A tese aqui desenvolvida é a de que a Lei 12.846/2013, também conhecida como lei anticorrupção, não será capaz de incentivar as empresas brasileiras à adoção de programas ou medidas simplificadas de compliance. A responsabilização administrativa e civil não é tão dissuasiva como poderia ser a responsabilização criminal. O estudo da lei por meio da análise econômica do direito sugere que um agente econômico racional não investiria em compliance, porque a utilidade esperada com a prática do delito é muito superior à utilidade caso a empresa não praticasse o delito, em razão da baixíssima probabilidade de ser punida. Além disso, os benefícios oferecidos – redução parcial somente da multa administrativa, sem possibilidade de atenuação das sanções civis – não compensariam o custo do compliance. Finalmente, a possibilidade de firmar um acordo de leniência e reduzir a multa em até 2/3 eliminaria a vantagem da empresa que possui e aplica um programa de compliance, em relação à empresa que não adota essas práticas. O trabalho foi estruturado em quatro capítulos. O primeiro capítulo estudou, à luz do direito comparado, as possibilidades regulatórias à disposição do legislador para a responsabilização das pessoas jurídicas, bem como as modalidades de culpa e a forma de atribuição dos atos das pessoas físicas às pessoas jurídicas. O segundo capítulo examinou o compliance no contexto do capitalismo regulatório, como uma estratégia de regulação responsiva para o controle da criminalidade empresarial. O terceiro capítulo verificou que a esfera administrativa e civil, escolhida pela lei 12.846/2013, não é tão dissuasiva como pode ser a esfera criminal, para a responsabilização das empresas. Além disso, examinou a lei sob a ótica da análise econômica do direito, concluindo que não existe uma ameaça crível de punição, no Brasil, por atos de corrupção. Por meio da comparação do cálculo de multas aplicadas a cinco empresas fictícias, sugere-se que uma empresa, ao analisar custos e benefícios, não investiria num programa de compliance, preferindo utilizar de outra forma esses valores. O quarto capítulo examinou os elementos de um programa de compliance e forneceu parâmetros para a avaliação de sua atividade, propondo um método estruturado em dois critérios: a presença dos elementos estruturais e a apuração da efetividade de seu funcionamento. A pesquisa concluiu que, para desequilibrar o mercado da corrupção e fazer com que as empresas adotem o compliance, será necessário aumentar a probabilidade de que os atos lesivos sejam descobertos, apurados e efetivamente punidos, e, ao mesmo tempo, ampliar os benefícios oferecidos às empresas que possuírem um compliance efetivo. Caso contrário, continuará valendo a pena apostar na ineficiência do sistema e não implementar um programa ou medidas simplificadas de compliance. / The thesis developed in this study is that the Act 12.846/2013, also known as anticorruption law, will not trigger an increased use of compliance programs or simplified compliance measures by Brazilian companies. Administrative and civil sanctions are not as deterrent as criminal sanctions. The analysis of the act under an economic approach suggests that a rational economic agent would not invest in compliance, because the expected utility arising from the offense greatly exceeds the utility a company could get in case they did not commit the offense on account of the extremely low probability of being caught and punished. Besides that, the incentives offered – a partial reduction of the administrative fine only, without the possibility of reducing the civil sanctions – would not compensate the costs of compliance. And ultimately, the possibility of either a non-prosecution agreement or a deferred prosecution agreement, reducing the fine up to two thirds would eliminate the advantages of companies which use compliance programs in comparison to the ones which do not. The research is structured in four chapters. The first chapter analyzes, in light of comparative law, the regulatory choices available to the legislatures to punish legal persons, as well as the types of culpability and the criteria to attribute the acts of individuals to legal persons. The second chapter examines compliance in the context of regulatory capitalism, as a responsive regulation strategy for imposing corporate criminal liability. The third chapter shows that the administrative and civil regime of Act 12.846/2013 is not as deterrent as a criminal regime could be. In addition, the chapter examines the act through the lenses of the economic analysis of law, concluding that there is not a credible threat of punishment in Brazil for acts of corruption. Comparing the fines that would be applied to five different fictitious companies, the research suggests that companies, when reflecting on costs and benefits of compliance programs, would prefer to direct their resources into other activities. The fourth chapter presents the elements of compliance programs and proposes standards for the assessment of its effectiveness under two criteria: the presence of structural components and the effectiveness of their performance. The conclusion is that, so as to unbalance the market of corruption, it would be essential to greatly enhance the probability of detection, investigation and punishment of illicit acts, and, at the same time, increase the benefits offered to the companies which implement an effective compliance program. Otherwise, relying on the inefficiency of the system and thus not implementing compliance will still pay off, though. / La tesis expuesta consiste en que la Ley n. 12.846/2013, también conocida como ley anticorrupción, no sería capaz de incentivar a las empresas brasileñas a la adopción de programas o medidas simplificadas de compliance. La responsabilización administrativa y civil no es tan disuasiva como podría ser la responsabilización criminal. El estudio de la ley por medio del análisis económico del derecho, indica que un agente económico racional no invertiría en compliance porque la utilidad esperada con la práctica del delito es muy superior a la utilidad, caso la empresa no hubiese practicado el delito, debido a la bajísima probabilidad de ser punida. Además, los beneficios ofrecidos – reducción parcial solamente de la multa administrativa, sin posibilidad de atenuar sanciones civiles – no compensarían el coste del compliance. Finalmente, la posibilidad de firmar un acuerdo de colaboración y reducir la multa en hasta 2/3 eliminaría la ventaja de la empresa que posee y aplica un programa de compliance en relación a la empresa que no adopta estas prácticas. El trabajo fue estructurado en cuatro capítulos. El primer capítulo ha estudiado, desde la óptica del derecho comparado, las posibilidades regulatorias a disposición del legislador para la responsabilización de las personas jurídicas, así como las modalidades de culpa y la forma de atribución de los actos de las personas físicas a las personas jurídicas. El segundo capítulo ha examinado el compliance en el contexto del capitalismo regulatorio, como una estrategia de regulación responsiva para el control de la criminalidad empresarial. El tercer capítulo ha verificado que la esfera administrativa y civil, elegida por la Ley 12.846/2013, no es tan disuasiva como puede ser la esfera criminal, para la responsabilización de las empresas. Además, ha examinado la ley en el marco de análisis económico del derecho, concluyendo que no existe una amenaza creíble de punición en Brasil, por actos de corrupción. La comparación del cálculo de las multas aplicadas a cinco empresas ficticias, sugiere que demostrado que una empresa, al analizar costes y beneficios, no invertiría en un programa de compliance, prefiriendo utilizar estos valores de otra manera. El cuarto capítulo ha examinado los elementos de un programa de compliance y ha fornecido parámetros para la evaluación de su eficacia, proponiendo un método estructurado en dos criterios: la presencia de los elementos estructurales y la apuración de la eficacia de su funcionamiento. La investigación ha concluido que, para desequilibrar el mercado de la corrupción y hacer que las empresas adopten el compliance, será necesario incrementar la probabilidad de que los actos lesivos sean descubiertos, apurados y efectivamente punidos y, al mismo tiempo, ampliar los beneficios ofrecidos a las empresas que poseerían un compliance eficaz. En caso contrario, continuara valiendo la pena apostar en la ineficiencia del sistema y no implementar un programa o medidas simplificadas de compliance.

No description available.

A tese aqui desenvolvida é a de que a Lei 12.846/2013, também conhecida como lei anticorrupção, não será capaz de incentivar as empresas brasileiras à adoção de programas ou medidas simplificadas de compliance. A responsabilização administrativa e civil não é tão dissuasiva como poderia ser a responsabilização criminal. O estudo da lei por meio da análise econômica do direito sugere que um agente econômico racional não investiria em compliance, porque a utilidade esperada com a prática do delito é muito superior à utilidade caso a empresa não praticasse o delito, em razão da baixíssima probabilidade de ser punida. Além disso, os benefícios oferecidos – redução parcial somente da multa administrativa, sem possibilidade de atenuação das sanções civis – não compensariam o custo do compliance. Finalmente, a possibilidade de firmar um acordo de leniência e reduzir a multa em até 2/3 eliminaria a vantagem da empresa que possui e aplica um programa de compliance, em relação à empresa que não adota essas práticas. O trabalho foi estruturado em quatro capítulos. O primeiro capítulo estudou, à luz do direito comparado, as possibilidades regulatórias à disposição do legislador para a responsabilização das pessoas jurídicas, bem como as modalidades de culpa e a forma de atribuição dos atos das pessoas físicas às pessoas jurídicas. O segundo capítulo examinou o compliance no contexto do capitalismo regulatório, como uma estratégia de regulação responsiva para o controle da criminalidade empresarial. O terceiro capítulo verificou que a esfera administrativa e civil, escolhida pela lei 12.846/2013, não é tão dissuasiva como pode ser a esfera criminal, para a responsabilização das empresas. Além disso, examinou a lei sob a ótica da análise econômica do direito, concluindo que não existe uma ameaça crível de punição, no Brasil, por atos de corrupção. Por meio da comparação do cálculo de multas aplicadas a cinco empresas fictícias, sugere-se que uma empresa, ao analisar custos e benefícios, não investiria num programa de compliance, preferindo utilizar de outra forma esses valores. O quarto capítulo examinou os elementos de um programa de compliance e forneceu parâmetros para a avaliação de sua atividade, propondo um método estruturado em dois critérios: a presença dos elementos estruturais e a apuração da efetividade de seu funcionamento. A pesquisa concluiu que, para desequilibrar o mercado da corrupção e fazer com que as empresas adotem o compliance, será necessário aumentar a probabilidade de que os atos lesivos sejam descobertos, apurados e efetivamente punidos, e, ao mesmo tempo, ampliar os benefícios oferecidos às empresas que possuírem um compliance efetivo. Caso contrário, continuará valendo a pena apostar na ineficiência do sistema e não implementar um programa ou medidas simplificadas de compliance. / The thesis developed in this study is that the Act 12.846/2013, also known as anticorruption law, will not trigger an increased use of compliance programs or simplified compliance measures by Brazilian companies. Administrative and civil sanctions are not as deterrent as criminal sanctions. The analysis of the act under an economic approach suggests that a rational economic agent would not invest in compliance, because the expected utility arising from the offense greatly exceeds the utility a company could get in case they did not commit the offense on account of the extremely low probability of being caught and punished. Besides that, the incentives offered – a partial reduction of the administrative fine only, without the possibility of reducing the civil sanctions – would not compensate the costs of compliance. And ultimately, the possibility of either a non-prosecution agreement or a deferred prosecution agreement, reducing the fine up to two thirds would eliminate the advantages of companies which use compliance programs in comparison to the ones which do not. The research is structured in four chapters. The first chapter analyzes, in light of comparative law, the regulatory choices available to the legislatures to punish legal persons, as well as the types of culpability and the criteria to attribute the acts of individuals to legal persons. The second chapter examines compliance in the context of regulatory capitalism, as a responsive regulation strategy for imposing corporate criminal liability. The third chapter shows that the administrative and civil regime of Act 12.846/2013 is not as deterrent as a criminal regime could be. In addition, the chapter examines the act through the lenses of the economic analysis of law, concluding that there is not a credible threat of punishment in Brazil for acts of corruption. Comparing the fines that would be applied to five different fictitious companies, the research suggests that companies, when reflecting on costs and benefits of compliance programs, would prefer to direct their resources into other activities. The fourth chapter presents the elements of compliance programs and proposes standards for the assessment of its effectiveness under two criteria: the presence of structural components and the effectiveness of their performance. The conclusion is that, so as to unbalance the market of corruption, it would be essential to greatly enhance the probability of detection, investigation and punishment of illicit acts, and, at the same time, increase the benefits offered to the companies which implement an effective compliance program. Otherwise, relying on the inefficiency of the system and thus not implementing compliance will still pay off, though. / La tesis expuesta consiste en que la Ley n. 12.846/2013, también conocida como ley anticorrupción, no sería capaz de incentivar a las empresas brasileñas a la adopción de programas o medidas simplificadas de compliance. La responsabilización administrativa y civil no es tan disuasiva como podría ser la responsabilización criminal. El estudio de la ley por medio del análisis económico del derecho, indica que un agente económico racional no invertiría en compliance porque la utilidad esperada con la práctica del delito es muy superior a la utilidad, caso la empresa no hubiese practicado el delito, debido a la bajísima probabilidad de ser punida. Además, los beneficios ofrecidos – reducción parcial solamente de la multa administrativa, sin posibilidad de atenuar sanciones civiles – no compensarían el coste del compliance. Finalmente, la posibilidad de firmar un acuerdo de colaboración y reducir la multa en hasta 2/3 eliminaría la ventaja de la empresa que posee y aplica un programa de compliance en relación a la empresa que no adopta estas prácticas. El trabajo fue estructurado en cuatro capítulos. El primer capítulo ha estudiado, desde la óptica del derecho comparado, las posibilidades regulatorias a disposición del legislador para la responsabilización de las personas jurídicas, así como las modalidades de culpa y la forma de atribución de los actos de las personas físicas a las personas jurídicas. El segundo capítulo ha examinado el compliance en el contexto del capitalismo regulatorio, como una estrategia de regulación responsiva para el control de la criminalidad empresarial. El tercer capítulo ha verificado que la esfera administrativa y civil, elegida por la Ley 12.846/2013, no es tan disuasiva como puede ser la esfera criminal, para la responsabilización de las empresas. Además, ha examinado la ley en el marco de análisis económico del derecho, concluyendo que no existe una amenaza creíble de punición en Brasil, por actos de corrupción. La comparación del cálculo de las multas aplicadas a cinco empresas ficticias, sugiere que demostrado que una empresa, al analizar costes y beneficios, no invertiría en un programa de compliance, prefiriendo utilizar estos valores de otra manera. El cuarto capítulo ha examinado los elementos de un programa de compliance y ha fornecido parámetros para la evaluación de su eficacia, proponiendo un método estructurado en dos criterios: la presencia de los elementos estructurales y la apuración de la eficacia de su funcionamiento. La investigación ha concluido que, para desequilibrar el mercado de la corrupción y hacer que las empresas adopten el compliance, será necesario incrementar la probabilidad de que los actos lesivos sean descubiertos, apurados y efectivamente punidos y, al mismo tiempo, ampliar los beneficios ofrecidos a las empresas que poseerían un compliance eficaz. En caso contrario, continuara valiendo la pena apostar en la ineficiencia del sistema y no implementar un programa o medidas simplificadas de compliance.

A tese aqui desenvolvida é a de que a Lei 12.846/2013, também conhecida como lei anticorrupção, não será capaz de incentivar as empresas brasileiras à adoção de programas ou medidas simplificadas de compliance. A responsabilização administrativa e civil não é tão dissuasiva como poderia ser a responsabilização criminal. O estudo da lei por meio da análise econômica do direito sugere que um agente econômico racional não investiria em compliance, porque a utilidade esperada com a prática do delito é muito superior à utilidade caso a empresa não praticasse o delito, em razão da baixíssima probabilidade de ser punida. Além disso, os benefícios oferecidos – redução parcial somente da multa administrativa, sem possibilidade de atenuação das sanções civis – não compensariam o custo do compliance. Finalmente, a possibilidade de firmar um acordo de leniência e reduzir a multa em até 2/3 eliminaria a vantagem da empresa que possui e aplica um programa de compliance, em relação à empresa que não adota essas práticas. O trabalho foi estruturado em quatro capítulos. O primeiro capítulo estudou, à luz do direito comparado, as possibilidades regulatórias à disposição do legislador para a responsabilização das pessoas jurídicas, bem como as modalidades de culpa e a forma de atribuição dos atos das pessoas físicas às pessoas jurídicas. O segundo capítulo examinou o compliance no contexto do capitalismo regulatório, como uma estratégia de regulação responsiva para o controle da criminalidade empresarial. O terceiro capítulo verificou que a esfera administrativa e civil, escolhida pela lei 12.846/2013, não é tão dissuasiva como pode ser a esfera criminal, para a responsabilização das empresas. Além disso, examinou a lei sob a ótica da análise econômica do direito, concluindo que não existe uma ameaça crível de punição, no Brasil, por atos de corrupção. Por meio da comparação do cálculo de multas aplicadas a cinco empresas fictícias, sugere-se que uma empresa, ao analisar custos e benefícios, não investiria num programa de compliance, preferindo utilizar de outra forma esses valores. O quarto capítulo examinou os elementos de um programa de compliance e forneceu parâmetros para a avaliação de sua atividade, propondo um método estruturado em dois critérios: a presença dos elementos estruturais e a apuração da efetividade de seu funcionamento. A pesquisa concluiu que, para desequilibrar o mercado da corrupção e fazer com que as empresas adotem o compliance, será necessário aumentar a probabilidade de que os atos lesivos sejam descobertos, apurados e efetivamente punidos, e, ao mesmo tempo, ampliar os benefícios oferecidos às empresas que possuírem um compliance efetivo. Caso contrário, continuará valendo a pena apostar na ineficiência do sistema e não implementar um programa ou medidas simplificadas de compliance. / The thesis developed in this study is that the Act 12.846/2013, also known as anticorruption law, will not trigger an increased use of compliance programs or simplified compliance measures by Brazilian companies. Administrative and civil sanctions are not as deterrent as criminal sanctions. The analysis of the act under an economic approach suggests that a rational economic agent would not invest in compliance, because the expected utility arising from the offense greatly exceeds the utility a company could get in case they did not commit the offense on account of the extremely low probability of being caught and punished. Besides that, the incentives offered – a partial reduction of the administrative fine only, without the possibility of reducing the civil sanctions – would not compensate the costs of compliance. And ultimately, the possibility of either a non-prosecution agreement or a deferred prosecution agreement, reducing the fine up to two thirds would eliminate the advantages of companies which use compliance programs in comparison to the ones which do not. The research is structured in four chapters. The first chapter analyzes, in light of comparative law, the regulatory choices available to the legislatures to punish legal persons, as well as the types of culpability and the criteria to attribute the acts of individuals to legal persons. The second chapter examines compliance in the context of regulatory capitalism, as a responsive regulation strategy for imposing corporate criminal liability. The third chapter shows that the administrative and civil regime of Act 12.846/2013 is not as deterrent as a criminal regime could be. In addition, the chapter examines the act through the lenses of the economic analysis of law, concluding that there is not a credible threat of punishment in Brazil for acts of corruption. Comparing the fines that would be applied to five different fictitious companies, the research suggests that companies, when reflecting on costs and benefits of compliance programs, would prefer to direct their resources into other activities. The fourth chapter presents the elements of compliance programs and proposes standards for the assessment of its effectiveness under two criteria: the presence of structural components and the effectiveness of their performance. The conclusion is that, so as to unbalance the market of corruption, it would be essential to greatly enhance the probability of detection, investigation and punishment of illicit acts, and, at the same time, increase the benefits offered to the companies which implement an effective compliance program. Otherwise, relying on the inefficiency of the system and thus not implementing compliance will still pay off, though. / La tesis expuesta consiste en que la Ley n. 12.846/2013, también conocida como ley anticorrupción, no sería capaz de incentivar a las empresas brasileñas a la adopción de programas o medidas simplificadas de compliance. La responsabilización administrativa y civil no es tan disuasiva como podría ser la responsabilización criminal. El estudio de la ley por medio del análisis económico del derecho, indica que un agente económico racional no invertiría en compliance porque la utilidad esperada con la práctica del delito es muy superior a la utilidad, caso la empresa no hubiese practicado el delito, debido a la bajísima probabilidad de ser punida. Además, los beneficios ofrecidos – reducción parcial solamente de la multa administrativa, sin posibilidad de atenuar sanciones civiles – no compensarían el coste del compliance. Finalmente, la posibilidad de firmar un acuerdo de colaboración y reducir la multa en hasta 2/3 eliminaría la ventaja de la empresa que posee y aplica un programa de compliance en relación a la empresa que no adopta estas prácticas. El trabajo fue estructurado en cuatro capítulos. El primer capítulo ha estudiado, desde la óptica del derecho comparado, las posibilidades regulatorias a disposición del legislador para la responsabilización de las personas jurídicas, así como las modalidades de culpa y la forma de atribución de los actos de las personas físicas a las personas jurídicas. El segundo capítulo ha examinado el compliance en el contexto del capitalismo regulatorio, como una estrategia de regulación responsiva para el control de la criminalidad empresarial. El tercer capítulo ha verificado que la esfera administrativa y civil, elegida por la Ley 12.846/2013, no es tan disuasiva como puede ser la esfera criminal, para la responsabilización de las empresas. Además, ha examinado la ley en el marco de análisis económico del derecho, concluyendo que no existe una amenaza creíble de punición en Brasil, por actos de corrupción. La comparación del cálculo de las multas aplicadas a cinco empresas ficticias, sugiere que demostrado que una empresa, al analizar costes y beneficios, no invertiría en un programa de compliance, prefiriendo utilizar estos valores de otra manera. El cuarto capítulo ha examinado los elementos de un programa de compliance y ha fornecido parámetros para la evaluación de su eficacia, proponiendo un método estructurado en dos criterios: la presencia de los elementos estructurales y la apuración de la eficacia de su funcionamiento. La investigación ha concluido que, para desequilibrar el mercado de la corrupción y hacer que las empresas adopten el compliance, será necesario incrementar la probabilidad de que los actos lesivos sean descubiertos, apurados y efectivamente punidos y, al mismo tiempo, ampliar los beneficios ofrecidos a las empresas que poseerían un compliance eficaz. En caso contrario, continuara valiendo la pena apostar en la ineficiencia del sistema y no implementar un programa o medidas simplificadas de compliance.

This master's thesis defines theoretical range of compliance costs of taxation. Focus is placed on psychological costs of tax compliance. In the thesis are defined measuring methods of compliance costs of taxation and then are presented the results of realized studies. Theoretical part also contains general information about the determination of selective sample. Practical part contains the analysis of psychological costs of tax compliance which was based on results of the questionnaire survey.

The problem of this study was to compare and evaluate two methods of teaching medication compliance to an elderly population with a variety of medical problems, cultural backgrounds, and educational levels. Eighty patients over 65 years old who were attending clinic at a county health care facility participated in the study and were randomly placed into two groups. The Medication Knowledge and Compliance Scale was used to assess the patients' medication knowledge and self—reported compliance. Group I (control) received only verbal teaching. Group II (experimental) received verbal teaching as well as a Picture Schedule designed to tailor the patients' medication schedule to their daily activities. Each patient was re—evaluated two to three weeks later. Medications were also counted at each visit and prescription refill records were examined. Knowledge and compliance did increase significantly among all 80 participants. Patients in Group II demonstrated a significantly greater increase in compliance than Group I but did not show a greater increase in knowledge. Patients in Group II also improved compliance as evidenced by their prescription refill records. This study demonstrates that even though significant barriers to learning exist, knowledge and compliance can be significantly improved when proper teaching techniques are utilized.

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Bangladesh reformed its corporate governance by adopting Bangladesh Corporate Governance Guidelines-2006 (the BCGG-2006 hereafter) due to pressures from international financial institutions (IFIs). However, there is huge controversy in prior literature regarding the IFIs’ suggested reform initiatives. The thesis asks specific research questions: RQ1. Do institutional investors and bankers in Bangladesh perceive that the level of compliance with the BCGG-2006 by the investee or borrowing company influences the investment and lending decisions respectively? RQ2.1. To what extent is the BCGG-2006 implemented in form rather than in substance? RQ2.2 Is there a relationship between the nature of compliance with the BCGC-2006 and firm performance? RQ3.1. To what extent does reported compliance with the BCGG-2006, as reported in annual reports, overstate underlying compliance with the BCGC-2006? RQ3.2 Does the overstatement of compliance reported in annual reports lead to a different relative ranking of a firm’s corporate governance structure? RQ3.3 What factors influence the overstatement of compliance with the BCG-2006 in annual reports? To investigate RQ1, an inductive approach is taken and data are collected by using semi-structured interviews of investment managers and credit rating analysts. In order to examine the remaining RQs, a deductive approach is taken and data are collected: (1) by using a structured survey questionnaire addressed to company secretaries or CFOs; and (2) from annual reports and stock exchanges. With respect to RQ1, this study finds (1) strong evidence that institutional investors and bankers perceive limited impact of corporate governance mechanisms recommended by the BCGG-2006 on investment and lending decisions respectively. In order to theorise the above findings, two theories: agency theory and the theory of path dependence are contrasted. Using a grounded theory coding, this study finds that (1) companies are locked in the path of control by sponsor families and sponsor families then impede the implementation of the BCGG-2006 and (2) institutional investors and bankers lock themselves in the path of name-based and relationship-based investment and lending practices which deters consideration of corporate governance mechanisms introduced by the BCGG-2006. Very few interviewees provide an explanation consistent with the agency theory. This evidence thus points more to the theory of path dependence than to agency theory. In relation to RQ2.1, this study finds that local privately-owned companies and government-owned companies either do not comply or comply in form but not in substance with the BCGG-2006, while subsidiaries of foreign multinational companies comply in form and in substance with the BCGG-2006. The relative strength of path dependence in local privately-owned companies and government-owned companies and subsidiaries of foreign multinational companies explains these results better than agency theory. The evidence with respect to RQ2.2 provides an indication that the nature of compliance with separation of the chairman and CEO, board independence and audit committee does not have an association with firm performance in case of local privately-owned companies. However, the evidence in relation to RQ2.2 provides an indication that the nature of compliance with the corporate governance mechanisms introduced by the BCGG-2006 makes a difference in firm performance in subsidiaries of foreign multinational companies. With respect to RQ3.1, it is found that companies overstate compliance with the BCGG-2006 in annual reports. With respect to RQ3.2, this study finds that the rank of a firm’s corporate governance is different when comparing compliance with the BCGG-2006 as reported in annual reports with compliance with the BCGG-2006 as stated in the survey. With respect to RQ3.3, it is found that overstatement of compliance is more pronounced with respect to less-observable provisions of the BCGG-2006, is positively associated with control by sponsor families and is negatively associated with control by institutional investors. This evidence is again more consistent with the theory of path dependence and institutional logic than agency theory. The findings of this thesis suggest that corporate governance researchers in developing countries should consider the role of path dependence rather than agency theory exclusively. This thesis also makes a methodological contribution by investigating overstatement of compliance with the BCGG-2006. The findings of this study may also assist regulators in developing countries and the IFIs in formulating future governance guidelines for developing countries.

The development of Type 1 diabetes has a profound impact on many aspects of everyday life, health and well-being. In this thesis the literature relevant to different aspects coping with Type 1 diabetes is reviewed. The research described in the thesis includes (i) a prospective assessment of how psychosocial factors affect diabetes-related outcomes in adults following the onset of Type 1 diabetes, (ii) qualitative analysis of interviews that were conducted to explore the patient's perspective of what it means to cope with diabetes, and (iii) the development, pilot testing, and subsequent partial validation of a diabetes-specific questionnaire. The Edinburgh Prospective Diabetes Study examines the relationships between psychosocial variables recorded at diagnosis and diabetes related outcomes recorded at four months (n = 69), 12 months (n = 65), 24 months (n = 56) and 36 months (n = 40) after diagnosis. The results showed that individuals who had a lower socio-economic status had consistently poorer glycaemic control at 24 months (p < 0.001) and at 36 months (p < 0.01) after diagnosis. Diabetes knowledge at four months after diagnosis was a significant predictor of glycaemic control at 12 months (r= 0.35, p < 0.01) and at 36 months after diagnosis (r = 0.35, p < 0.05). In adults, self-reported outcomes were significantly predicted by longstanding psychological (e.g. personality traits) and social factors (e.g. quality of life). There was some evidence to suggest that coping strategies have an intermediate position between psychosocial factors and diabetes-related outcomes. The results and their implications for future research are discussed in terms of existing theories of coping. To date there are few psychometrically sound instruments capable of assessing how well a person is coping with their diabetes. With this in mind, the present research was undertaken to develop a new diabetes self-report measure termed the Diabetes Impact, Adjustment and Lifestyle Scales (DIALS). The development, pilot testing and partial validation of the DIALS are described. Semi-structured interviews (n = 1 0) were conducted to explore the patients' descriptions of their adjustment to diabetes and the impact that diabetes has on aspects of their daily life. A grounded theory approach (Strauss, 1987) was adopted to analyse the data. Several domains were established, from which items were generated. Two studies, a small pilot study (n =57), and a large cross-sectional validation study (n = 246) were carried out to establish the underlying structure, internal consistency, partial validity, and stability of the DIALS. Principal components analysis of the DIALS identified five dimensions: Impact, Adherence, Information-seeking, Fear of complications and Diabetes-related distress. Overall, the results suggest that the DIALS is a valid, reliable and stable indicator of coping in adults with Type 1 diabetes. A hierarchal model of causal relationships between psychological constructs (i.e. personality traits and illness-related coping constructs) and the DIALS was formulated and tested formally using Structural Equation Modelling. There was considerable overlap in the constructs, with evidence for two latent variables relating to 'emotionoriented' and 'task-oriented coping'. In summary, coping variables may be important mediators in the link between antecedent variables such as longstanding character traits (e.g. personality) and self-reported outcomes of diabetes.

This study was undertaken to test the satisfaction process as it relates to the consumption of prescription medication. The disconfirmation of expectations model was used as a framework for the study. The study sought to evaluate the impact the provision of drug information has on the satisfaction/dissatisfaction process. To accomplish this, consumers recruited from two community pharmacies were provided with a scenario that described the purchase, and consequences of taking a prescription product intended for the treatment of migraine headache. Each subject received a scenario that contained one of four (4) levels of drug information. The four levels were: (1) no drug information; (2) information about side effects; (3) information about effectiveness; and (4) information about effectiveness and side effects. Each subject also received a scenario that described one of four therapeutic outcomes. They were: (1) no side effects with total elimination of headaches; (2) no side effects with partial elimination of headaches; (3) side effects with total elimination of headaches; and (4) side effects with partial elimination of headaches. The disconfirmation of expectation model was supported by the study. Using an ANOVA model, analyses revealed that the provision of drug information resulted in more positive disconfirmation and higher levels of satisfaction when the outcome of therapy was less than optimal. The measures of future intention were also affected by the provision of drug information. Further analyses revealed satisfaction was a function of expectation and disconfirmation.