This dissertation consists of three articles, proposing extensions of finite mixtures in regression models. Here we consider a flexible class of both univariate and multivariate distributions, which allow adequate modeling of asymmetric data that have multimodality, heavy tails and outlying observations. This class has special cases such as skew-normal, skew-t, skew-slash and skew normal contaminated distributions, as well as symmetric cases. Initially, a model is proposed based on the assumption that the errors follow a finite mixture of scale mixture of skew-normal (FM-SMSN) distribution rather than the conventional normal distribution. Next, we have a censored regression model where we consider that the error follows a finite mixture of scale mixture of normal (SMN) distribution. Next, we propose a censored regression model where we consider that the error follows a finite mixture of scale mixture of normal (SMN) distribution. Finally, we consider a finite mixture of multivariate regression where the error has a multivariate SMSN distribution. For all proposed models, two R packages were developed, which are reported in the appendix. / Esta tese composta por três artigos, visa propor extensões das misturas finitas nos modelos de regressão. Aqui vamos considerar uma classe flexível de distribuições tanto univariada como multivariada, que permitem modelar adequadamente dados assimmétricos, que presentam multimodalidade, caldas pesadas e observações atípicas. Esta classe possui casos especiais tais como as distribuições skew-normal, skew-t, skew slash, skew normal contaminada, assim como os casos simétricos. Inicialmente, é proposto um modelo baseado na suposição de que os erros seguem uma mistura finita da distribuição mistura de escala skew-normal (SMSN) ao invés da convencional distribuição normal. Em seguida, temos um modelo de regressão censurado onde consideramos que o erro segue uma mistura finita da distribuição da mistura de escala normal (SMN). E por último, é considerada um mistura finita de regressão multivariada onde o erro tem uma distribuição SMSN multivariada. Para todos os modelos propostos foram desenvolvidos dois pacotes do software R, que estão exemplificados no apêndice.

O presente trabalho tem por objeto fazer uma introdução ao estudo das subvariedades isoparamétricas do espaço Euclidiano. Começamos com uma introdução ao desenvolvimento histórico desses objetos. A seguir apresentamos os conceitos básicos da teoria de subvariedades de formas espaciais. Deduzimos as equações fundamentais de primeira e segunda ordem e demonstramos o teorema fundamental da teoria de subvariedades. Em seguida damos a definição de subvariedade isoparamétrica e desenvolvemos conceitos elementares para o caso do espaço Euclidiano como são normais de curvatura, grupo de Coxeter, câmera de Weyl e variedades paralelas e focais. Provamos dois teoremas referentes à decomposição de subvariedades isoparamétricas do espaço Euclidiano adaptando ferramentas usadas em [HL97] para ocaso de subvariedades isoparamétricas de espaços de Hilbert. Demonstramos o teorema da fatia e discutimos sobre subvariedades isoparamétricas desde o ponto de vista clássico, a saber, aplicações isoparamétricas. Concluímos com alguns exemplos: hipersuperfécies isoparamétricas da esfera e órbitas principais da ação adjunta de um grupo de Lie sobre a respectiva álgebra de Lie. / The goal of this dissertation is to present an introduction to the study of isoparametric submanifolds of Euclidean space. We begin with an introduction to the history of the subject. Then we present the basic results of submanifold theory of space forms. We compute the fundamental equations of first and second order, and we prove the fundamental theorem of submanifold theory. Next, we define isoparametric submanifolds and discuss some basic constructions, as curvature normals, Coxeter groups, Weyl chambers and parallel and focal submanifolds. We prove two decomposition theorems about isoprametric submanifolds using techniques that we learnt from [HL97], paper in which the case of submanifolds of Hilbert spaces is studied. Then we prove slice theorem. We also discuss those submanifold from the classical point of view, namely, isoparametric maps. We finish by explaining some examples: isoparametric hipersurfaces of spheres and principal orbits of the adjoint action of a Lie group on its Lie algebra.

Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever os elementos que fundamentam o ensino da assistência ao parto normal na prevenção e reparo do trauma perineal nos cursos de especialização em enfermagem obstétrica. Para isso, o estudo foi desenvolvido seguindo uma abordagem qualitativa de caráter descritivo, para identificar aspectos do processo de formação profissional que se interpõem à prática assistencial da enfermagem obstétrica. Tal perspectiva teórico-metodológica mostrou-se adequada para esta investigação, pois possibilitou identificar aspectos relativos ao processo de ensino-aprendizagem na assistência ao parto normal, prevenção e reparo do trauma perineal nos cursos de especialização em enfermagem obstétrica, a fim de conhecer a contribuição da especialização para a prática baseada em evidências científicas. O estudo foi realizado no Município de São Paulo. Fizeram parte da amostra dez instituições de ensino superior (universidades, centros universitários e faculdades) que têm cursos de graduação em enfermagem e oferecem ou ofereceram a especialização em enfermagem obstétrica. O período compreendeu os anos de 1995 a 2005. Foram entrevistados nove coordenadores, e dez professores dessas instituições. As entrevistas seguiram um roteiro específico para os coordenadores e outro aos professores. As falas dos entrevistados foram agrupadas em: \"O trauma perineal e sua prevenção\" e \"Elementos que fundamentam o ensino da assistência ao parto e do cuidado perineal\". Constatou-se que o conhecimento científico, teórico e prático é indispensável e que ensino não pode estar desvinculado à pratica. Esta prática deve ser feita em laboratório, com todo o equipamento necessário para que o aluno adquira habilidade na reparação do trauma perineal e, também, deve propiciar a experiência no cuidado da mulher durante o parto / This study describes the elements for prevention and healing of perineal trauma during childbirth learned in obstetric nursing courses. Using a qualitative approach, the objective was to identify aspects of the obstetrician nursing training process and its intersection with the nursing practice. Such perspective, theoretical-practical, is adequate for this research, making possible to identify aspects of the teaching-learning process in the education on prevention and healing of the perineum traumas during childbirth in the obstetric nursing courses, in order to know how the theory can affect the nursing practice based in scientific evidence. The study was carried out in the city of São Paulo. Ten institutions of higher education were part of the sample (universities and colleges). They have curriculum for nursing and offer or have offered a specialization in obstetrical nursing between 1995 and 2005. Nine coordinators and ten professors of those institutions were interviewed. The interviews followed a script, different for coordinators and professors. The answers were categorized in \"Perineal trauma and its prevention\" and \"Educational base for professional intervention in normal delivery and perineum care\". Scientific, theoretical and practical knowledge are indispensable and theory and practice cannot be disassociated. Practical knowledge must be developed in a laboratory with all the necessary equipment, so the student can acquires skills in healing of perineum trauma and gains experience in taking care of women during labor and delivery

The analysis of big data is of great interest today, and this comes with challenges of improving precision and efficiency in estimation and prediction. We study binary data with covariates from numerous small areas, where direct estimation is not reliable, and there is a need to borrow strength from the ensemble. This is generally done using Bayesian logistic regression, but because there are numerous small areas, the exact computation for the logistic regression model becomes challenging. Therefore, we develop an integrated multivariate normal approximation (IMNA) method for binary data with covariates within the Bayesian paradigm, and this procedure is assisted by the empirical logistic transform. Our main goal is to provide the theory of IMNA and to show that it is many times faster than the exact logistic regression method with almost the same accuracy. We apply the IMNA method to the health status binary data (excellent health or otherwise) from the Nepal Living Standards Survey with more than 60,000 households (small areas). We estimate the proportion of Nepalese in excellent health condition for each household. For these data IMNA gives estimates of the household proportions as precise as those from the logistic regression model and it is more than fifty times faster (20 seconds versus 1,066 seconds), and clearly this gain is transferable to bigger data problems.

What have those living with dementia lost? If they have lost aspects of their mind and self, who are they now? Are they 'normal'? Prevailing medical, therapeutic and sociopsychoanalytic interventions and studies on dementia, largely influenced by Tom Kitwood's person-centred approach, have focused mainly on revealing and evaluating the remaining intact bodily abilities and functions beyond loss. In contrast to this predominant understanding of dementia, my decade-long involvement in a Jewish Care Home as a volunteer and researcher has raised ontological, epistemological and practical critiques, acknowledging that we are never beyond loss but always alongside it, and that we simply do not know how to dwell well with it. Although the expressive and performative words, gestures and behaviours of those with dementia are often regarded as inarticulate, repetitive and nonsensical, these are the lived worlds of dementia that those affected feel, experience and live through, whilst continuously making relations and familiarising themselves with people, things, and their surroundings. This demands a paradigm shift in the ontological, epistemological and practical horizon within the study of dementia. Critically developing Canguilhem's notion of the normal and the abnormal, Ingold's dwelling perspective and Deleuze's concept of becoming, I redefine dementia not as a fixed mode of being but as a continuous process of becoming-dementia through an attentive engagement with one's immediate surroundings. In more detail, this study explores the ways in which people challenge the taken-for-granted concepts of loss and abnormality in five different dementia contexts: ethics, repetition, time, agency and emplacement. By rejecting medical preconceptions or categorisations, this study focuses on uncovering what loss does in everyday life rather than asking what loss means or what people lose. In particular, this study emphasises bodily movement, sensory perception and affect, not because of the language deterioration during dementia trajectories but because of a new way of understanding and new reality that those affected practise in daily life. Consequently, this study illustrates the immanent potential of the anthropological view for thinking and dwelling with those living with dementia alongside their limits and implications. This study is thus an autobiographical ethnographic testimony of my past decade living, learning, volunteering, studying and most importantly co-dwelling with those living with dementia. This is a collaborative co-production created with those involved, as without the participation of those affected and the co-presence of significant others, my work could not be done. Accordingly, there is neither a beginning nor end to this study, but a moving forward and generating dementia becoming as the lives of those affected and those who care for them unfold.

Normal birth, defined as birth without induction of labour, anaesthetic, instruments or caesarean section conveys significant maternal and neonatal benefits. Currently one-fifth of women in the United Kingdom are obese. There is increasing evidence of the detrimental effects obesity has on intrapartum outcomes. There is a lack of research on how to minimise the associated risks of obesity through non-medicalised interventions and how to support obese women to maximise their opportunity for normal birth. This thesis aims to provide evidence to address this gap and develop an evidence-based intervention to promote normal birth. Using a methodological approach aligned with pragmatism, this research was conducted in four parts and underpinned by the Medical Research Council framework for the development of complex interventions. Part one was a national survey involving 24 maternity units. Part two was a qualitative study of the experiences of 24 health professionals and part three involved 8 obese women. The final part was a multi-disciplinary workshop that used consensus decision-making to design the intervention. Collectively, the findings suggest that intrapartum care of obese women is medicalised. Health professionals face challenges when caring for obese women but many strive to optimise the potential for normal birth by challenging practice and utilising ‘interventions’ to promote normality. The findings also demonstrate that obese women have an intrinsic fear of pregnancy and birth, have a desire for normal birth and ‘obese pregnancy’ presents a window of opportunity for change. The intervention consists of three component parts; an educational aspect (e-learning package), a clinical aspect (intrapartum care pathway) and a leadership aspect (ward champions). Whilst acknowledging the importance of safety, increasing intervention during labour for obese women may further increase the risk of complications, with detrimental effects. Addressing intrapartum management of obese women through non-medicalised interventions is of paramount importance in order to promote normality, maximise the opportunity for normal birth and reduce the associated morbidities.

Orientador: João Carlos Chaves / Banca: Paulo de Oliveira Camargo / Banca: Sônia Maria Alves Costa / Resumo: A característica continental do Brasil implica na necessidade de constantes desafios científicos em pesquisas espaciais e tecnológicas, que visam contribuir com o desenvolvimento e ao engajamento de centros de pesquisa nacionais e internacionais, fornecendo instrumentos às atividades espaciais no país e no mundo, ampliando as perspectivas de aplicação das ciências e técnicas geodésicas espaciais como o GPS (Global Positioning System) em diversos setores da sociedade, bem como a compreensão e integração das atividades espaciais desenvolvidas no país em âmbito internacional. Neste contexto, destaca-se a contribuição do IGS (International GNSS Service) com os centros regionais de análise e processamento da rede SIRGAS (Sistema de Referência Geocêntrico para as Américas) os IGS-RNAAC-SIR (IGS Regional Network Associate Analysis Centre for SIRGAS) como o IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística) no que concerne à manutenção e densificação do SIRGAS, disponibilizando soluções semanais no formato SINEX (Software INdependent EXchange Format), referenciadas ao ITRS (International Terrestrial Reference System), que posteriormente são integradas no contexto de uma solução regional pelo DGFI (Deutsches Geodätiches Forschungsinstitut), com base em modelos e convenções adotadas internacionalmente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The continental characteristic of Brazil implies in the necessity of constant scientific challenges in space and technological research, that they aim at to contribute with the development and to the engagement of national and international centers of research, supplying instruments to the space activities in the country and the world, enlarging the perspectives of application of the sciences and space geodesic techniques as GPS (Global Positioning System) in diverse sectors of the society, as well as the understanding and integration of the space activities developed in the country in international scope. In this context, it is distinguished contribution of the IGS (International GNSS Service) with the regional processing and analysis center of the SIRGAS network (Geodetic Reference System for Americas) the IGS-RNAAC-SIR (IGS Regional Network Associate Analysis Centre for SIRGAS) as the IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) with respect to the maintenance and densificação of the SIRGAS network, providing weekly solutions in format SINEX (Software INdependent EXchange Format), referenced to ITRS (International Terrestrial Reference System), that later are integrated in the context of a regional solution for DGFI (Deutsches Geodätiches Forschungsinstitut), with base in models and conventions adopted internationally... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Ana Clara Bortoleto Nery / Banca: Arilda Inês Miranda Ribeiro / Banca: Graziela Zambão Abdian Maia / Resumo: Esse trabalho teve como objetivo reconstruir aspectos da atuação de professores da Escola Normal em Umuarama, entre 1967 a 1976. O ponto de partida é a analise das memórias de um professor que atuou na Escola Normal Maria Montessori naquele período, visando mais especificamente, resgatar elementos para compreender o trabalho docente nas escolas de formação de professores e contribuir com a história da Escola Normal Maria Montessori. Adotou-se como metodologia a pesquisa qualitativa, estruturada por meio da narrativa. A opção pela narrativa deu-se pela intenção de analisar o modo como o professor concebe a sua vida profissional e os aspectos intrapessoais na subjetivação de si, para sustentação dos conhecimentos, como elementos que podem constituir o ser professor. Os dados da narrativa apontam que, durante o funcionamento da Escola Normal Maria Montessori, os cursos estiveram inseridos no contexto da tendência liberal tecnicista, com forte influência das teorias positivistas e da psicologia americana behaviorista, que apareceu no bojo da proposta de educação do Magistério no Paraná, através da implantação da Lei 5692/71. No período estudado havia o discurso em defesa da ordem e disciplina que eram consideradas fundamentais e muito difundidas no contexto do curso normal. Neste contexto, o percurso de formação do docente foi perpassado por uma por uma tendência pedagógica marcadamente autoritária. O início da trajetória pessoal/profissional foi bastante difícil e perpassada por conflitos. Assim, é recorrente no discurso do docente a presença de momentos de insegurança no fazer docente e de perplexidade face ao novo. / Abstract: The present study deals with questions about the inclusion of students with deficiency in common classrooms of the regular education. It was considered as priority action, the formation of teachers aiming the didactics-curricular reorganization, with emphasis in the pedagogical relations as well as affective ones that are established in the classroom. It was salient the importance that the teacher has space to plan, to analyze and to reflect about his practice. Therefore it has academic improvement of students with deficiencies included in regular classrooms we need to form a new type of educator. It was perceived two parallels: in one hand the teachers of regular education do not have a minimum preparation to work with children who present evident deficiencies and, for the other hand, great part of the teachers of special education have not much to contribute with the pedagogical work developed in regular education, in the extent where they have supported and constructed their ability in the specific difficulties of the students that they take care of. Real vision, since the professionals of Special Education had graduated in the perspective of a medical model that aimed to compensate the deficiencies of the student, having the special classrooms their own dynamics and proper rationality, in majority structuralized without a consistent academic planning, and even when inserted in a regular school, the proposal were disentailed of the pedagogical politician project of the same one. Towards the school inclusion be real the teacher of the regular classroom must be sensitized and capable (psychological and intellectually) "to change his way to teach and to adapt what he will teach" so he will attend the necessities of all students, including some that has greater difficulties. / Mestre

Multivariate volatility models, such as DCC MGARCH, are estimated under assumption of multivariate normal distribution of random variables, while this assumption have been rejected by empirical evidence. Therefore, the estimated conditional correlation may not explain the whole dependence structure, since under non-normality the linear correlation is only one of the dependency measures. The aim of this thesis is to employ a copula function to the DCC MGARCH model, as copulas are able to link non-normal marginal distributions to create corresponding multivariate joint distribution. The copula-based MGARCH model with uncorrelated dependent errors permits to model conditional cor- relation by DCC-MGARCH and dependence by the copula function, sepa- rately and simultaneously. In other words the model aims to explain addi- tional dependence not captured by traditional DCC MGARCH model due to assumption of normality. In the empirical analysis we apply the model on datasets consisting primarily of stocks of the PX Index and on the pair of S&P500 and NASDAQ100 in order to compare the copula-based MGARCH model to traditional DCC MGARCH in terms of capturing the dependency structure. 1

O presente trabalho tem por objeto fazer uma introdução ao estudo das subvariedades isoparamétricas do espaço Euclidiano. Começamos com uma introdução ao desenvolvimento histórico desses objetos. A seguir apresentamos os conceitos básicos da teoria de subvariedades de formas espaciais. Deduzimos as equações fundamentais de primeira e segunda ordem e demonstramos o teorema fundamental da teoria de subvariedades. Em seguida damos a definição de subvariedade isoparamétrica e desenvolvemos conceitos elementares para o caso do espaço Euclidiano como são normais de curvatura, grupo de Coxeter, câmera de Weyl e variedades paralelas e focais. Provamos dois teoremas referentes à decomposição de subvariedades isoparamétricas do espaço Euclidiano adaptando ferramentas usadas em [HL97] para ocaso de subvariedades isoparamétricas de espaços de Hilbert. Demonstramos o teorema da fatia e discutimos sobre subvariedades isoparamétricas desde o ponto de vista clássico, a saber, aplicações isoparamétricas. Concluímos com alguns exemplos: hipersuperfécies isoparamétricas da esfera e órbitas principais da ação adjunta de um grupo de Lie sobre a respectiva álgebra de Lie. / The goal of this dissertation is to present an introduction to the study of isoparametric submanifolds of Euclidean space. We begin with an introduction to the history of the subject. Then we present the basic results of submanifold theory of space forms. We compute the fundamental equations of first and second order, and we prove the fundamental theorem of submanifold theory. Next, we define isoparametric submanifolds and discuss some basic constructions, as curvature normals, Coxeter groups, Weyl chambers and parallel and focal submanifolds. We prove two decomposition theorems about isoprametric submanifolds using techniques that we learnt from [HL97], paper in which the case of submanifolds of Hilbert spaces is studied. Then we prove slice theorem. We also discuss those submanifold from the classical point of view, namely, isoparametric maps. We finish by explaining some examples: isoparametric hipersurfaces of spheres and principal orbits of the adjoint action of a Lie group on its Lie algebra.