de la décomposition modale empirique en comparaison à sa formeoriginale. Par la suite, nous avons établi l’utilisabilité, avec des hypothèses a minima, d’une représentationmodale récente, la transformée par Synchrosqueezing (SQT).Dans la seconde partie de ce travail, nous avons mis au point un indice de complexité en échelles basé sur la SQTet dont le fenêtrage temporel est entièrement déterminé par la dynamique spectrale de la représentation. Aupréalable, nous avons mis en place un protocole expérimental pour identifier les limites des méthodes existanteset légitimer une approche spectrale de l’entropie. Notre indice a été validé sur signaux simulés et testé sur si-gnaux réels où il a pu mettre en évidence le phénomène de repondération sensorielle à la suite d’une perturbation.Les aspects appliqués de ce travail doctoral, quant à eux, s’articulent autour du développement de solutionsdédiées : (1) à la prévention du risque de chute et (2) au suivi des activités de la vie quotidienne.Dans cette dernière partie, nous nous sommes intéressés : (1) à l’évaluation des troubles latéralisés de l’équilibre,(2) à l’évaluation de la prise en charge en charge de troubles posturaux, (3) à la conception et la validationd’un outil de mesure et de rééducation des capacités de contrôle postural intégré dans un smartphone, et (4) àla détection de dérives comportementales par le développement d’un indice de persévération et son applicationau suivi du rythme nycthéméral des activités de la vie quotidienne. / L'auteur n'a pas fourni de résumé en anglais

Orientador: Mônica Pinto Barbosa / Banca: Tulio Nogueira Bittencourt / Banca: Rogério de Oliveira Rodrigues / Resumo: Apresenta-se como objeto desta pesquisa o estudo numérico não-linear da ductilidade de vigas de concreto armado convencional e de alto desempenho. Toda a análise numérica é efetuada no código de cálculo baseado no método dos elementos finitos CASTEM 2000, que utiliza o modelo reológico elastoplástico perfeito para o aço, o modelo de Drucker-Prager para o concreto e o método de Newton-Raphson para a solução de sistemas não-lineares. O núcleo deste trabalho concentra-se na obtenção de curvas força - deslocamento e momento - curvatura com a finalidade de quantificar respectivamente os índices de ductilidade global e local das vigas analisadas. De início, confrontam-se as respostas numéricas obtidas com resultados experimentais fornecidos pela literatura a fim de garantir confiabilidade à análise numérica realizada. Posteriormente, efetua-se a determinação da capacidade de deformação inelástica do elemento estrutural em questão, variando-se a resistência à compressão do concreto, a taxa geométrica de armadura longitudinal de tração, a tensão de escoamento das armaduras, o espaçamento entre estribos, a base da seção transversal do elemento estrutural e o efeito escala. Estes parâmetros foram avaliados para dois casos de solicitação: flexão simples tipo I e flexão simples tipo II. O primeiro caso caracteriza-se pela ação de forças simétricas aplicadas à 1/3 e 2/3 do vão e a segunda por uma força centrada no meio do vão. A linha de tendência geral observada foi de uma maior ductilização das vigas sujeitas à flexão simples tipo II, em detrimento às solicitadas por flexão simples tipo I. Quanto ao efeito escala observa-se que a ductilização das vigas é inversamente proporcional à esbeltez das mesmas. / Abstract: The objective of this thesis is the study of the ductility of high and conventional strength reinforced concrete beams by non-linear numerical simulations. The numerical analysis is based on the finite element method implemented in CASTEM 2000. This program uses the constitutive elastoplastic perfect model for the steel, the Drucker-Prager model for the concrete and the Newton-Raphson for the solution of non-linear systems. This work concentrates on the determination of force - displacement and moment - curvature curves with the purpose of quantifying the global and local ductility indexes of the beams. First, the numeric responses are confronted with experimental results found in the literature in order to check the reliability of the numerical analyses. Later, a parametric study is carried on. The inelastic deformation capacity of the structural element is investigated by varying the concrete compressive strength, the longitudinal reinforcement ratio, the yield stress of the reinforcement, the spacing between stirrups, the member section dimensions and the element size. These parameters have been analyzed for two cases: simple type I and simple type II bending. The first case is characterized by the action of applied symmetrical forces to the 1/3 and 2/3 of the beam size and second for a force centered in the middle of the beam size. The general tendency observed points to a high ductilization of the beams subjected to simple type II bending in comparison to the ones subjected to simple type I bending. With respect to the element size, it is noticed that the ductility of the beams is inversely proportional to their slendernesses. / Mestre