Os receptores nucleares compreendem uma superfamília de proteínas intracelulares reguladas relacionados estruturalmente, capazes de reconhecer sequências específicas de DNA e regulam a transcrição de genes alvos respondendo a sinais metabólicos, hormônios e outras moléculas regulatórias integrando muitas vias de sinalização. Os receptores ativadores da proliferação de peroxissomos (PPARs) são receptores nucleares que regem a transcrição de vários genes envolvidos principalmente no metabolismo de ácidos graxos e energia. A ativação do PPARY possui um amplo aspecto de funções biológicas, regulando o metabolismo, reduzindo a inflamação, influenciando o equilíbrio das células imunes, inibindo a apoptose e o estresse oxidativo e melhorando a função endotelial. Estes efeitos parecem ser benéficos não apenas em diabetes e aterosclerose, mas também em várias outras condições. Os agonistas do PPARY são utilizados como sensibilizadores de insulina para o tratamento da diabetes II, sendo um alvo molecular dos fármacos tiazolidinadionas. Diversos efeitos colaterais severos associados ao uso dos fármacos desta classe e à importância do PPARY no metabolismo de glicose e na sensibilização da insulina, o presente trabalho justifica-se como um esforço para avançar na compreensão da interação entre ligantes sintéticos com o receptor PPARY e a proposição de moléculas mais seguras e mais eficazes para a manutenção de níveis euglicêmicos. Foi realizada a expressão, a purificação, seguida de estudos cristalográficos em cinco ligantes selecionados a partir de etapas de docking realizados anteriormente pelo nosso grupo de Biotecnologia Molecular do Instituto de Física de São Carlos. Os ensaios de cristalização do PPARY complexado a ligantes sintéticos resultaram em duas estruturas cristalográficas que apresentaram uma conformação em que os ligantes não interagiram diretamente na hélice 12 como descritos para agonistas totais do PPARY, adotando características de agonistas parciais. Esses ligantes apresentaram interações hidrofóbicas que estabilizam as fitas-β. Este conjunto de informações estruturais apresentados neste trabalho para o PPARY proporcionou um entendimento das interações que esse receptor é capaz de fazer na presença de um ligante, além de que poderão ser úteis no desenvolvimento de novos moduladores seletivos do PPARY semelhante ao que já se encontram no mercado, porém com efeitos colaterais reduzidos. / Nuclear receptors comprise a superfamily of structurally-related regulated intracellular proteins capable of recognizing specific DNA sequences and regulating the transcription of target genes responding to metabolic signals, hormones and other regulatory molecules integrating many signaling pathways. Peroxisome proliferator-activating receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors that govern the transcription of several genes involved primarily in fatty acid and energy metabolism. Activation of PPARY has a broad aspect of biological functions, regulating metabolism, reducing inflammation, influencing immune cell balance, inhibiting apoptosis and oxidative stress, and improving endothelial function. These effects appear to be beneficial not only in diabetes and atherosclerosis, but also in several other conditions. PPARY agonists are used as insulin sensitizers for the treatment of diabetes II, being a molecular target of the thiazolidinediones drugs. A number of severe side effects associated with the use of drugs of this class and the importance of PPARY in glucose metabolism and insulin sensitization, the present work is justified as an effort to advance the understanding of the interaction between synthetic ligands with the PPARY receptor and proposing safer and more effective molecules for the maintenance of euglycemic levels. The expression, purification, followed by crystallographic studies in five ligands selected from docking steps previously performed by our Molecular Biotechnology group of the Physics Institute of São Carlos. The crystallization assays of PPARY complexed to synthetic ligands resulted in two crystallographic structures that exhibited a conformation in which the ligands did not interact directly in helix 12 as described for total PPARY agonists, adopting characteristics of partial agonists. These ligands showed hydrophobic interactions that stabilize the β-ribbons. This set of structural information presented in this work for the PPARY was of great value for the understanding of the interactions that this receptor is able to make in the presence of a ligand, besides that they could be useful in the development of new selective modulators of the PPARY similar to that are already on the market, but with reduced side effects.

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) has been shown to mediate the rapid, non-nuclear stimulation of calcium and phosphate transport in chick intestine through binding to a receptor localized in the basal lateral membrane. By using an antibody to the N-terminus of the membrane receptor, studies were undertaken to determine whether a comparable protein exists in kidney and brain, and whether it is present in a particular subcellular fraction. The first step was to establish fractionation protocols to separate subcellular organelles as judged by marker enzyme analyses. Differential centrifugation and Percoll gradient fractions were prepared from chick kidney and brain whole homogenates by two methods (method 1 and method 2). Protein and marker enzymes were analyzed in each fraction to determine the distribution of organelles. By method 1, the organelles were not adequately separated. By method 2, chick kidney and brain were found to have the same order of organelle distribution: In the post-nuclear pellet (P2), fraction 1 was found to be enriched for the lysosomal marker acid phosphatase; fractions 2-5 were found to be enriched for the mitochondrial marker succinate dehydrogenase; fraction 8 was found to be enriched for the Golgi marker α-D-mannosidase; and fraction 9 was found to be enriched for the plasma membrane marker Na+,K+ ATPase. In Percoll gradients of microsomal membranes prepared from the 100,000xg pellet (P3), fractions 1-3 contained the endoplasmic reticulum marker enzyme activity glucose-6-phosphatase. Subsequently, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDSPAGE) and Western blots were performed using the antibody to 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors in chick intestinal basal lateral membrane. The areas of the bands were scanned by computer, and analyzed quantitatively. After establishing a suitable protein concentration for Western analysis, differential centrifugation and Percoll gradient fractions were analyzed. Finally, the specific binding of [3H]1,25(OH)2D3 was determined in Percoll gradient fractions to assess whether the receptor is functional. Plasma membrane 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors were found in both chick kidney and brain cells. Golgi membranes also were found to have receptor activity, perhaps since this organelle packages proteins for delivery to other membranes. In kidney, fraction P27 demonstrated a very high receptor activity, and [3H]1,25(OH)2D3 specific binding assays showed these membrane receptors are functional. Although this fraction lacks traditional marker enzyme activity, it may contain endocytic vesicles. The physiological function and the mechanism of action of plasma membrane receptors in these two tissues remain to be determined.

L'incidence des pathologies métaboliques n'a de cesse d'augmenter au cours des dernières décennies atteignant des proportions épidémiques. Les facteurs génétiques, l'alimentation et/ou la sédentarité n'expliquent qu'en partie ce phénomène. Les contaminants environnementaux sont également suspectés être impliqués dans l'étiologie de ces perturbations. Plusieurs études rapportent l'implication des récepteurs nucléaires comme médiateur de ces désordres métaboliques. Dans le cadre de ces travaux nous nous sommes intéressés aux rôles du récepteur nucléaire CAR dans la régulation de l'homéostasie énergétique et comme médiateur des perturbations métaboliques induites suite à une exposition à un mélange de pesticides. CAR est un récepteur nucléaire clé du système de détoxification de composés, qu'ils soient de nature exogène ou endogène. Son rôle sur le métabolisme énergétique a été étudié principalement chez les souris mâles, or certaines fonctions métaboliques et de détoxification sont fortement dépendantes du sexe. Le premier objectif de ces travaux a consisté à évaluer les conséquences sur l'homéostasie énergétique de la délétion du récepteur nucléaire CAR (CAR-/-) chez des souris mâles et femelles au cours du vieillissement. Les résultats montrent que l'absence de CAR est délétère chez les mâles qui développent une obésité, un diabète et une stéatose hépatique. Les souris femelles CAR-/- sont protégées de ces troubles et présentent une amélioration de leur tolérance au glucose. Cependant la suppression de leurs hormones sexuelles grâce à la réalisation d'ovariectomies enlève totalement cette protection, suggérant un rôle majeur de ces hormones dans cette protection. Les analyses du transcriptome, lipidome et métabolome hépatique sont en accord avec ces données phénotypiques. Le deuxième objectif de ces travaux a consisté à évaluer les conséquences métaboliques d'une exposition chronique in vivo à un mélange de pesticides présent dans l'alimentation à des doses supposées non toxiques. Après un an d'exposition à ce mélange, les souris mâles développent un surpoids avec une augmentation de leurs masses adipeuses. Ce surpoids s'accompagne d'une intolérance au glucose et d'une stéatose hépatique. Les souris femelles présentent, en revanche une hyperglycémie à jeun, du stress oxydatif au niveau hépatique et une perturbation de métabolites urinaires liées au microbiote intestinal. Ces résultats montrent pour la première fois un effet obésogène et diabétogène dépendant du sexe d'une exposition à un mélange de pesticides. Nous avons également mis en évidence un rôle du récepteur nucléaire CAR dans le dimorphisme sexuel observé suite à cette exposition. L'ensemble de ces travaux apporte des liens de causalité en faveur d'une relation contaminants environnementaux et santé dépendant du sexe et un rôle du récepteur nucléaire CAR dans les effets observés. Cela soulève la question de la prise en considération du sexe et de l'effet mélange dans l'évaluation des risques pour la santé liée à l'exposition à des contaminants environnementaux. / The incidence of metabolic diseases has steadily increased in recent decades reaching epidemic proportions. It is conventionally accepted that their main cause is related to a diet rich in fats and sugar and/or a sedentary lifestyle that can be aggravated by certain genetic polymorphisms. Chemical contaminants in our environment are also suspected to contribute to the development of these metabolic disorders by disrupting the energy balance of organisms. Several studies report the role of nuclear receptors as mediators of these metabolic effects induced by environmental contaminants. As part of this PhD work, we investigated the role of the CAR nuclear receptor in the regulation of energy homeostasis and as a mediator of the metabolic effects induced by exposure to a mixture of pesticides. CAR is a key nuclear receptor for the detoxification system of compounds, whether exogenous or endogenous. Its role in energy metabolism has been studied mainly in male mice, but metabolic and detoxification functions are highly dependent on sex. The first objective of this work was to evaluate the consequences on the energy homeostasis of the deletion of the CAR nuclear receptor in male and female mice. These animals were followed over a period of more than one year and their phenotype was compared to that of non-invalidated mice for this receptor. The results show that the absence of CAR is very deleterious in males that develop obesity, diabetes and hepatic steatosis. CAR-/- females mice are protected from these disorders and even have better glucose tolerance. This protection is lifted by ovariectomy of these females suggesting a role of female sex hormones in their protection. Transcriptomic, metabolomic and lipidomic analysis are in agreement with this phenotypic change. The second objective of this work was to evaluate the in vivo metabolic consequences of chronic exposure to a mixture of pesticides present in the diet at presumed non-toxic doses. After one year of exposure to this mixture, male mice developed an overweight with an increase in their fat masses. This overweight was accompanied by glucose intolerance and hepatic steatosis. On the other hand, female mice showed fasting hyperglycemia, hepatic oxidative stress and a disturbance of urinary microbiota related to the intestinal microbiota. These results show for the first time an obesogenic and diabetogenic sex-dependent effect of exposure to a mixture of pesticides. We have also demonstrated a role of the CAR nuclear receptor in the sexual dimorphism observed following this exposure. All of this work provides causal links in favor of a relationship between environmental contaminants and sex-dependent health and a role of the nuclear receptor CAR in the effects observed. This raises the issue of gender and mixture in the risk assessment linked to exposure to environmental contaminants.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.

The steroid hormone ecdysone plays vital roles during Drosophila development. Pulses of 20E during Drosophila life cycle function as temporal cues, signaling the onset of metamorphic processes, including the stage specific programmed cell death of larval tissues. Ecdysone is the critical developmental cue orchestrating the metamorphic reformation of CNS, resulting in the formation of adult-specific neural circuitry. Ecdysone signaling is transduced by a heterodimeric receptor complex formed between two nuclear receptors: EcR and Ultraspiracle (USP). There are 18 nuclear receptors known in Drosophila and EcR is the only receptor whose functions in neuronal PCD have been well recognized. Therefore, the current study is aimed to define the role of nuclear receptors in neuronal cell death mechanisms in Drosophila. Here, I examine the function of nuclear receptors in PCD of two groups of peptidergic neurons: vCrz and CCAP. EcR and USP receptor complex on activation results in the coordinated transcriptional regulation of a host of transcription factors regulating genes essential for PCD. USP plays a dual role in ecdysone response, as its function is necessary for both activation and repression of ecdysone primary response genes. I have developed a possible dominant-negative mutant USP (usp3), and expressed it in flies using the GAL4-UAS system to illustrate the role of USP in ecdysone mediated PCD of vCrz neurons. Targeted expression of usp3 in corazonin neurons results in a complete blockage of PCD pathway. Another interacting partner of USP, Drosophila Hormone Receptor 38, however shows no involvement in PCD of vCrz neurons. I have also designed an ecdysone sensor to monitor the developmental timing of EcR activation in vCrz neurons. Further, I investigate the survival factors required for preventing the untimely PCD of these two groups of neurons. The study reveals that DIAP1 is required for the survival of larval vCrz and CCAP neurons. Also, the nuclear receptor E75 is shown to be critical for preventing premature PCD of CCAP neurons.

<p>The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic risk factors such as diabetes type II, dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, microalbuminurea and insulin resistance, which in the recent years has increased greatly in many parts of the world. In this thesis decision trees were applied to the BioExpress database, including both clinical data about donors and gene expression data, to investigate nuclear receptors ability to serve as markers for the metabolic syndrome. Decision trees were created and the classification performance for each individual risk factor were then analysed. The rules generated from the risk factor trees were compared in order to search for similarities and dissimilarities. The comparisons of rules were performed in pairs of risk factors, in groups of three and on all risk factors and they resulted in the discovery of a set of genes where the most interesting were the Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor - Alpha, the Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor - Gamma and the Glucocorticoid Receptor. These genes existed in pathways associated with the metabolic syndrome and in the recent scientific literature.</p>

Beyond their physiological roles, nuclear receptors have been exploited for their ability to act as intracellular sensors of small molecules. Accordingly, yeast two- and three-hybrid systems have been developed, exploiting them to control reporter gene expression. These systems may be used to identify nuclear receptor ligand interaction, or for protein engineering applications, particularly of the nuclear receptor ligand binding domain. In this work, the use of estrogen receptors as sensors for enzyme catalysis is explored, where expression of a reporter gene is induced in the presence of the product from an enzymatic reaction. This system, which we have called enzyme-activated growth, has applications for the engineering of biocatalysts. Biocatalytic routes are currently being explored in industrial applications since they often have financial and environmental benefits over traditional heterogeneous catalysis. Enzyme-activated growth is designed to serve as a system to select for engineered enzymes capable of catalyzing the desired reaction. For this work, a new yeast two-hybrid strain has been developed and characterized to allow for detection of both agonist and antagonist compounds. To increase the sensitivity of this assay, a variant of the estrogen receptor was created through random mutation, which responded to ligand concentrations an order of magnitude lower than the wild type receptor. The five mutations identified in the best variant were previously unknown in the literature and the roles of each of these are investigated, as is the mechanism by which they alter ligand sensitivity. As a proof-of-principle, the enzymatic production of genistein, an estrogenic metabolite from plants, using the enzyme isoflavone synthase, as well as the production of estrogen from testosterone, is explored. Synthesis of genistein from the starting material naringenin in vivo was detected in the yeast two-hybrid strain; however, attempts at pairing this with estrogen receptor activation and cell growth were met with limited success. Lastly, targeting the estrogen receptor with a series of novel anti-cancer therapeutics is explored. These compounds were designed to both bind and (in)activate the estrogen receptor while inhibiting histone deacetylase activity. The (anti-)estrogenic properties were analyzed as well as their potency as histone deacetylase inhibitors. These properties were compared to their anti-proliferative effects against various cancerous and healthy cell lines to determine their potential as selective anti-cancer therapeutics.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2002. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.