Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-11-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:19:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_gct_me_ilha.pdf: 600906 bytes, checksum: e4ab7cd13966a9d96fa25f05183cc4f5 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Este trabalho apresenta um procedimento para analisar a sustentabilidade econômica do sistema de coleta seletiva de resíduos recicláveis urbanos. Com o intuito de caracterizar o cenário econômico, o objetivo da pesquisa é realizar uma análise de sustentabilidade econômica da coleta seletiva de resíduos sólidos urbanos recicláveis. Um estudo de caso foi realizado para a cidade de Votuporanga – SP. Os resultados mostram que o sistema de coleta seletiva analisado apresenta sustentabilidade econômica. O estudo demonstrou também que se a população urbana segregar todos os resíduos recicláveis que são gerados, o custo da coleta seletiva reduz significativamente. Um sistema de coleta seletiva eficiente e eficaz proporciona, além da sustentabilidade econômica, outros benefícios para a sociedade em geral, tais como: ambiental, educacional e social. / This work presents a procedure for analyzing the economic sustainability of the system of selective collection of recyclable waste city. A case study was conducted for Votuporanga city. The results show that the selective collection system has analyzed economic sustainability. The study also showed that the urban population segregate all recyclable waste that are generated, the cost of selective reduced significantly. A selective collection system provides efficient and effective, and economic sustainability, other benefits to society in general, such as environmental, educational and social.

Resumo: No Brasil um dos grandes desafios para o enfrentamento do problema dos resíduos sólidos está no campo da gestão. É necessário que a definição de uma política para o setor, articule os três níveis de governo (Federal, Estadual e Municipal), considerando questões ambientais, tecnológicas, sociais e econômicas. O compromisso com a gestão dos resíduos deve envolver setores públicos, iniciativa privada e segmentos organizados da sociedade civil. Por outro lado a grande demanda por produtos industrializados faz com que cresça o número de embalagens e descartáveis. Este crescimento reflete no aumento da degradação ambiental, elevando o consumo de matérias-primas e de lixo depositado em aterros e lixões, mas também, é renda para milhares de famílias que, não sabendo como se organizar, acabam sendo exploradas por empresas de revenda e submetidas à árdua tarefa de catadores. O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar os resíduos sólidos urbanos gerados no município de São Manuel, fazer um estudo da quantidade coletada e do montante resultante de sua comercialização desde a criação da Associação de Catadores de Papel, Papelão e Material Reciclável de São Manuel (ACAPEL) em fevereiro de 2003 até dezembro de 2008. Verificar no período, a evolução da taxa de crescimento de preços dos 45 tipos de resíduos sólidos, bem como analisar a viabilidade econômica da Associação e, sobretudo, mostrar os ganhos ambientais e educativos para a população e o município. Esta análise desenvolveu-se a partir de uma base teórica sobre os resíduos sólidos urbanos envolvendo sua conceituação básica, os aspectos ambientais, sociais e financeiros e a gestão, gerenciamento e manejo dos resíduos sólidos urbanos. Diante dos dados levantados verificou-se que o valor do salário da ACAPEL está acima dos índices analisados / Abstract: One of the biggest challenges we face with the solid waste problems in Brazil is in the management field. It's been necessary that the definition of a policy for this area involving the threes levels of government (Federal, State and Community), taking into account environmental issues as well as technological, economical and social ones. The commitment with the management of the waste problem involves public sectors, as well as private enterprises and organized segments of the society. The great demand for industrial goods causes increase in the number of packaging and disposables. This growth reflects the increasing in environmental degradation, increasing in the consumption of raw materials and waste deposited in landfills and dumps, but it also represents income for thousands of families who, not knowing how to organize themselves, end up being exploited by retail companies and subjected to the arduous task of scavengers. The objective of this research is to analyze the solid waste generated in the municipality of San Manuel, to study of the amount collected and the amount resulting from its marketing since the inception of the Association of Collectors of Paper, Cardboard and Recyclable Material of San Manuel (ACAPEL) in February 2003 until December 2008; to check, on the period, the growth rate trend of prices of 45 types of solid waste, as well as to analyze the economic viability of the Association and, above all; to show environmental and educational gains for the population and the municipality. This analysis was developed from a theoretical base on urban solid waste involving its basic concepts, its the environmental, social and financial aspects, and the management, and the handling of urban solid waste. Considering the data obtained it was found that the value of earnings from ACAPEL is above of analysed indexes / Orientador: Alcides Lopes Leão / Coorientador: Maura Seiko Tsutsui Esperancini / Banca: Osmar de Carvalho Bueno / Banca: Angelo Cataneo / Banca: Jair Wagner de Souza Manfrinato / Banca: Sandra Fiorelli de Almeida P. Simeão / Doutor

Orientador: Ana Tereza Caceres Cortez / Banca: Tânia Maria de Campos Leite / Banca: Jayme de Oliveira Campos / Resumo: A produção de lixo vem aumentando de forma preocupante em todo o mundo, estando este fato intrinsecamente ligado aos hábitos de consumo e ao estilo de vida das pessoas. Este é um dos graves problemas da atualidade e qualquer ação que vise sua solução, ou pelo menos sua minimização, é bem vinda. Assim, é dever de toda instituição pública, dentre elas as Universidades, desenvolver relacionados à questão da produção e destinação final dos resíduos sólidos. O presente trabalho tem o intuito de diagnosticar a atual situação de Programas de Coleta Seletiva desenvolvidos por algumas das principais instituições públicas de ensino superior do Estado de São Paulo, dando destaque ao Programa de Coleta Seletiva já em andamento na UNESP - Campus Rio Claro. Também é objetivo do trabalho entender a dinâmica deste Programa e de suas relações com a comunidade local, procurando formular ações que propiciem sua manutenção e continuidade, assim como a criação de novos Programas de minimização de resíduos. / Abstract: The production of garbage is increasing in a dangerous way all over the world, and this fact is inherent to the consumption habits and the people's lifestyle. Nowadays, this is one of the greatest problems and any kind of action to solve or lessen it, is welcome. Thus, it is a duty for all the public institutions, including universities, to develop programs related to garbage production and destination. This research intends to diagnose the current situation of the Recycling Programs developed by some of the main public universities in the State of São Paulo, mainly the program that is happening in UNESP - Campus Rio Claro. It is also the objective of this research to know this program's dynamic and its relations with the local community, in order to formulate actions that assure its maintenance and continuation, as well as the creation of new recycling programs. / Mestre

The group of patients consists of 13 patients with embolization bleeding treatment of unresectable tumors of the urinary bladder, hemorrhagic cystitis and iatrogenically caused bleeding during surgery. The patients underwent digital substraction angiography of internal iliac arteries from the retrograde femoral approach and after pathological findings of hypervasculazation or extravasation in 10 patients was followed by bilateral embolization of both internal iliac arteries, one just the right internal iliac artery. In all patients the bleeding cessation occured in few days after surgery. In 8 patients relapsed hematuria occurred averaged over 2 and a half months.

Le procédé de galvanisation en continu consiste à recouvrir les tôles d'acier d'un revêtement de zinc en les immergeant dans un bain métallique fondu. Lors du recuit continu à 800 °C sous atmosphère N2-H2 qui précède l'immersion de la tôle dans le bain, la structure de l'acier est recristallisée et les oxydes de fer sont réduits. Il se produit en même temps la ségrégation et l'oxydation des éléments d'alliages moins nobles que le fer qui peut être à l'origine de défauts de revêtement. A fin de mieux comprendre les réactions d'oxydation sélective qui se produisent à la surface et en profondeur de l'acier, nous avons étudié la germination et la croissance d'oxydes sélectifs sur un acier ferritique. La germination des précipités a lieu à une température voisine de 700 °C. L'analyse du comportement géométrique moyen des particules externes formées en surface met en évidence la croissance des précipités au cours du recuit. Le diamètre des particules augmente tandis que leur densité surfacique diminue. Les oxydes formés sont principalement MnO, SiO2, Mn2SiO4, MnAl2O4 et B2O3. L'orientation des plans joue un rôle important sur l'oxydation externe. La germination est observée sur des surfaces {111} puis sur des surfaces {100}. L'énergie de surface, différente d'un plan cristallin à l'autre, intervient dans ce mécanisme. On observe une différence notable sur le comportement géométrique des précipités entre les principaux plans cristallins du fer. La croissance des précipités est plus avancée (la densité surfacique des précipités est faible et leur diamètre équivalent est grand) sur les plans {111} et {211} que sur les plans {110}. Le plus grand nombre de petites particules est obtenu sur les plans {100}. Un modèle simplifié adapté aux profils de concentrations en manganèse et en silicium en profondeur permet de déterminer les coefficients de diffusion de Mn et Si caractéristiques de l'oxydation sélective de notre acier. Les valeurs des coefficients de diffusion apparents obtenus prennent en compte la diffusion dans les joints de grains et dans les dislocations, présents en grand nombre dans l'acier initialement laminé à froid. / Continuous galvanizing process involving immersion in a molten zinc bath is commonly used to form zinc coatings on steel sheets. Before hot-dip galvanizing, the steel sheets are annealed at a temperature of 800 °C in a N2 atmosphere containing 5 vol.% of H2, with only traces of water. This heat treatment is used to recrystallize the steel substrate and to reduce the iron oxides in order to improve the wettability by liquid zinc. At the same time, the less-noble alloying elements of the steel preferentially oxidize and di_use towards the surface. The aim of this study is a better understanding of selective oxidation of ferritic steels. Nucleation is observed at a temperature of 700 °C. The measurements of the geometrical characteristics of the precipitates show that their diameter increases and the number of precipitates per unit surface area decreases during annealing. The oxide particles are found to be composed of MnO, SiO2, Mn2SiO4, MnAl2O4 and B2O3. External oxidation is also dependent on the crystallographic orientation of the substrate. Nucleation on {111} faces takes place earlier than nucleation on {100} faces. Surface energies can explain this observation. There is a difference in geometrical characteristics of the external particles on grains of main planes of body-centered cubic iron substrate. Growth on {111} and {211} orientation planes is ahead (surface density is lower and equivalent diameter is higher) of growth on {110} grains. The smallest number of particles is found on {100} grains. Diffusional information are calculated from obtained depth concentration profiles by means of simple models. Calculated global diffusion coefficients take into account diffusion in grain boundaries and in dislocations. Cold rolling steels contain lots of these easy paths of diffusion.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:38:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 02809.pdf: 6234365 bytes, checksum: 25107a337d71b51089353992495839d5 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Foi estudado o efeito de priming negativo associado à supressão do distrator palavra-cor de Stroop (Estudo 1), à supressão do local (Estudo 2) e à identidade do distrator (Estudos 3 e 4). No Estudo 1 constatou-se que a prática prévia em palavras-cor eliminou o efeito da ordem das condições experimentais sobre o índice de priming negativo. No Estudo 2, o efeito de priming negativo foi observado somente no hemicampo direito. A execução concorrente de uma tarefa verbal eliminou os efeitos de lateralidade, mas o efeito de priming negativo permaneceu significante. Estes achados são discutidos em termos de processamento interhemisférico sob condições que exigiriam maior controle da atenção. Os estudos 3 e 4 apresentam tarefas de comparação de pares de dígitos. A versão de papel e lápis da tarefa de comparação de dígitos permitiu avaliar de maneira simples e rápida o efeito de priming negativo. A versão computadorizada, revelou uma interação entre os componentes espacial e de identidade. Ambos os grupos de adultos jovens e idosos revelaram priming negativo nas tarefas de Stroop e de localização espacial. Nas tarefas de identificação do alvo somente os adultos jovens mostraram efeito de priming negativo. Os presentes achados são consistentes com a proposta de mecanismos inibitórios diferenciados na supressão da identidade e de localização espacial. / The development of sensitive and simple tests for the assessment of the negative priming effect has theoretical relevance to the elucidation of selective attention models, and also practical and potential clinical implications. The negative priming effect has been regarded as an index of inhibitory attentional processing and was proposed for the detection of syndromes that involve cognitive impairment. Diminished negative priming was reported in studies of individual differences, developmental stage, and clinical populations. However, evidences suggest that tasks requiring responses to the color feature, location or object identity of the stimuli may comprise distinct types of negative priming tasks. The following studies presents data for computerized and paper-and-pencil tasks to examine negative priming for Stroop color-word, location and identity distractors. All four studies take into account aging effects across the tasks. For comparisons between age-groups, proportional performance scores (ratio) were used. A first study employed a reading-sheet Stroop-color-word task, in which the participant is asked to name the colors of the ink in which words with incongruent color names have been printed. Color-word interference is indicated by increased time to complete the conflicting color-word condition compared with a nonconflicting condition with patches of color or strings of Xs. The greater strength of the interference, when the target ink-color of the present stimulus is the distracting color name of the previous stimulus, is attributed to the negative priming effect. A pilot experiment showed that the order of the list conditions containing unrelated and related stimuli affected the negative priming index. The analysis of data demonstrated that a practice trial in color naming of conflicting color-words before the color-word conditions eliminated the effect of the order of the lists. In addition, there was a reliable Stroop reverse interference after practice in color naming, as indicated by the fact that the incongruent color-ink affected post-test word-reading, whereas it had no effect in the pretest word-reading. With practice procedure, older and younger subjects did not differ in their proportional interference scores, whereas the negative priming and reverse effects were increased for older adults. Study 2 examined the negative-priming effect in a spatial localization task under single- and dual-task conditions. The task required the subject to detect the location of a target letter, ‘O’, while ignoring a distractor letter, ‘X’, when it was present. Significant negative-priming effects were observed under both task conditions, with increased response times for trials in which target location had matched the location of the distractor on the preceding. The magnitude of the negative priming effect was not different for older and younger adults. The performance in the single-task condition showed laterality effects with a right visual field advantage for control and target-alone trials, but not for related trials. In consequence, in the single-task condition, negative priming was observed only for targets displayed in the right hemifield. However, a concurrent digit span task, with a load level that had shown no affect on the dual-task coordination capacity, eliminated the laterality effects, but the negative priming effect remained. These results are considered as neuropsychological evidence that interhemispheric processes may operate under more controlled conditions. Studies 3 and 4 examined negative priming by using an identity-based task that required participants to select the greater of two-digits display or the digit that was paired with an asterisk. Study 3 presents data for a computerized version of the task. Negative-priming was expressed as a slowing in the time to name the digit that had been ignored in the preceding trial, compared to control trials with consecutive targets and distractors always different. Analysis of data revealed that negative priming was reliable only for younger adults, and only when target probe and distractor prime appeared at the same location, suggesting that suppression for location of distractor was underpinning the negative priming effect. However, response latencies for the control trials were facilitated when the target probe and the distractor prime shared the same location. Thus, local suppression affected negative priming for attended distractors with a cost in the response latency for ignored-repetition trials and with a gain in response latency for control trials when the locus of target-probe and distractor-prime was the same. In contrast, older adults’ performance showed local suppression for both ignored-repetition and control trials. This may explain the lack of negative priming for older adults in the digit-comparison task. Study 4 presents data for a new paper-and-pencil version of the digit-comparison task to obtain a practical measure of negative priming that do not require cumbersome technical equipment. In that task, subjects were asked to circle digits that were paired with asterisks and the greater of two digits in a series of digit pairs listed on a sheet of paper. For younger participants, but not for older participants, the time to complete the sheet with related pairs was slower than for unrelated pairs. In addition, the reduced scores of negative priming in older adults were associated with the lowest sustained attention scores from Toulouse-Piéron test. These results suggest that older adults’ performance in the digit-comparison task were mainly related to flexibility and sustained attentional scores, and the lower sustained attentional coefficient seemed to be the best predictor of diminished or reversed negative priming in older adults. Younger adults showed reliable negative priming across all tasks. In contrast, older adults showed negative priming in Stroop and spatial tasks, when compared with younger subjects performance, but reduced negative priming in identity suppression tasks. The findings are consistent with neurophysiological and behavioural evidence that identity and location suppressing may rely on separate inhibitory mechanisms, and that not all of these processes are weakened by factors associated with age.

Abstract Cessation of the blood circulation for some time during surgery of the aortic arch and repair of congenital heart defects is normally required to allow a bloodless operation field. Hypothermia is the most important mechanism for end-organ protection, particularly the brain, during such operations. Cardiopulmonary bypass is used for core cooling before total hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) or selective cerebral perfusion (SCP) are initiated. During hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass, pH can be managed according to either pH- or alpha-stat principles. In the present work, the optimal pH management strategy for operations requiring HCA or SCP was explored. An experimental porcine model was used. Firstly, outcome was evaluated in a HCA model using either the α- or pH-stat perfusion strategy (I). Secondly, we sought to determine which acid-base management is more effective in attenuating ischemic brain injury during combined HCA and embolization conditions (II). In the third study, the impact of propofol anesthesia and α-stat perfusion strategy on outcome was explored (III). Finally, the acute effects of perfusion strategies in a SCP porcine were compared (IV). Hemodynamics, temperature, EEG (I-III), brain microdialysis, intracranial pressure (I-III), brain tissue oxygen partial pressure (I-III), and intravital microscopy (IV) were monitored intraoperatively. In the chronic studies, survival, postoperative neurologic recovery and brain histopathologic examination were evaluated (I-III). pH-stat strategy was associated with superior outcome compared to the α-stat strategy during a 75-minute period of deep HCA (I). In addition, despite the pH-stat strategy-related cerebral vasodilatation, this method provided better neuroprotection in a setting of cerebral particle embolization prior to a 25-minute period of deep HCA (II). Propofol anesthesia combined with α-stat perfusion strategy was observed to deteriorate the brain injury during HCA evaluated by key brain microdialysis parameters (III). Finally, when employing moderately hypothermic SCP, the differences between pH- and α-stat strategies in cerebral metabolism and microcirculation were minimal. These findings are clinically relevant since α-stat perfusion strategy is still the most commonly used acid-base perfusion strategy during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass in adults, and propofol one of the most used anesthetics in clinical practice. It is also noteworthy that the pH-stat strategy is not currently used in adults because of the perceived increased risk of atherosclerotic embolization. However, the advantage of pH-stat strategy over α-stat strategy could not be observed when employing SCP.

The rising demand for powerful oncolytic virotherapy agents has led to the identification of Maraba virus, one of the most potent oncolytic viruses from Rhabdoviridae family which displays high selectivity for killing malignant cells and low cytotoxicity in normal cells. Although the virus is readied to be used for clinical trials, the interactions between the virus and the host cells is still unclear. Using a newly developed interferon-sensitive mutant Maraba virus (MG1), we have identified two key regulators of global translation (4E-BP1 and eIF2α) responsible for the inhibition of protein synthesis in the infected cells. Despite the translational arrest upon viral stress, we showed an up-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL protein that provides a survival benefit for the host cell, yet facilitates effective viral propagation. Given the fact that eIF5B canonically regulates 60S ribosome subunit end joining, and is able to replace the role of eIF2 in delivering initiator tRNA to the 40S ribosome subunit upon the phosphorylation of eIF2α, we have tested whether eIF5B mediates the translation of target mRNAs during MG1 infection. Our results show that the inhibition of eIF5B significantly down-regulates the level of Bcl-xL steady-state mRNA, thus indirectly attenuates viral propagation.

No description available.