Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 195-207). Also available on Internet.

Interdisciplinarity among Academic Scientists: Individual and Organizational Factors Fang Xiao 139 Pages Directed by Dr. Julia E. Melkers Drawing on a wide variety of social science theories, this study investigates the effects of tenure system, university climate for interdisciplinary research (IDR), gender, and industry experience on academic scientists’ engagement in IDR in different disciplines. Using survey and bibliometric data, two dependent variables are generated to measure production aspects of IDR: the self-reported percentage of IDR papers which is from researchers’ own estimate of their IDR papers responding to one survey question, and the calculated percentage of IDR papers which is a combination of two bibliometric indicators of scientists’ borrowing and boundary crossing activities. Results find that our conventional wisdom about the effects of some individual and organizational factors on scientists’ propensity to engage in IDR is outdated, and their effects depend on the disciplinary contexts. These findings suggest science policy makers, funding agencies and university administrators to keep fresh and informed about scientists’ research activities and underlying context and take full into account of distinct characteristics of different disciplines when they make or reform policies to encourage IDR work.

This case study examines the land tenure histories of the Grand Portage and Leech Lake Bands of Ojibwe to determine how historical events inform their contemporary land acquisition strategies. The standardized federal Indian policy time periods frames this effort to track the amount of reservation land held in Ojibwe trust ownership over time while analyzing the local impact of those policies upon land tenure and acquisition. The Grand Portage and Leech Lake Bands are members of the confederated Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, and this Band-level unit of analysis illuminates variations in land tenure patterns and acquisition strategies experienced within a common tribal identity. The Grand Portage Band has been remarkably successful and over 80% of that territory is under Ojibwe trust ownership, while only 5% of the Leech Lake Reservation is in Ojibwe trust ownership. The Grand Portage Band has utilized conventional and creative strategies for land acquisition. For example, the Band secured an expansion of their reservation boundary in 1982, and later acquired the Grand Portage State Park. The Leech Lake Band has experienced a harsher land tenure history as their reservation lands have been, and remain, a much more contested territory. The Chippewa National Forest was superimposed upon that reservation territory, which has effectively created a federal monopoly on land ownership and which serves as a major obstacle to effective land acquisition by the Leech Lake Band today. Other obstacles include bureaucratic inertia and state and local opposition.The emergent tribal land acquisition strategies are land purchases, as well as the purchase of fractionated trust ownership interests, negotiations with local and state governments for land exchanges, the transfer of federal "surplus lands," and pursuit of special legislation or executive orders. Furthermore, Indian land tenure and acquisition remains an important aspect of the contemporary federal trust responsibility, although weakened in practice. The federal trust responsibility must be revitalized in order to become an effective method for tribal land acquisition. The Indian land tenure reality today is that most tribes endure insufficient and inadequate tribal territories as a result of federal Indian policies, which has prompted many to prioritize land acquisition.

This paper reviews the policy dimensions of land use planning in Indiana, and examines problems with implementing a state wide land use policy. Areas of particular concern for state land use planning are investigated, including agricultural land management, critical area management, and control of large scale development. Land use planning is looked at as an area involving local concerns as -well as many concerns with political factors to be considered at each level. Political roles of many different interest groups are examined, ranging from environmentalists to pro-development, and it is shown how these roles interact in shaping a policy. Specific land use tools are outlined and the author discusses the reasons why, in his opinion, it will be very difficult for Indiana to implement any true form of statewide land use policy. / Department of Urban Planning

Drawing on a wide variety of social science theories, this study investigates the effects of tenure system, university climate for interdisciplinary research (IDR), gender, and industry experience on academic scientists’ engagement in IDR in different disciplines. Using survey and bibliometric data, two dependent variables are generated to measure production aspects of IDR: the self-reported percentage of IDR papers which is from researchers’ own estimate of their IDR papers responding to one survey question, and the calculated percentage of IDR papers which is a combination of two bibliometric indicators of scientists’ borrowing and boundary crossing activities. Results find that our conventional wisdom about the effects of some individual and organizational factors on scientists’ propensity to engage in IDR is outdated, and their effects depend on the disciplinary contexts. These findings suggest science policy makers, funding agencies and university administrators to keep fresh and informed about scientists’ research activities and underlying context and take full into account of distinct characteristics of different disciplines when they make or reform policies to encourage IDR work.

This thesis seeks to explain some of the factors influencing British colonial officials in mandate Palestine, in particular, British colonial officials‟ response to the 1929 Arab Revolt. The various groups in Palestine at the time of the Revolt agreed that it was a direct response to the increasing vulnerability of the Arab cultivator to loose the rights to the land on which he worked as a result of the particular combination of his indebtedness and the laissez-faire market in land supported by the British administration. Based on primary source research on memoranda and official reports from the British Colonial Office between the years of 1929 and 1934, this thesis seeks to examine the trajectory of British credit provision to the Arab population in Palestine in order to stop the tendency of Arab cultivators (fellaheen) to be caught in indebtedness leading to landlessness. The most influential official idea between 1929 and 1934 was one that supported the creation of credit co-operatives for the Arab population. However, credit co-operatives never became an effective means of dealing with the problem of indebtedness leading to landlessness amongst the Arab population in mandate Palestine. There were multiple difficulties associated with the creation of credit co-operatives for the Arabs in mandate Palestine. The most powerful obstacle to success in this colonial endeavour was the lack of consensus amongst officials on how to provide credit to Arab cultivators. There was little agreement on whether or not access to land should be secured for the cultivators prior to credit provision. In trying to demonstrate how much disagreement there was amongst officials about co-operatives and land rights, I am seeking to explain why co-operatives in Palestine failed. In the official discussions, it is clear that there were a significant number of officials who had a very detailed knowledge of the situation in Palestine. However, there was so much disagreement amongst officials that this understanding failed to translate into effective legislation that could deal with the land question and credit. / Graduate

In order to reveal the functioning and development of lordship and law within society, this thesis examines the control of land and other immoveable possessions during the century after 1066. This involves subjects central to the emergence of the Common Law: how notions of property developed, how succession and inheritance evolved, how disposal of land was controlled by various interests, and how lords enforced the services owed to them. I argue that a view too narrowly restricted by modern legal definitions can miss important developments, and seek to place the various developments in their social and political context. By examining cases, I introduce the element of power as a determinant of the operation and development of law, a feature some recent writings lack. The answers to the questions posed above are thus of interest to all historians of this period, since they illuminate the distribution and functioning of power within Anglo-Norman society. I also align the changes with other developments in thought. In particular, I suggest links between the church reform movement and developing notions of land tenure. I take issue with some legal historians who argue that property, strictly defined, only emerged from the third quarter of the twelfth century. They define property as involving the tenant's secure possession of land for life; his freedom to dispose of that land; and the automatic inheritance of the land by his heir. All these required regular enforcement by the external authority of law administered by royal power. In the century after 1066, they argue, landholding was controlled by the personal relationship of lord and man, within sovereign lordships. Royal involvement was exceptional. In the later twelfth century, property emerged with a shift of control to royal jurisdiction. I argue that a similar, if limited, shift of control occurred under Henry I, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical lordships.

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No description available.

Graduation date: 1954