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Orientador: Maria Odila Hilário Cioffi / Banca: Marcelo dos Santos Pereira / Banca: Miguel Justino Ribeiro Barboza / Banca: Carlos Antonio Reis Pereira Baptista / Banca: Carlos Moura Neto / Resumo: Na indústria aeronáutica, propriedades como elevada razão resistência mecânica/peso e resistência à corrosão são as razões principais para o uso das ligas de titânio em componentes estruturais, substituindo ligas de alumínio e de aço. Contudo, em componentes mecânicos submetidos ao desgaste, a estrutura hexagonal compacta do titânio somada ao baixo limite de resistência ao cisalhamento requer o uso do material base com um tratamento superficial específico. Os componentes de trem-de-pouso, geralmente submetidos a um ambiente corrosivo sob carregamentos cíclicos, exigem caracterização quanto a resistência à fadiga. Nesta pesquisa é realizado o estudo do comportamento em fadiga da liga Ti-6Al-4V tratada superficialmente em 3 condições: Anodizada, revestida por HVOF com carbeto de tungstênio; e revestida com TiN, CrN e WC por PVD. Os ensaios pino-disco proporcionam uma análise comparativa da resistência ao desgaste dos revestimentos estudados. O principal objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o comportamento em fadiga e ao desgaste da liga Ti-6Al-4V sob diferentes tratamentos superficiais de tal forma que esse material possa substituir as ligas de aço atualmente utilizadas em componentes aeronáuticos. Os resultados mostram que a liga Ti-6Al-4V revestida com WC:H (DLC) por PVD é o melhor sistema de revestimento a ser empregado considerando o desempenho em resistência a fadiga e ao desgaste. / Abstract: In the aeronautical industry, properties as high strength/weight ratio and effective corrosion resistance are primary reasons for the use of titanium alloys in structural components, in the replacement of steel or aluminum alloys. In mechanical components subjected to friction, the titanium hexagonal close packed crystalline structure in addition to the low shear resistance limit the use of the base material as received, then a specific surface treatment is required. Fatigue strength is an important property for components under cyclical loading and corrosive environment as landing gears. This research presented an evaluation of fatigue strength of Ti-6al-4V alloy in three main conditions: anodized, coated by HVOF with WC-10%Co-4% Cr and coated by PVD with TiN, CrN e WC. The pin-disc tests were carried out to obtain a comparative analysis among coatings wear resistance. The main propose of this research is replace the AISI 4340 alloy by Ti-6Al-4V, reducing the aeronautic component weight. Ti-6Al-4V DLC coated by PVD process is the chosen coating system alternative considering fatigue and wear resistance. / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:22:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 costa_myp_dr_guara.pdf: 6972028 bytes, checksum: 99390a220ba003846f11527479388013 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Na indústria aeronáutica, propriedades como elevada razão resistência mecânica/peso e resistência à corrosão são as razões principais para o uso das ligas de titânio em componentes estruturais, substituindo ligas de alumínio e de aço. Contudo, em componentes mecânicos submetidos ao desgaste, a estrutura hexagonal compacta do titânio somada ao baixo limite de resistência ao cisalhamento requer o uso do material base com um tratamento superficial específico. Os componentes de trem-de-pouso, geralmente submetidos a um ambiente corrosivo sob carregamentos cíclicos, exigem caracterização quanto a resistência à fadiga. Nesta pesquisa é realizado o estudo do comportamento em fadiga da liga Ti-6Al-4V tratada superficialmente em 3 condições: Anodizada, revestida por HVOF com carbeto de tungstênio; e revestida com TiN, CrN e WC por PVD. Os ensaios pino-disco proporcionam uma análise comparativa da resistência ao desgaste dos revestimentos estudados. O principal objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o comportamento em fadiga e ao desgaste da liga Ti-6Al-4V sob diferentes tratamentos superficiais de tal forma que esse material possa substituir as ligas de aço atualmente utilizadas em componentes aeronáuticos. Os resultados mostram que a liga Ti-6Al-4V revestida com WC:H (DLC) por PVD é o melhor sistema de revestimento a ser empregado considerando o desempenho em resistência a fadiga e ao desgaste. / In the aeronautical industry, properties as high strength/weight ratio and effective corrosion resistance are primary reasons for the use of titanium alloys in structural components, in the replacement of steel or aluminum alloys. In mechanical components subjected to friction, the titanium hexagonal close packed crystalline structure in addition to the low shear resistance limit the use of the base material as received, then a specific surface treatment is required. Fatigue strength is an important property for components under cyclical loading and corrosive environment as landing gears. This research presented an evaluation of fatigue strength of Ti-6al-4V alloy in three main conditions: anodized, coated by HVOF with WC-10%Co-4% Cr and coated by PVD with TiN, CrN e WC. The pin-disc tests were carried out to obtain a comparative analysis among coatings wear resistance. The main propose of this research is replace the AISI 4340 alloy by Ti-6Al-4V, reducing the aeronautic component weight. Ti-6Al-4V DLC coated by PVD process is the chosen coating system alternative considering fatigue and wear resistance.

This research project deals with dynamic field testing of light-frame wood buildings with wood based shear walls. The primary objective of the investigation is to evaluate the code formula for estimating light wood frame building’s fundamental period, through intensive field testing and numerical modelling. The project also aims to propose an alternative simplified rational approach where applicable. The thesis provides insight to the ambient vibration testing procedures of light-frame wood buildings and explains the protocol adopted for the current research program. Ambient vibration (AV) field tests were conducted on several multi-storey wood and beam-and-post buildings in Canada. Modal parameters of measured buildings, such as natural frequency, mode shapes and equivalent structural damping were obtained from Frequency Domain (FD) analysis of ambient motion records. Experimental and numerical investigations were performed to evaluate the effect of non-structural components, and the connectivity between firewall-separated buildings, on dynamic properties of light-frame wood buildings. The study provides a reliable expression for building period estimate based on field testing and numerical modeling.

Since the enactment of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, students who failed to demonstrate proficiency on state assessments were identified and targeted in order to receive interventions to assist in increasing their academic achievement. For many students, time during the regular school day simply could not be provided for the attention or time on-task necessary to meet their needs. As a result, many school districts and schools implemented after-school and tutoring programs to target those students who failed to demonstrate proficiency. Louisville Municipal School District (LMSD) operated an after-school program to help increase the academic achievement of 5th through 8th grade students in reading/language and mathematics on the MCT2. The purpose of this study was to (a) explore the impact the after-school program’s strategic components (leadership, activities, and partnerships) had on student achievement, and (b) determine if the after-school program had a positive effect on academic outcomes in the areas of reading/language and mathematics. A mixed method research design was used to conduct the study. A narrative approach was used to provide a response to the first research question. The Chi-squared test of independence was used as the primary means of analysis for the second and third research questions to determine if relationship existed between participation in the after-school program and academic achievement. The results from the research study show that strategic components of an after-school program had a positive impact on student achievement. Emerging themes were identified for each strategic component: leadership, activities, and partnerships. Participation in the after-school program proved to be a good predictor of student achievement on MCT2, with statistically significant Chi-squared results for reading/language. The recommendations for future research are as follows: (a) further research to improve reading/language and mathematics skills among the nation’s students, (b) longitudinal studies to determine long term effects on students attending after-school programs multiple years, (c) study of effects of after-school programs on other grade levels, and (d) including outcomes of other variables such as after-school participation on school attendance, behavior, and classroom grades.

This paper studies the geometrically non-linear bending behavior of functionally graded beams subjected to buckling loads using the finite element method. The computational model is based on an improved first-order shear deformation theory for beams with five independent variables. The abstract finite element formulation is derived by means of the principle of virtual work. High-order nodal-spectral interpolation functions were utilized to approximate the field variables which minimizes the locking problem. The incremental/iterative solution technique of Newton's type is implemented to solve the nonlinear equations. The model is verified with benchmark problems available in the literature. The objective is to investigate the effect of volume fraction variation in the response of functionally graded beams made of ceramics and metals. As expected, the results show that transverse deflections vary significantly depending on the ceramic and metal combination. / Revisión por pares

This thesis examines the structure of national innovation system by analyzing the functional dynamics. The institutionalization of national innovation system, programs and funding system are analyzed. Similarities and differences between two countries, namely Germany and Turkey, are examined. The advantages, strengths (inducement) and weaknesses (blocking) of the German and Turkish research system are discussed and examined by focusing on key policy differences. Key policy differences are explained with tools in the national innovation system. The answer to the question of whether it is possible to harmonize the advantages of German system with the existing research and incentive structure in Turkey is looked for. Finally, considering the solutions that are presented by the tools proposed in the study, the question of whether there are any lessons to be drawn for Turkey is answered.

Yes / Earthquake response spectrum is the most popular tool in the seismic analysis and design of structures. In the case of combined primary-secondary (P-S) systems, the response of the supporting P substructure is generally evaluated without considering the S substructure, which in turn is only required to bear displacements and/or forces imposed by the P substructure (¿cascade¿ approach). In doing so, however, dynamic interaction between the P and S components is neglected, and the seismic-induced response of the S substructure may be heavily underestimated or overestimated. In this paper, a novel CQC (Complete Quadratic Combination) rule is proposed for the seismic response of linear light S substructures attached to linear P substructures. The proposed technique overcomes the drawbacks of the cascade approach by including the effects of dynamic interaction and different damping in the substructures directly in the cross-correlation coefficients. The computational effort is reduced by using the eigenproperties of the decoupled substructures and only one earthquake response spectrum for a reference value of the damping ratio.

Introduction: The structural components variance estimator proposed by DeLong et al. (1988) is a popular approach used when comparing two correlated AUCs. However, this variance estimator is biased and could be problematic with small sample sizes. Methods: A U-statistics based variance estimator approach is presented and compared with the structural components variance estimator through a large-scale simulation study under different finite-sample size configurations. Results: The U-statistics variance estimator was unbiased for the true variance of the difference between correlated AUCs regardless of the sample size and had lower RMSE than the structural components variance estimator, providing better type 1 error control and larger power. The structural components variance estimator provided increasingly biased variance estimates as the correlation between biomarkers increased. Discussion: When comparing two correlated AUCs, it is recommended that the U-Statistics variance estimator be used whenever possible, especially for finite sample sizes and highly correlated biomarkers.

Une question fondamentale qui surgit dans le cadre de l’analyse probabiliste du risque sismique est le choix des indicateurs de nocivité des signaux sismiques. En plus de réduire la variabilité de la réponse structurelle (ou non structurelle),un indicateur amélioré (i.e. capable de mieux capturer les caractéristiques de nocivité des mouvements sismiques, aussi bien que l’alea sismique) fournit des critères moins stricts pour la sélection des signaux sismiques.Deux nouveaux indicateurs sont proposés dans cette étude: le premier, nommé ASAR (i.e. Relative Average Spectral Acceleration), est conçu pour la prévision de la demande structurelle, le second, nommé E-ASAR (i.e.Equipment Relative Average Spectral Acceleration), vise à prévoir la demande des composants non structuraux. Les performances des indicateurs proposés sont comparées avec celles des indicateurs de la littérature, sur la base de: a)milliers d’enregistrements sismiques ; b) analyses numériques conduites avec des modèles représentants différents types de bâtiments; et c) analyses statistiques rigoureuses des résultats. Selon l'étude comparative, les indicateurs développés s'avèrent être plus “efficaces” que les indicateurs couramment utilisés. D'ailleurs, l’ASAR et l’E-ASAR ont montré au propre la caractéristique de la “suffisance” en ce qui concerne la magnitude, la distance source-site, et le type de sol (VS30). De plus, les deux indicateurs originaux peuvent être calculés simplement avec la connaissance de la fréquence fondamentale du bâtiment. Cette caractéristique rend l’ASAR et l’E-ASAR facilement exploitables dans les études probabilistes d’alea sismique.Par conséquent, en raison de leur efficacité, suffisance, robustesse et formulation simple, l’ASAR et l’E-ASAR peuvent être considérés comme des candidats prometteurs pour la définition de l’alea sismique dans les cadres de l'analyse probabiliste et déterministe du risque sismique. / A fundamental issue that arises in the framework of Probabilistic Seismic Risk Analysis is the choice of groundmotion Intensity Measures (IMs). In addition to reducing record-to-record variability, an improved IM (i.e. one able tobetter capture the damaging features of a record, as well as the site hazard) provides criteria for selecting input groundmotions to loosen restrictions.Two new structure-specific IMs are proposed in this study: the first, namely ASAR (i.e. Relative Average SpectralAcceleration), is conceived for Structural demand prediction, the second namely, E-ASAR (i.e. Equipment-RelativeAverage Spectral Acceleration), aims to predict Non-Structural components acceleration demand. The performance ofthe proposed IMs are compared with the ones of current IMs, based on: a) a large dataset of thousands recordedearthquake ground motions; b) numerical analyses conducted with state-of-the-art FE models, representing actualload-bearing walls and frame structures, and validated against experimental tests; and c) systematic statistical analysesof the results. According to the comparative study, the introduced IMs prove to be considerably more “efficient” withrespect to the IMs currently used. Likewise, both ASAR and E-ASAR have shown to own the characteristic of“sufficiency” with respect to magnitude, source-to-site distance and soil-type (Vs30). Furthermore, both the introducedIMs possess the valuable characteristics to need (in order to be computed) merely the knowledge of the building’sfundamental frequency, exactly as it is for the wide-spread spectral acceleration Spa(f1). This key characteristic makesboth ASAR and E-ASAR easily exploitable in Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis.Therefore, due to their proven efficiency, sufficiency, robustness and applicable formulation, both ASAR and EASARcan be considered as worthy candidates for defining seismic hazard within the frameworks of both Probabilisticand Deterministic Seismic Risk Analysis.